氨茶碱贴片相对生物利用度与药动学研究

目的 研究兔经皮给予氨茶碱贴片的相对生物利用度和药动学,为临床合理用药提供参考.方法 兔单剂量给予贴片(试验制剂,T)和软膏剂（参比制剂,R）,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆氨茶碱浓度.结果 兔表皮给予氨茶碱贴片的药动学参数如下.AUC: （21.77±7.65） μg•h•mL^-1;t1/2（Ka）:（1.34±0.29） h;t1/2（Ke）:（11.55±1.87）h; tmax:(5.04±0.90)h;Cmax:(18.74±1.50) μg•mL^-1.兔表皮给予氨茶碱软膏剂的药动学参数为AUC:(19.43±5.52) μg•h•mL-1;t_1/2（Ka）:（1.13±0.39）h;t_1/2（Ke）: （10.33±1.90）h; tmax:(5.69±1.06);Cmax:（16.47±1.79） μg•mL^-1.求算得氨茶碱贴片的相对生物利用度为（112.04±10.4）%,对两种制剂的药动学参数进行双、单侧t检验,均差异无显著性（均P＞0.05）.结论 T与R的相对生物利用度为（112.04±10.40）%,T与R具有生物等效性.     

普罗布考联合阿托伐他汀预防对比剂肾损害80例

目的探讨普罗布考联合阿托伐他汀防治冠状动脉介入性诊断及治疗术后急性肾损害的疗效。方法接受冠状动脉造影和介入治疗的患者250例,随机分为3组。联合预防组80例,术前及术后3 d服用普罗布考500 mg,bid;阿托伐他汀20 mg,qd;普罗布考组85例,术前及术后3 d服用普罗布考500 mg,bid;阿托伐他汀组85例,术前及术后3 d服用阿托伐他汀20 mg,qd。所有患者术后立即接受水化治疗12 h（1 mL•kg－1•h－1）。3组均给予防治冠心病标准用药,如肠溶阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、低分子肝素、β受体阻断药、血管紧张肽转化酶抑制药或血管紧张肽Ⅱ受体拮抗药。观察术前及术后3 d尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐清除率（Ccr）的变化并计算对比剂急性肾损害（CIAKI）发生率。结果联合预防组手术后BUN水平升高（3.12±0.54）mmol•L－1,Ccr水平升高（8.41±2.13） mL•min－1,CIAKI发生率3.75%,均明显优于其他两组［普罗布考组：（6.22±0.82） mmol•L－1,（17.14±2.29） mL•min－1,12.94%;阿托伐他汀组：（7.02±1.13） mmol•L－1,（22.09±2.38） mL•min－1,15.29%］（P＜0.05）。3组患者均无明显不良反应。结论普罗布考联合阿托伐他汀可显著降低CIAKI发生率,无明显不良反应。     

雷公藤多苷抗炎作用的研究

摘要目的研究雷公藤多苷的抗炎作用。方法①对小鼠毛细血管通透性的影响： 小鼠60只,随机分为空白对照组,模型组,雷公藤多苷0.3,0.6,1.2 g•kg－1组,吲哚美辛10 mg•kg－1组,共6组,各10只,灌胃给药5 d后,均静脉注射0.5%伊文思蓝溶液0.01 mL•g－1,小鼠处死后,收集腹腔冲洗液,测定吸光度（A值）;②对大鼠角叉菜胶足肿胀的影响：大鼠50只,随机分为空白对照组,雷公藤多苷0.25,0.50,1.00 g•kg－1组,地塞米松4 mg•kg－1组,共5组,各10只,造模后,连续灌胃给药7 d,测定右后肢容积。结果空白对照组,模型组,雷公藤多苷0.3,0.6,1.2 g•kg－1组,吲哚美辛10 mg•kg－1组小鼠腹腔冲洗液A值分别为0.24±0.16,1.41±0.60,0.99±0.45,0.93±0.45,0.88±0.58,0.52±0.38,显示雷公藤多苷对小鼠毛细血管通透性有一定抑制作用。末次给药5 h后空白对照组,雷公藤多苷0.25,0.50,1.00 g•kg－1组,地塞米松4 mg•kg－1组大鼠足肿胀率分别为（36.3±13.7）%,（26.3±13.9）%,（37.9±14.5）%,（32.5±12.4）%,（17.2±10.9）%。结论雷公藤多苷具有一定的抗炎作用。     

