Post-exercise oxidative stress and obesity in postmenopausal women: the role of beta3-adrenergic receptor polymorphism.

AIM: Some studies indicate that the Trp64Arg polymorphism in the gene encoding the beta3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) is associated with obesity, insulin resistance and earlier onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of this polymorphism and its relationship with obesity and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed the study on 200 women, aged 50-60 years. Estimation of anthropometric parameters and total body fat, android and gynoid fat deposits was carried out using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Oxidative stress was estimated by measurement of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in serum. Blood for analysis was collected before, directly after and 6 h after a 30-min physical test on a cycle ergometer. ADRB3 genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The frequency of Trp64/Arg64 genotype in the investigated population was 12%, and of Trp64/Trp64 was 87%. The Arg64/Arg64 genotype was present in only 1% of women. Women bearing the Trp64/Arg64 genotype did not differ in any measured anthropometric parameters from women bearing the Trp64/Trp64 genotype. Moreover, genotype had no influence on oxidative stress parameters. Likewise, in both groups, mean plasma level of TBARS was increased significantly (p < 0.05) directly after the endurance test and remained elevated 6 h after the test. CONCLUSIONS: The Trp64Arg polymorphism of ADRB3 seems to not be related to obesity in postmenopausal women. Moreover, the Trp64Arg polymorphism has no influence on oxidative stress intensification after standardized physical effort in postmenopausal women.     

beta(3)-adrenergic receptor polymorphism and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVES: Some studies indicate that the Trp64Arg polymorphism in the gene encoding the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) is associated with obesity, insulin resistance and earlier onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of ADRB3 polymorphism and its association with metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. METHODS: We performed the study on 284 randomly chosen postmenopausal women, aged 50-60 years, who were then selected to the study. Measurements of anthropometric parameters and biochemical estimations such as lipid profile, glucose and insulin level in serum were carried out using commercial kits. ADRB3 genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction and mini-sequencing. RESULTS: The frequency of the Trp64/Arg64 genotype in the investigated population was 13%, and of the Trp64/Trp64 genotype, 85%. The Arg64/Arg64 genotype was present in only 2% of women. Metabolic syndrome was recognized in 22% of women bearing Trp64/Arg64 genotype and in 14% of women bearing Trp64/Trp64 genotype, without a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05 in the chi(2) test). Women bearing the Trp64/Arg64 genotype had lower serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) than Trp64/Trp64 genotype women (63.2 +/- 13.0 vs. 71.4 +/- 17.4 mg/dl). Both groups did not differ in any other investigated parameter. CONCLUSION: Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor gene is not related to metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal Polish women; however, it seems to be associated with decreased HDL-C levels.     

The Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta3-adrenergic receptor is not increased in women with preeclampsia

OBJECTIVE: Insulin resistance is greater and obesity is more common in women with preeclampsia. The Trp64Arg polymorphism in the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor is associated with these metabolic changes. This study investigated whether the Trp64Arg polymorphism is more common in women with preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN: beta(3)-Adrenergic receptor genotypes were determined in 177 women with a history of preeclampsia and in 179 normal pregnancies. We also compared prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), length of gestation, baby weight percentile, and glucose values during an oral tolerance test in women with and without the polymorphism. RESULTS: The genotypes and allele frequency did not differ significantly between women with preeclamptic and normal pregnancies (P=.17). Women with and without the polymorphism had similar prepregnancy BMI, glucose at 1-hour screening, gestational age at delivery, and adjusted baby weight. CONCLUSION: The Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta(3)-receptor does not predispose to preeclampsia, and it is it not associated with obesity and carbohydrate intolerance in a population of young pregnant women.     

beta3-Adrenergic receptor polymorphism and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women

Objectives. Some studies indicate that the Trp64Arg polymorphism in the gene encoding the β₃-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) is associated with obesity, insulin resistance and earlier onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of ADRB3 polymorphism and its association with metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.

Methods. We performed the study on 284 randomly chosen postmenopausal women, aged 50–60 years, who were then selected to the study. Measurements of anthropometric parameters and biochemical estimations such as lipid profile, glucose and insulin level in serum were carried out using commercial kits. ADRB3 genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction and mini-sequencing.

