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??Objective To investigatethe clinical features of plastic bronchitis??PB????to improve the understanding ofPB in children. Methods The clinical manifestations??laboratory??imaging??bronchoscopy??aspirate pathology?? treatment and prognosis of PB in 53 neonates treated in Tianjin Children’s Hospital from October 2012 to January 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. Results Fifty-three children were finally diagnosed with PB by the pahtology examination of bronchoscopy or plastic like material of the bronchus. All the included 53 cases had the symptom of fever and cough with the higest temperature of >39??. Of the included 53 cases, more than 80% of them had the fever period less than 1 week with the shortest fever period of less than half a day. All the cases was firstly diagnozed with the X-ray or CT presention of lung consolidation. And about 63% of children had the presention of pleural effusion. The best efficacy treatment procedure for PB was directively removing the plastic like materials combined with position drainage, physiotherapy and glucocorticoid. The mean hosptial stay was 12.6 days with cure or improvement. After 3 months’ follow-up??no recurrence case was found. Conclusion Plastic bronchitis is severe acute disease in Department of Pediatrics. The clincial characteristics of PB are rapid development with high fever, cough, dyspnea, lung consolidation and pleural effusion. Clinial laboratory exmination usually demonstrats significant elevated serum CRP, PCT and ESR?? which indicats non usefull for regular antibiotic treatment. When PB is diagnosed?? the best treatment procedure is bronchoalveolar lavage therapy.     

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??Objective??To evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic value of flexible bronchoscopy in children with necrotizing pneumonia. Methods??Clinical data of children diagnosed with necrotizing pneumonia in the Department of Pediatrics of the First Hospital of Jilin University from December 2016 to December 2017 were collected. The general clinical manifestations??laboratory examination results??chest X-ray or lung CT??flexible bronchoscope and other examinations of all the children were analyzed retrospectively. Based on the characteristics??diagnosis??treatment and prognosis??the advantages of flexible bronchoscopy in this disease were analyzed. Results??All the 32 cases were diagnosed as necrotizing pneumonia by imaging examination??with an average diagnosis time of 14.1 d. All 32 cases of children with necrotizing pneumonia received flexible bronchoscopy and alveolar lavage. The alveolar lavage in 32 cases presented turbidity mitota-like changes??which had high sensitivity in the diagnosis of necrotizing pneumonia. The average time for mitota-like changes in alveolar lavage was 6.7 days. Conclusion??Flexible bronchoscopy is an important method in the diagnosis and treatment of necrotizing pneumonia??and the change of alveolar lavage fluid is a sensitive index for early prediction of necrotizing pneumonia.     

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目的探讨纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)术在小儿呼吸道疾病诊治中的价值和安全性。方法回顾性分析贵阳儿童医院呼吸科2004年8月至2011年3月期间,对病因不明或疗效不佳肺不张、反复喘息和慢性咳嗽及咯血等小儿呼吸系统疾病567例,应用纤支镜进行检查及治疗,通过镜下直视、支气管肺泡灌洗、支气管黏膜刷检、组织活检明确病因,肺泡灌洗及注药进行局部治疗,并评判其疗效和并发症发生情况。结果 567例患儿共进行纤支镜诊治术593例次,镜下表现最多的为支气管内膜炎,其次为气管-支气管异物和先天性支气管-肺-血管发育畸形。引起197例肺不张患儿的病因主要为气道炎症或肿胀阻塞115例(58.4%),其次为气道异物73例(37.1%)及支气管内膜结核和(或)干酪样改变3例(1.5%)。115例炎性肺不张经过支气管肺泡灌洗治疗2周79例(68.7%)肺大部分或全部复张,1月105例(91.3%)肺大部分或全部复张。在164例反复喘息/慢性咳嗽病例中气道炎症及黏液栓形成73例(44.5%),其次支气管异物34例(20.7%),先天性心肺发育畸形25例(15.2%)及支气管内膜结核7例(4.4%)。119例发现支气管异物,其中98例(82.4%)用纤支镜取出。气管黏膜刷检涂片找到革兰阳性和(或)阴性细菌127例(127/26448.1%),肺泡灌洗液细菌培养阳性59例(59/30219.5%)。593例次行纤支镜术的患儿中共有151例/次(25.5%)出现术中或术后并发症,均为一过性。大多并发症轻微、短暂。经相应对症处理后各不良反应均消失,无心跳、呼吸骤停及麻醉过敏等影响预后的严重并发症。结论纤支镜术是儿童肺部疾病鉴别诊断和治疗的重要手段之一,可为临床诊断及治疗提供可靠依据。虽然可有轻微并发症,但总体安全可靠。     