金银花提取物对肝损伤小鼠的保护作用研究

目的探讨金银花提取物对对乙酰氨基酚所致小鼠肝损伤的影响。方法将60只小鼠随机分为6组,正常对照组和模型组给予0.9%氯化钠溶液,其他各组以0.02 mL•g 1剂量给药,每天1次,连续10 d。除正常对照组外,其余5组腹腔注射对乙酰氨基酚制备肝损伤模型,经眼静脉取血,测定小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶及肝组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、丙二醛及一氧化氮水平。结果金银花提取物低、中、高剂量组和联苯双酯组各项指标改善明显,丙氨酸氨基转移酶［分别为（286.32±20.37）,（211.34±18.35）,（181.51±11.17）（191.56±12.24）U•L 1］均低于模型组［（319.37±21.36）U•L 1］（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;天冬氨酸氨基转移酶［分别为（251.78±20.14）,（223.57±21.78）,（179.67±11.27）,（171.87±9.91）U•L 1］亦低于模型组［（279.97±15.97）U•L 1］（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;金银花提取物低、高剂量组和联苯双酯组肝组织丙二醛含量［分别为（3.84±0.19）,（2.31±0.21）,（2.39±0.17）U•L 1］均低于模型组［（4.39±0.11）U•L 1］（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;金银花提取物低、中、高剂量组和联苯双酯组肝组织一氧化氮含量［分别为（4.89±0.61）,（4.11±0.15）,（3.84±0.48）,（3.87±0.57）U•L 1］均低于模型组［（5.74±0.25）U•L 1］（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;金银花提取物低、中剂量组和联苯双酯组肝组织还原型谷胱甘肽含量［分别为（64.37±2.71）,（65.78±1.57）,（70.17±1.47）U•mg 1］均高于模型组［（40.12±1.37）U•L 1］（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;金银花提取物低、中、高剂量组和联苯双酯组肝组织超氧化物歧化酶［分别为（104.25±11.21）,（141.27±13.11）,（177.11±14.34）,（163.55±16.78）U•mg 1］均高于模型组［（87.32±16.78）U•L 1］（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。结论金银花具有显著的抗肝损伤作用。     

两种药用植物总黄酮体外抗氧化活性比较

目的研究藤茶总黄酮和铁包金总黄酮的体外抗氧化活性。方法建立体外二苯代苦味酰基自由基（DPPH•）、氧自由基（O－2•）和羟自由基（•OH）发生体系，检测藤茶总黄酮和铁包金总黄酮对DPPH•、O－2•和•OH的清除作用。结果藤茶总黄酮对DPPH•、O－2•、•OH的清除作用比铁包金总黄酮和维生素C强，其三种体系的半数抑制浓度（IC50）分别为（3.32±0.18），（227.41±184.45），（5.22±3.75） mg•L－1。铁包金总黄酮对DPPH•、O－2•、•OH的清除作用弱于维生素C，其DPPH•体系的IC50为（36.41±9.68） mg•L－1。结论藤茶总黄酮具有抗氧化活性，但铁包金总黄酮不能单独作抗氧化剂。     

谷氨酰胺联合肠内营养用于重症肺部感染患者30例

［摘要］目的探讨谷氨酰胺颗粒联合肠内营养对重症肺部感染患者的免疫调节作用。方法重症肺部感染患者60例,采用随机对照的方法分为两组,各30例。 A组给予标准肠内营养治疗;B组给予标准肠内营养+谷氨酰胺5.0 g,鼻饲,tid。两组均用肠内营养泵经鼻给予肠内营养500 mL•d 1,递增至1 000～1 500 mL•d 1（3～4 d可达标）,速度为80～100 mL•h 1。两组患者均于治疗前及治疗后7和14 d分别取血测定血清中的谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、清蛋白、前清蛋白、C反应蛋白（CRP）、免疫球蛋白G（IgG）、白细胞介素 6（IL 6）和肿瘤坏死因子 α（TNF α）的变化,以及外周血淋巴细胞总数、CD+3、CD+4、CD+4/CD+8的变化,比较急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）评分、多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）评分及机械通气时间、住重症监护室（ICU）时间、28 d生存率。结果治疗14 d后,A、B组患者外周血淋巴细胞总数分别为（1.37±0.23）×109,（1.95±0.29）×109•L 1（P＜0.05）;CRP分别为 （263.4±18.5）和（137.5±11.3） mg•L 1（P＜0.05）;IL 6分别为（77.6±32.6）和（62.4±22.5） pg•L 1; TNF分别为（31.7±12.7）和（24.3±11.4） pg•L 1。APACHEⅡ评分分别为（17.88±3.27）和（14.37±3.82）分;MODS评分分别为（8.81±2.57）和（7.72±2.41）分。B组CD+3、CD+4、CD+4/CD+8明显提高（P＜0.05）;两组患者机械通气时间、住ICU时间、28 d生存率改变均差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论谷氨酰胺联合肠内营养支持治疗能明显改善重症肺部感染患者的免疫功能,促进感染控制。     