Results. The frequency of the Trp64/Arg64 genotype in the investigated population was 13%, and of the Trp64/Trp64 genotype, 85%. The Arg64/Arg64 genotype was present in only 2% of women. Metabolic syndrome was recognized in 22% of women bearing Trp64/Arg64 genotype and in 14% of women bearing Trp64/Trp64 genotype, without a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05 in the χ² test). Women bearing the Trp64/Arg64 genotype had lower serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) than Trp64/Trp64 genotype women (63.2 ± 13.0 vs. 71.4 ± 17.4 mg/dl). Both groups did not differ in any other investigated parameter.

Conclusion. Trp64Arg polymorphism of the β₃-adrenergic receptor gene is not related to metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal Polish women; however, it seems to be associated with decreased HDL-C levels.     

Post-exercise oxidative stress and obesity in postmenopausal women: The role of beta3-adrenergic receptor polymorphism

Aim. Some studies indicate that the Trp64Arg polymorphism in the gene encoding the β₃-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) is associated with obesity, insulin resistance and earlier onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of this polymorphism and its relationship with obesity and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women.

Material and methods. We performed the study on 200 women, aged 50–60 years. Estimation of anthropometric parameters and total body fat, android and gynoid fat deposits was carried out using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Oxidative stress was estimated by measurement of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in serum. Blood for analysis was collected before, directly after and 6 h after a 30-min physical test on a cycle ergometer. ADRB3 genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction.

Results. The frequency of Trp⁶⁴/Arg⁶⁴ genotype in the investigated population was 12%, and of Trp⁶⁴/Trp⁶⁴ was 87%. The Arg⁶⁴/Arg⁶⁴ genotype was present in only 1% of women. Women bearing the Trp⁶⁴/Arg⁶⁴ genotype did not differ in any measured anthropometric parameters from women bearing the Trp⁶⁴/Trp⁶⁴ genotype. Moreover, genotype had no influence on oxidative stress parameters. Likewise, in both groups, mean plasma level of TBARS was increased significantly (p < 0.05) directly after the endurance test and remained elevated 6 h after the test.

Conclusions. The Trp64Arg polymorphism of ADRB3 seems to not be related to obesity in postmenopausal women. Moreover, the Trp64Arg polymorphism has no influence on oxidative stress intensification after standardized physical effort in postmenopausal women.     

Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene, pre-pregnancy obesity and risk of pre-eclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta3-adrenergic receptor (beta3-AR) gene was reported to be associated with increased risk of obesity and insulin resistance. Both traits have been implicated in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. We investigated the relation of the beta3-AR gene to pre-pregnancy obesity and risk of pre-eclampsia. The present study is a case-control study of 87 Caucasian pre-eclampsia cases and 214 controls. METHODS: Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for maternal age and parity. Normotensive carriers of the variant allele (i.e. Arg64 allele) were 3.6 times more likely to be obese (body mass index (BMI) > or = 30 kg/m2) as compared with women not carrying the variant allele (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 0.8-15.0). RESULTS: Arg64 allele was more frequent in controls as compared with pre-eclampsia cases (11.7 vs. 5.3%, p < 0.01). After adjusting for age and parity, carriers experienced a 60% reduction in risk of pre-eclampsia (OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2, 0.9) as compared with women not carrying this allele. The association between carriage of the variant allele and risk of pre-eclampsia appeared to be modified by maternal BMI. Compared with lean carriers, lean women without the variant allele experienced only a small increase in the risk of pre-eclampsia (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 0.6, 3.9). The OR for overweight women without the variant allele was 7.3 (95% CI 2.7-19.2). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a puzzling relationship between the polymorphism and the risk of pre-eclampsia. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.     

