乙型肝炎病毒的父儿传播与肝外定位

目的研究乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）父儿传播与肝外ＨＢＶＤＮＡ的检出。方法以８名ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性而其配偶无任何ＨＢＶ标志的男性携带者与其子宫内受感染的８例胎儿为对象,以巢式ＰＣＲ检测ＨＢＶＤＮＡ,以ＰＣＲ产物直接测序的方法测定父亲血清、精子与胎儿血清ＨＢＶＤＮＡ。６对父儿测定Ｓ区ｎｔ４５１～６６０段,２对测定Ｃ区ｎｔ２０２２－２３２１段序列。结果父几间核苷酸同源性９８％～１００％。Ｓ区测定结果表明６对父儿均感染ａｄｗ亚型病毒。２对父儿此段序列核苷酸有差异。父亲与原型株一致而胎儿在４９１,４９４,５４６,５８１位核苦酸变异致使１１３,１１４,１３１,１４３位氨基酸替代。另外４对父儿此段序列完全一致,其中１对父儿在１２６位均发生氨基酸替代。２对父儿Ｃ区ｎｔ２０２２～２３２１位核苷酸完全一致,父儿共同变异的１１个位点均为无表型变异。在胎儿血清、白细胞、肝脏、心脏、脾脏、肾脏、肺、脐带、肌肉、皮肤、胸腺、睾丸等组织脏器检出ＨＢＶＤＮＡ。结论出生前期存在ＨＢＶ父儿传播,大部分父亲将携带的优势毒株,小部分将少数株传给子代。在胎儿多个脏器与组织检出ＨＢＶＤＮＡ。     

乙型肝炎病毒基因组S区编码产物的检测及临床意义

为了进一步明确 ＨＢＶ基因组 Ｓ区编码产物对乙型病毒性肝炎诊断的临床价值，用双抗体夹心 ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测 ９０份乙型病毒性肝炎患者血清标本ＨＢｓＡｇ·ＰＨＳＡ－Ｒｅ、Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ１和 Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ２，并与 ＨＢＶＭ及 ＨＢＶＤＮＡ ＰＣＲ进行对比分析。结果以抗 ＨＢｃ、ＨＢｓＡｇ·ＰＨＳＡ－Ｒｅ、ＨＢＶＤＮＡ（ＰＣＲ）及 Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ２的阳性检出率为最高，分别为８７．８％、７３．３％、７２．２％和６４．４％，以ＨＢＶＤＮＡ作为ＨＢＶ感染的金标准，无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；其中ＨＢｓＡｇ·ＰＨＳＡ－Ｒｅ与 ＨＢＶＤＮＡ和ＨＢｅＡｇ的符合率最高，分别为 ７６．７ ％和 ７４．７ ％；ＭＢｓＡｇ·ＰＨＳＡ－Ｒｅ与 ＨＢＶＤＮＡ具有高度相关性。ＨＢｓＡｇ·ＰＨＳＡ－Ｒｅ做为早期诊断ＨＢＶ感染及判断是否具有传染性方面，是一项非常重要的血清学指标，Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ２也可作为ＨＢＶ复制活跃的标志之一，用于急慢性肝炎的预后判断．     

乙型肝炎病毒S基因变异株感染临床特征

乙型肝炎病毒(ＨＢＶ)母婴传播在我国是感染ＨＢＶ的主要途径。围产期或幼龄期感染后90%以上将发展成ＨＢＶ慢性携带者。接种乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗可有效阻断ＨＢＶ母婴传播,但对于ＨＢＶ慢性携带者母亲的婴儿尽管接受主动免疫或被动-主动联合免疫,仍有5%～15%免疫失败。1990年Ｃａｒｍａｎ等[1]首先报道疫苗诱导的ＨＢＶ变异株,ＨＢＶＳ区“ａ”决定簇145位甘氨酸被精氨酸取代而使变异株不能被抗ＨＢｓ中和[1]。以后发现其他与乙肝疫苗免疫失败有关的“ａ”决定簇变异,位于144、129、126等氨基酸残基[24]。我们分析了106例免疫失败儿童中Ｓ区…     

52例慢性乙型肝炎 HBV 前C区基因突变研究

本文采用多聚酶链反应－－单链构象多态分析（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）银染技术检测了５２例ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性慢性乙型肝炎口才的ＨＢＶ前Ｃ区基因突变。结果有前Ｃ区突变株感染３２例，突变株检出率为６１．５％；突变株的检出以慢性下肝炎最高，其次是慢性乙肝重度、中度口才慢性乙肝轻度患者量低；抗－ＨＢｅ阳性２１前Ｃ区突变株检出率高于ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性患者。表明ＨＢＶ前Ｃ区突变与病情轻重及ｅ系统血清标志有关。     