透皮促渗剂对醋酸地塞米松壳聚糖凝胶透皮特性的影响

目的观察透皮促渗剂对醋酸地塞米松壳聚糖凝胶透皮特性的影响。方法实验分为无促渗剂组和促渗剂组。无促渗剂组为0.75%药物5%壳聚糖凝胶剂;促渗剂组根据含促渗剂不同又分为月桂氮酮+丙二醇、月桂氮酮、丙二醇+二甲亚砜、二甲亚砜+月桂氮酮组。以无毛大鼠皮肤为渗透屏障,进行体外渗透实验,分析该凝胶稳态透皮速率（Js）和Js提高率。结果无促渗剂组①Js为（3.75±0.56） μg•（cm2） 1•h 1。促渗剂组效果明显,其中二甲亚砜+月桂氮酮组②Js为（8.12±0.58） μg•（cm2） 1•h 1,月桂氮酮+丙二醇组③Js为（5.41±0.74） μg•（cm2） 1•h 1,丙二醇+二甲亚砜组④Js为（4.31±0.42） μg•（cm2） 1•h 1,月桂氮酮组⑤Js为（4.35±0.36） μg•（cm2） 1•h 1。与①比较,②的Js提高率为2.17%（P＜0.01）,与③④⑤比较,②的Js分别为1.51,1.89,1.87倍（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。结论混合促渗剂具有比单一促渗剂更好的促渗效果。     

兰索拉唑片的生物等效性研究

［摘要］目的建立反相高效液相色谱法测定兰索拉唑的血浆浓度,并研究其生物等效性。方法以Agilent C18 （250 mm×5 mm,5 μm）为色谱柱;流动相为乙腈 1‰三乙胺水溶液（pH=7.0）（30：70）,流速1.0 mL• min 1,进样量为20 μL,内标为奥美拉唑。血浆样品经乙酸乙酯提取后于285 nm紫外光检测。结果20例健康受试者单次口服兰索拉唑片后,受试制剂与参比制剂的血浆中兰索拉唑的半衰期（t1/2）分别为 （2.19±0.49）和（2.38± 0.48） h,达峰时间（tmax ）分别为（2.52±0.80）和（2.82±0.69） h,血药峰浓度（Cmax）分别为 （854.82±249.70）和（813.22±289.59） ng•mL 1,血药浓度 时间曲线下面积（AUC0 12 h）分别为 （3 513.00±742.25）和（3 779.90±1 191.52） μg•h•mL 1,AUC（0 ∞）分别为（3 742.64±749.85）和（4 078.54±1 171.17） μg•h•mL 1。结论两种制剂的兰索拉唑片具有生物等效性。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定肾移植患者的麦考酚酸血浆浓度及其药动学研究

目的 建立液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）法评价免疫抑制剂麦考酚酸酯（MMF）在术后2～3周肾移植患者中连续口服的药动学特点. 方法 受试者口服MMF（0.75 g,bid）,2～3周后用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中活性代谢物麦考酚酸（MPA）的浓度,并用非房室模型计算药动学参数. 结果 MPA在0.1～51.2 μg•mL^-1 范围内线性关系良好,批内、批间RSD＜10%,准确度在90%～110%,方法学验证符合生物样品分析方法的要求. MMF的体内代谢呈明显的个体差异,药动学参数：AUC0 t为（36.65±11.42） mg•h•L^-1; AUC0 ∞为（43.34±18.02） mg•h•L^-1; Cmax为（15.89±5.77） mg•L-1; t _max为（1.08±0.47） h; t_1/2为（3.34±1.63） h; MRT0 t为（3.42±1.12） h; Vd为（194.88±156.45） L; CL为（41.02±18.19） L• h^-1. 结论 LC MS/MS法用于MPA血浆浓度测定,操作简便,结果灵敏、特异性好.     

盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片的 相对生物利用度与生物等效性研究

［摘要］目的研究盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片在健康人体的相对生物利用度。 方法健康男性志愿者18例，随机分为两组各9例，单次、 交叉口服供试制剂盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片或参比制剂盐酸氨溴索片各90 mg后，以高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定血浆中盐酸氨溴索的浓度，计算药动学参数及相对生物利用度，评价其生物等效性。 结果18例受试者口服盐酸氨溴索供试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数：tmax分别为（1.3±0.6）和（1.5±0.9） h；Cmax分别为（195.20±57.24）和（177.80±50.33 ） ng•mL 1；t1/2分别为（6.69±1.75）和（6.91±1.57） h；AUC0 24分别为（1 186.54±321.35）和（1 215.64±368.93） ng•h-1•mL 1，AUC0 ∞分别为（1 375.05 ±388.37）和（1 371.22±419.52） ng•h-1•mL 1，供试制剂的相对生物利用度为（102.1±29.8）%。 结论盐酸氨溴索两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.