血清瘦素及瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性与妊娠期糖尿病的相关性研究

目的:探讨血清瘦素水平及瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性与妊娠期糖尿病的相关性。方法:应用放射免疫分析法(RIA)及聚合酶链反应-限制性内切酶片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术,检测62例妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者及60例正常孕妇(NGT)血清瘦素及瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性。结果:(1)GDM组血清瘦素水平为14.2±4.3μg/L,NGT组为10.1±2.6μg/L,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)GDM组孕妇瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg基因型GG、(GA+AA)频率分别为61.29%、38.71%,正常孕妇组分别为81.67%、18.33%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);GDM组孕妇瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg等位基因频率G、A分别为77.42%、22.58%,正常孕妇组孕妇分别为89.17%、10.83%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);(3)GDM组中基因型为GA+AA的孕妇瘦素水平为15.3±4.1μg/L,GG基因型为13.5±3.7μg/L,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:瘦素,瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性与GDM相关,GDM患者瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg变异可能影响血清瘦素水平。     

The insertion/deletion polymorphism (I/D) of the ACE gene in pregnant women with excessive weight gain

INTRODUCTION: The body mass gain is conditioned by lifestyle, as well as many environmental and genetic factors. Recent studies suggest that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a fundamental role in process of growth and differentiation of adipocytes through the acting of angiotensin II and seems to be a significant factor in excessive weight gain development. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and significance of insertion/deletion polymorphism (I/D) of the ACE gene in pregnant women with excessive weight gain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The examined group consisted of 212 pregnant women, including 107 women with normal (DeltaBMI< or =5) and 105 women with excessive weight gain (DeltaBMI>5). Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood. The I/D polymorphism of ACE gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: During the course of the study we did not observe the statistically significant higher frequency of ACE genotypes in any of the two investigated groups of women with normal and excessive weight gain. Nevertheless, an overrepresentation of II genotype frequency in group with excessive weight gain has been observed (33.3 vs 21.5%, p=ns). The same findings were visible as far as the frequency of I allele in group with excessive weight gain was concerned (55.2 vs 45.8%, p=ns). The frequency of observed genotypes was in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. CONCLUSIONS: Although overrepresentation of II genotype and I allele in the group of pregnant women with excessive weight gain (DeltaBMI>5) has been observed, a close correlation between II genotype and higher risk of overweight could be not indicated (due to the lack of significant difference). The results should be confirmed in a more numerous group of pregnant women. At this stage the results of the study did not suggested the presence of association of I/D polymorphism of ACE gene with weight gain in investigated group of pregnant women.     

Association of polymorphisms in the beta2 and beta3 adrenoceptor gene with polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To investigate polymorphisms of the beta2 and beta3 adrenoceptor (BAR-2 and BAR-3, respectively) genes associated with insulin-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) pathogenesis. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty-nine infertile Japanese women with PCOS and 97 healthy Japanese controls were studied. Blood metabolites and genomic DNA polymorphisms of BAR-2 (Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu) and BAR-3 (Trp64Arg) were analyzed. RESULTS: The PCOS group had significantly higher weight, body mass index, lipidemia and insulin resistance as compared to the control group. Glu 27 allele frequency in BAR-2 was significantly higher in PCOS patients as compared to the controls (0.07 vs 0.02, chi2 = 5.91, p = 0.02, OR 4.63, 95% CI 1.35-5.93), while Gly 16 allele frequency was only slightly higher in the PCOS group as compared to the controls (0.58 vs. 0.47, chi2 = 3.06, p = 0.08, OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.95-2.40). The Arg 64 allele frequency of BAR-3 was not significantly different between the 2 groups. Women with the Gly/Gly genotype for codon 16 or with either the Gln/Glu or Glu/Glu genotype for the codon 27 polymorphism of BAR-2 had significantly higher insulin resistance than those with the Arg/Arg and Gln/Gln genotypes. CONCLUSION: The polymorphism in codon 27 (Gln27Glu) of BAR-2 is linked to the expression of PCOS in Japanese women.     