儿童特发性肺间质纤维化临床表现与辅助检查

目的探讨儿童特发性肺间质纤维化(IPF)的临床表现及辅助检查诊断价值。方法回顾性分析17例IPF患儿的临床资料及胸部X线、高分辨率CT(HRCT)、纤维支气管镜、肺功能、血气分析、肺活检等辅助检查资料。结果 IPF患儿临床以咳嗽、气促、发热、进行性呼吸困难伴肺底部Velcho啰音为主要表现;胸片/HRCT主要显示双肺斑片状、网格状或实变影、毛玻璃影、马赛克征。肺功能多数呈限制性通气功能和弥散障碍,血气分析提示低氧血症,17例中达呼吸衰竭诊断标准者5例。纤维支气管镜检查可见气管支气管内膜炎,支气管软化、扩张、狭窄等,无诊断特异性表现。1例患儿死亡后行肺活检,显示肺弥散性炎症伴灶型坏死,成人型小儿肺透明膜病。结论儿童IPF的诊断主要根据典型临床表现,结合胸片、HRCT、肺功能、血气分析等辅助检查,胸部影像学尤其HRCT是能反映IPF肺组织结构改变的敏感方法,纤维支气管镜检查有重要鉴别诊断作用,不典型病例确诊还需肺活检。     

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??Objective To investigate the application of bronchoalveolar lavage of flexible bronchoscopy in diagnosis and treatment of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia??MPP??. Methods Clinical data of 155 pneumonia patients ??57 cases of MPP and 98 cases of non-MPP????who had examination in flexible bronchoscopy, MP-DNA of bronchoalveolar larlavage fluid(BALF),and the traditional blood serological test of Mycoplasma pneumoniae??were retrospectively analyzed from Aug.2011 to Apr.2012 in Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital. Results Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia often occur red in children over the age of 5 or with lobar pneumonia or atelectasis in the left lung. The accuracy of MP-DNA in BALF was higher than that of the blood serological test. After alveolar wash and administration of medicines, 95.7?? of the atelectasis cases were cured. Conclusions Flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage should be applied to MPP and atelectasis cases as soon as possible to promote lung recruitment and improve the outcome.     

纤维支气管镜诊治小儿气管支气管软化症53例分析

目的探讨小儿气管支气管软化症（TBM）的临床特征,并分析纤维支气管镜术在其诊断中的价值。方法2004年4月至2006年4月因诊治需要对229名患儿行纤维支气管镜术,依据术中直观检查诊断TBM53例,对其内镜下病变特征、一般情况、临床表现、其他辅助检查、治疗及转归等进行综合分析。结果（1）53例TBM中仅22例术前疑诊此病,另31例在术前的临床诊断主要为难治性肺炎及哮喘、原因不明肺不张等。（2）TBM年龄构成：患儿年龄为1个月-8岁,〈1岁41例,-2岁6例,-3岁4例,〉3岁2例;性别构成：女10例,男43例。（3）TBM病变部位：总气管软化11例,气管-支气管软化24例,支气管软化18例;两肺分布：左肺支气管软化12例;右肺支气管软化11例,左右肺均有软化19例;病变程度：轻度病变21例,中度病变25例,重度病变7例。（4）53例TBM患儿中,临床表现为反复或持续喘息28例,慢性咳嗽16例,反复呼吸道感染5例,肺不张2例,呼吸困难2例。结论TBM多见于婴幼儿,临床表现多样,多有呼气性喘鸣和咳嗽;纤维支气管镜检查可提高其诊断准确率,避免漏诊、误诊。     

儿童慢性肺曲霉菌病四例的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨儿童慢性肺曲霉菌病的诊断和治疗。方法 分析4例儿童慢性肺曲霉菌病的表现、诊断和治疗,并复习有关文献。结果 (1)4例均表现为长期或间断发热、咳嗽,病程3月～1年。其中2例合并胸壁脓肿。(2)2例肺部闻及细湿哕音并肝脾肿大,另2例肺部及其他部位检查无异常。(3)2例患儿发病前无基础疾病史,1例患慢性肉芽肿病,1例曾患原发性肺结核。4例患儿IgG、IsA、IgM、IgE,T细胞亚群、总补体和C3、C4、中性粒细胞数量均正常。3例四唑氮蓝试验正常,1例异常。(4)胸部影像学表现：4例在病程中均表现为单侧肺叶实变伴胸膜肥厚。2例病初表现为多发结节影。(5)4例痰液培养均有曲霉菌生长,2例行肺活检,在肺组织中发现曲霉菌菌丝或孢子。2例合并胸壁脓肿者,脓液培养也有曲霉菌生长。(6)4例患儿均联合应用二性霉素B和伊曲康唑治疗,10d～1个月症状控制。结论 对于有长期发热、咳嗽,胸部影像表现为肺叶实变伴胸膜肥厚或为结节性阴影,病情进展缓慢的儿童,应考虑慢性肺曲霉病的可能。确诊依赖于多次痰液培养或肺组织培养或在肺组织中发现曲霉菌生长。一旦确诊,联合应用二性霉素B和伊曲康唑可使病情控制。     