乙型肝炎病毒前C区A83变异株的临床检测及分析

目的 了解ＨＢＶ前Ｃ区Ａ８３变异的临床意义。方法 用错配ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ检测ＨＢＶ感染者血清ＨＢＶ前Ｃ区Ａ８３变异株。结果 该变异株在急性肝炎未检出;在慢性肝炎、肝硬化和重型肝炎检出率分别为６６．７％、４８．９％和４５．５％;慢性无症状ＨＢＶ携带者为３．３％;各型肝炎均以血清抗ＨＢｅ（＋）组的变异检出率最高;肝硬化血清变异株阳性者的腹水发生率和肝功功能异常率较阴性者无显著差别。结论 机体对ＨＢｅＡ     

猪苓多糖联合乙肝疫苗治疗慢性乙型肝炎对血清HBV标志的影响

观察了猪苓多糖联合乙肝疫苗治疗慢性乙型肝炎对患者血清ＨＢＶ标志的影响。治疗结束后半年，治疗组ＨＢｓＡｇ、抗－ＨＢｃ，ＨＢｅＡｇ和ＰＨＳＡ－Ｒ的阴转率分别为６０％，０，２３．１％和１８．８％。抗－ＨＢｓ无１例阳转，无１例ＨＢＶ标志全部阴转者。对照组分别为３．９％，０，１９．３％和１６．３。亦无１例产生抗－ＨＢｓ。两组ＨＢＶ标志的转换率差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结果表明：猪苓多糖联合乙肝疫苗对清除和抑制ＨＢＶ无明显效果。     

抗—HBS阳性的HBV携带者体内HBVS基因变异

抗－ＨＢＳ阳性的ＨＢＶ携带者体内ＨＢＶＳ基因变异丛云辉，张永新，魏红霞通过ＰＣＲ、原位杂交和免疫组织化学技术，发现感染ＨＢＶ后抗ＨＢｓ自然阳转者的体内仍可能存在ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ。这种抗－ＨＢｓ和ＨＢＶ共存现象不仅在乙肝恢复期而且在一些抗－ＨＢｓ阳性的慢...     

用PCR技术检测HBV－DNA的临床意义

用ＰＣＲ技术对３２３例肝病患者和５０例健康献血员血清进行ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ检测，同时用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测ＨＢＶＭ。结果：５０例健康献血员有８％ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性，表明ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ单项阳性的携带者对于乙肝的传播具有很大的危险性；ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＢｅＡｇ、抗ＨＢｃ阳性者ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ检出率为８８．７％，说明ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ与ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性呈正相关；抗ＨＢｅ阳性的慢性肝病患者有４３．６８％ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性，提示不能把抗ＨＢｅ作为无传染性的指标。     

用PCR技术检测HBV—DNA的临床意义

用ＰＣＲ技术对３２３例肝病患者和５０例健康献血员血清进行ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ检测，同时用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测ＨＢＶＭ。结果：５０例健康献血员有８％ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性，表明ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ单项阳性的携带者对于乙肝的传播具有很大的危险性。     

肺结核合并HBV感染患者血清HBV－DNA的检测及其意义

采用分子斑点杂交和酶连免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）方法检测２６８例肺结核患者血清乙型肝炎病毒ＤＮＡ（ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ）及其它乙肝病毒标志物（ＨＢＶ－Ｍ），观察肺结核患者抗结核化疗中肝功能变化与血清ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ的关系。结果，２６８例肺结核患者血清ＨＢＶ－Ｍ阳性率为１９．０％，ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性２０例（７．５％）；化疗中，肺结核合并ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性组、肺结核合并ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ阴性其它ＨＢＶ－Ｍ阳性组、单纯肺结核组，肝功能受损率分别为９５％、１０％及５．１％。肺结核合并ＨＢＶ感染组、单纯ＨＢＶ－Ｍ携带者组、单纯肺结核组，肝功能受损率分别为４９％、１０％及５．１％。肺结核合并ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性组死亡４例（１５％），且死亡与肝病直接相关（肝衰竭），３．５年后发生肝硬化２例。结果提示，检测肺结核患者血清ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ有重要意义。抗乙型肝炎病毒治疗对改善存在ＨＢＶ复制的肺结核患者的预后可能有重要作用，化疗前常规检查并有ＨＢＶ感染的肺结核患者血清ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ，可指导用药。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.