The (-2548G/A) polymorphism of leptin gene in women with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia

INTRODUCTION: Leptin is a polypeptide hormone (167 amino acids, molecular weight of about 16kDa), synthesized mainly in white adipose tissue. The hormone plays an important role in regulation of hunger and satiety processes, in metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, development of cardio-vascular diseases and obesity. The occurrence of the increased level of leptin in pregnant women with hypertension, especially in women with preeclampsia, has also been brought to our attention. In recent years it has been suggested that the presence of different variants of leptin and leptin receptor genes may modify the leptin level in serum, and, in this way, influence an increased risk of obstetric complications, such as preeclampsia or eclampsia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have analyzed a group of 103 hypertensive pregnant women--61 women with gestational hypertension (GH) and 42 women with preeclampsia (PE). The control group consisted of 113 healthy pregnant women who have been investigated. Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia were recognized with the help of and assessed according to the ACOG criteria. The (-2548G/A) polymorphism was determined using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP). RESULTS: In our study, a higher frequency of mutated AA genotype in GH group and PE groups (21.31% and 21.43% respectively vs. 16.81% in the controls) and the overrepresentation of mutated A allele in both analyzed groups (47.54% and 45.24% respectively vs. 41.59% in the controls) have been observed, without statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: The overrepresentation of AA genotypes and higher frequency of mutated A allele of (-2548G/A) polymorphism of leptin gene in GH and PE groups might indicate its possible contribution in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia.     

哈萨克族肥胖儿童β3-肾上腺素能受体基因多态性观察

目的探讨β3-肾上腺素能受体基因(β3-AR)Trp64Arg变异与新疆哈萨克族儿童肥胖的相关性。方法选取乌鲁木齐周边地区95例6~12岁哈萨克族学龄肥胖儿童及87名非肥胖儿童，用限制性片段长度多态性方法检测被调查儿童的基因型，生化方法检测血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白Ａ(ApoA)、载脂蛋白Ｂ(ApoB)水平，并测量身高、体重。结果变异型等位基因(Ｃ)在被调查对象中出现的频率为0.194，其中男0.210，女0.160。肥胖儿童中变异等位基因(Ｃ)、Trp64Arｇ变异基因型的出现频率明显高于非肥胖者(P<0.05)。单纯性肥胖儿童与非肥胖儿童比较，血清TG、TC、LDL-C、ApoB水平均明显升高(P<0.05)。β3-AR不同基因型间血脂比较，差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论哈萨克族学龄儿童中存在一定的β3-AR Trp64Arg变异，可能与哈萨克族儿童肥胖有关。     

孕前肥胖及孕期体重增长过度与妊娠期并发症及分娩结局的关系探讨

目的:探讨孕前肥胖、孕期体重增长过度孕妇妊娠期并发症的发生以及其分娩结局的关系。方法:测量2236例足月单胎初产妇孕前的身高、体重和孕期体重增长情况,计算孕前体重指数,并分别观察肥胖孕妇的妊娠期并发症、分娩方式、产程以及产后出血、新生儿窒息、巨大儿发生情况。结果:①孕前肥胖及孕期体重增长过度的孕妇妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血压疾病以及早产的发生率与对照组比较差异有显著性;②孕前肥胖及孕期体重增长过度孕妇总产程、产程异常发生率、剖宫产率、产钳助产率、巨大儿和新生儿窒息的发生率以及围生儿死亡率与对照组比较差异有显著性或非常显著性。结论:孕前肥胖及孕期体重增长过度对孕产妇和新生儿均产生不利影响,增加了妊娠期、分娩期并发症和增高了难产发生率。     

农村妇女孕期体重对妊娠结局的影响

目的:探讨农村妇女孕期体重与妊娠结局的关系,为农村孕妇的体重管理提供理论依据。方法:收集2014年2月至2015年2月禹城市人民医院产一科住院分娩的单胎妊娠农村初产妇896例,按孕前体重指数(BMI)分为孕前消瘦组(≤18.5kg/m~2)、孕前体重正常组(18.5kg/m~2BMI24kg/m~2)、超重组(24kg/m2≤BMI28kg/m~2)、肥胖组(≥28kg/m~2);按孕期体重增长分为体重增长适宜组及体重增长过度组。分析各组孕妇妊娠结局及并发症的发生情况。结果:孕前超重组与孕前体重正常组比较,孕期体重增长过度组与孕期体重增长适宜组比较,均显著增加妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病、剖宫产、产后出血、巨大儿的风险,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:孕前超重与孕期体重增长过度是导致农村孕妇不良妊娠结局的危险因素,应加强孕妇的体重管理,降低妊娠不良结局发生。     