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目的分析儿童咯血病因构成、临床特点及支气管镜表现。方法收集2002年1月至2011年3月于北京儿童医院住院治疗的104例咯血患儿临床资料,分析其临床特点、影像学特点和支气管镜表现,总结儿童咯血的病因构成。结果 104例中特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症24例、支气管炎29例、肺炎11例、支气管扩张症7例、支气管内膜结核3例、支气管异物5例、支气管动脉肺动脉瘘6例、肺静脉闭塞或缺如3例、疑诊支气管-肺血管发育异常10例(未行血管造影确诊)、肺囊性腺瘤样畸形1例、支气管黏液表皮样癌1例、支气管炎性假瘤1例、韦格纳肉芽肿1例、未分化结缔组织病1例、抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)相关性小血管炎1例。结论儿童咯血病因复杂,需要结合咯血特点、影像学和支气管镜检查进行诊断和鉴别诊断,急慢性下呼吸道感染、特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症和先天性支气管肺血管发育异常是引起儿童咯血主要病因。     

儿童肺炎支原体肺炎合并肺不张临床特点及纤维支气管镜的诊疗分析

目的 探讨儿童肺炎支原体肺炎（MPP）合并肺不张的临床特点及纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）和肺泡灌洗的诊治效果及介入时机.方法 选取2012年6月至2013年3月住院的MPP合并肺不张行纤支镜和肺泡灌洗检查的患儿53例为试验组,选取同期住院MPP未合并肺不张患儿35例为对照组,根据平均介入时间将试验组患儿分为早期组和晚期组,总结分析临床、实验室及支气管镜检查特点.结果 试验组患儿平均发热时间、住院时间及血清C-反应蛋白（CRP）均高于对照组（P＜0.05）.试验组患儿肺不张部位多集中在右肺中叶（18例,33.9％）,支气管镜下均可见黏膜充血肿胀及分泌物附着,部分可见黏膜滤泡样增生（9例,17.0％）、黏膜糜烂（3例,5.7％）、黏液栓形成（7例,13.2％）、段支气管通气不良（4例,7.5％）,其肺泡灌洗液可见中性粒细胞升高（43例,81.1％）、吞噬细胞减少（31例,58.5％）.经过治疗,l例（1.8％）经纤支镜治疗1次无效自动出院,52例（98.1％）患儿经治疗后均复张;支气管镜介入早期组热退时间、平均住院时间均短于晚期组（P＜0.05）.结论 MPP合并肺不张患儿平均发热时间长,CRP升高明显,支气管镜介入治疗能够促进肺不张的恢复,早期行纤支镜介入治疗能有效缩短发热时间及住院时间.     

纤维支气管镜术在反复喘息性疾病诊断及治疗中的应用

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)术对小儿反复喘息性疾病的诊断及治疗价值.方法 收集本院2006年4月-2011年4月因反复喘息住院并应用纤支镜诊疗的72例患儿的临床资料.病例均在局部表面麻醉下行纤支镜术,通过镜下直视、支气管内膜刷检、支气管肺泡灌洗液病原学检查进一步明确病因,行支气管肺泡灌洗及注药等局部治疗,并评判其疗效和并发症发生情况.结果 72例反复喘息患儿镜下表现:支气管内膜炎改变45例(62.5％),支气管异物11例(15.3％),支气管软化10例(13.9％),支气管狭窄4例(5.6％),支气管内膜结核2例(2.8％).45例患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液病原学检查阳性5例(11.1％),其中肺炎克雷伯杆菌1例,肺炎支原体和支气管内膜结核各2例.镜下炎症改变重、分泌物黏稠、痰栓阻塞患儿经纤支镜支气管冲洗,咳喘明显减轻,取得较好疗效.11例支气管异物经纤支镜成功取出9例.12例行纤支镜术的患儿出现术中或术后轻微一过性并发症,经相应对症处理后均消失.结论 小儿反复喘息的病因以炎症、先天性发育异常及呼吸道异物多见,婴幼儿反复喘息应警惕心肺发育异常及呼吸道异物.纤支镜检查对儿童反复喘息的病因诊断具有重要价值.