No association between body mass index and beta(3)-adrenergic receptor variant (W64R) in children with premature pubarche and adolescent girls with hyperandrogenism

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the Trp(64)Arg (W64R) variant of the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) could be used as a genetic marker to define risk for polycystic ovary syndrom (PCOS) and/or obesity in children and adolescents. DESIGN: Association study. SETTING: Academic research environment. PATIENT(s): Children referred for evaluation of premature pubic hair (n = 63), adolescent girls referred for evaluation of hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea (n = 33), and healthy adult controls (n = 67). INTERVENTION(s): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(s): Relationship of body mass index (BMI) to presence or absence of W64R variant and frequency of W64R variant in our patient population. RESULT(s): Body mass index (kg/m(2)) was determined for 63 children (55 girls and 8 boys) and 33 adolescent girls. Presence or absence of the W64R variant was assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification followed by allele-specific restriction fragment digest. Twelve subjects and 11 healthy controls were found to be heterozygous for the W64R variant. One subject was found to be homozygous for the W64R variant. Allele frequency for the W64R variant was comparable between patients and controls. Among the patients, mean BMI values were not different between carriers and noncarriers. CONCLUSION(s): Although other studies suggest that the W64R variant is associated with the development of obesity and insulin resistance, we cannot demonstrate that it has a major effect on BMI in children with premature pubarche or in adolescent girls with hyperandrogenism. Serial observations are necessary to determine if this variant predicts the development of obesity and/or PCOS in adulthood.     

Ser128Arg E-selectin and Thr715Pro P-selectin polymorphisms and severe preeclampsia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of functional E and P selectin polymorphisms with severe preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN: P-selectin Thr715Pro and E-selectin Serl28Arg polymorphism were determined with the polymerase chain reaction in 126 women with severe preeclampsia and in 106 healthy pregnant women. Genotype distribution and allele prevalence of both groups were compared. Regression analysis was used to analyze the association between disease characteristics and genotype. RESULTS: Genotype distributions and the allele prevalence were similar in the tested populations. Furthermore, the genotypes investigated had no impact on the risk of eclampsia of the hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome. Multiple linear regression analysis identified the P-selectin 715Pro allele as an independent determinant of the time of onset of hypertension (p = 0.034) along with maternal age, smoking and body mass index before pregnancy. CONCLUSION: The polymorphisms tested are not associated with the risk of severe preeclampsia.     

An estrogen metabolism-related polymorphism of the 17-alpha HSD gene is associated with perimenopausal body mass index

In a cross-sectional study of 2,802 perimenopausal caucasian women, carriage of at least one mutated allele of the 17-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17-alpha HSD) vlV A-->C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was associated with a significantly increased body mass index (mean 24.3 +/- 4.4 kg/m(2) vs. 23.5 +/- 4.2 kg/m(2); P<.001), and obesity was more frequent among mutant allele carriers (P=.06; odds ratio 1.38; 95% confidence interval 0.97-1.95), providing evidence of 17-alpha HSD as a candidate gene of perimenopausal obesity.     

Association between polymorphisms in DNA repair genes (XRCC1 and XRCC7) and risk of preeclampsia

Purpose

Although the exact genes involved in preeclampsia (PE) are still not fully discovered, an important role for oxidative stress in its pathogenesis is accepted. XRCC1 (MIM: 194360) and XRCC7 (MIM: 600899) play a crucial role in the DNA repair pathways. Functional polymorphisms in XRCC1 (Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln) and XRCC7 (G6721T) may be risk factors for PE. In the present study, the association between the genetic polymorphisms of XRCC1 and XRCC7 and risk of PE is investigated.

Methods

The present case–control study was performed on 151 preeclapmtic patients, and a total of 344 normal pregnant women, as a control group. Control women had no history of pregnancies with PE.

Results

Neither polymorphism of Arg194Trp XRCC1 nor polymorphism of G6721T XRCC7 associated with the risk of PE. The Gln/Gln genotype of Arg399Gln XRCC1 polymorphism increased the risk of PE (OR?=?2.39, 95?% CI: 1.38–4.14, P?=?0.002). Statistical analysis revealed that the haplotype “194Arg-399Gln” showed higher frequency among PE patients compared to the controls (OR?=?1.65, 95?% CI: 1.23–2.19, P?=?0.001).

Conclusions

The present results suggest that the 399Gln allele of the XRCC1 is significant risk factor for PE development.     

非肥胖孕妇血清C-反应蛋白水平与妊娠期糖尿病相关性研究

目的 探讨非肥胖孕妇血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平与妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的相关性,了解CRP对妊娠期糖尿病是否存在临床预测意义。方法 选取2011年8月至2012年12月大连大学附属中山医院和中山区妇保院孕前基础体重指数均<25的孕妇,分为妊娠期糖尿病组(GDM组)、正常组(NGT组),每组各90例。比较不同组别之间指标的差异及影响血清CRP的相关因素。结果 GDM组血清CRP水平明显高于NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。血清CRP水平与胰岛素抵抗指数、孕期体重增长、空腹血糖、孕前基础体重及孕前体重指数均呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.377、0.333、0.276、0.278、0.300(均为P<0.01)。通过多元线性回归分析,采用Backward法,其CRP (y)的直线回归方程为y=0.323X1+0.1X2+0.244X3-3.918,r2=0.263（X1胰岛素抵抗指数,X2孕期体重增长,X3孕前体重指数）。结论 血清C-反应蛋白对妊娠期糖尿病的独立影响不能被证实。控制孕期体重增长有助于预防妊娠期糖尿病的发生。     

Personality type influence the gestational weight gain

Pregnancy is frequently followed by the development of obesity. Aside from psychological factors, hormonal changes influence weight gain in pregnant women. We attempted to assess the potential association between personality type and the extent of gestational weight gain. The study group involved 773 women after term delivery (age 26.3?±?3.9 years, body mass before pregnancy 61.2?±?11.1?kg). Weight gain during pregnancy was calculated by using self-reported body mass prior to and during the 38th week of pregnancy. Personality type was assessed using the Polish version of the Framingham Type A Behavior Patterns Questionnaire (adapted by Juczynski). Two hundred forty-six (31.8%) study subjects represented type A personalities, 272 (35.2%) type B and 255 (33.0%) an indirect type. Gestational weight gain was related to the behavior patterns questionnaire score and age. In women?<30?years with type A personality, the weight gain was higher than in women with type B behavior of the same age. In women >30, the gestational weight gain was larger for type B personalities. Type A personality and increased urgency in younger pregnant women increases the risk of developing obesity during pregnancy in women below 30?years old. A higher level of competitiveness demonstrates a risk factor of excessive weight gain during pregnancy regardless of age.     

Risk factors for pre-eclampsia in pregnant Chinese women with abnormal glucose metabolism.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the incidence and risk factors for pre-eclampsia in pregnant Chinese women with abnormal glucose metabolism. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed on 1499 pregnant women with abnormal glucose metabolism at Peking University First Hospital from January 1995 to December 2004. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of pre-eclampsia in women with abnormal glucose metabolism was 9.4% (141/1499). The prevalence of pre-eclampsia in women diagnosed with diabetes mellitus prior to pregnancy was higher than that of gestational diabetes mellitus and gestational impaired glucose tolerance patients (29.1% vs 8.7% and 7.8%, P<0.01). Pre-pregnancy body mass index was significantly higher in women with pre-eclampsia than in those without. A higher rate of pre-eclampsia was found in women with chronic hypertension and those with poor glucose control. The independent risk factors for pre-eclampsia were chronic hypertension and elevated pre-pregnancy body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: The type of diabetes, chronic hypertension, and elevated pre-pregnancy body mass index are high risk factors for pre-eclampsia in pregnant women with abnormal glucose metabolism.