颞下锁孔硬膜下Kawase入路的内镜解剖学研究

目的 探讨神经内镜模拟颞下锁孔硬膜下Kawase入路手术可行性和适应证。方法 成人尸头湿标本8具（16侧）,模拟神经内镜颞下锁孔硬膜下Kawase入路,观察内镜下显露的最大视野,辨识弓状隆起、三叉神经、岩浅大神经、岩上窦等解剖结构,标识Kawase三角的边界,测量不同磨除范围下Kawase三角的各边长,显露小脑膜切迹间隙、脑干腹外侧、上中岩斜区、中下岩斜区交界处及其邻近结构。结果 弓状隆起最高点到棘孔、岩浅大神经裂孔、岩浅大神经与下颌神经的交点;三叉神经压迹外侧缘的最短距离分别为（22.90±2.34）mm、（14.05±2.09）mm、（24.94±1.98）mm、（23.49±2.38）mm;Kawase三角磨除面积为（3.04±0.47）cm2,扩大磨除Kawase三角面积为（3.7±0.69）cm2,平均增加了0.66 cm2的面积。结论 经神经内镜颞下锁孔硬膜下Kawase入路避免了对脑膜中动脉的损伤,保留了岩浅大神经。适合处理位于小脑幕切迹间隙,上、中岩斜区,中、下岩斜区交界处,部分桥小脑角脑干腹外侧广泛区域的肿瘤、动脉瘤等病变。     

A microanatomical map of the structures hidden in the middle fossa based on the facial nerve hiatus: Measurements and their variability

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships/variations between the facial nerve hiatus (FNH) and middle cranial fossa neuro‐vascular structures. Twenty CT‐scanned middle cranial fossae of fresh adult cadavers were used; the greater superficial petrosal nerves, and critical neuro‐vascular structures were identified. Using the FNH as a reference point, a neuronavigation system was used to measure the distance between each structure and the FNH. The coefficient of variation (CV) was used to quantify the degree of variation among each distance. The mean distances and standard deviations between the various landmarks and the FNH, and the associated CV were analyzed. Furthermore, a microanatomical map of the structures hidden in the middle fossa based on the greater superficial petrosal nerve was generated. The most reliable relationships of the FNH were with the internal auditory canal (CV = 14.59), and with the vertical portion of the intrapetrous internal carotid artery (CV = 15.54). Our data demonstrate that the FNH can be used as anatomical landmark to plot the position of several hidden neurovascular structures when performing a middle‐fossa skull base approach. However, the pattern and the variation of these structures had to be recognized. Clin. Anat. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

人工耳蜗颅中窝进路植入点

目的:探讨人工耳蜗植入颅中窝进路植入点的精确定位及其可行性。方法:成人整颅标本行植入点定位,并对相关测量项进行测定,然后确定植入点的精确定位;通过1例成人女性尸头标本行模拟手术,验证其可行性。结果:沿岩浅大神经延长线,在距面神经裂孔3.10 mm±0.88 mm处确定"O"点("O"点位于膝状神经节窝),再以"O"点为原点,确定与岩浅大神经夹角为97.85°±5.38°的面神经管迷路段内侧壁投影线,然后依据面神经管迷路段内侧壁投影线做距其1.58mm±0.41mm的平行线,后再做距岩浅大神经5.47 mm±0.95 mm的平行线,两平行线相交点即为植入点("Z"点)。植入点与面神经沟的距离仅为0.67mm±0.15mm,最小值甚至为0.00 mm,而面神经沟的下部即蜗神经管,并且蜗神经管比面神经沟更为凸前,在植入点开窗极易损伤蜗神经起始段。通过模拟手术验证,用以上植入点确定方法,行开窗,不能保证进入耳蜗底转上部,更不能保证准确进入前庭阶,并有损伤蜗神经的可能。结论:颅中窝进路人工耳蜗植入点选择,不能在不磨除颞骨岩面骨质的情况下行精确定位。手术时应以面神经裂孔为定位点,先确定岩浅大神经与面神经管迷路段内侧壁投影线,然后磨除距两者1.00 mm平行线夹角内区域的骨质,尽量轮廓出耳蜗底转上部,颜色呈蓝线时,靠蓝线后部行植入点定位开窗,这样既可以将电极准确植入耳蜗底转,又可以因不暴露岩浅大神经管内段和面神经迷路段,避免其损伤。     

内耳道的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的:HTSS为内耳道手术定位提供解剖学依据。方法:对400块颞骨的内耳道及其有关结构进行解剖观察和测量。结果:内耳道与岩大神经管裂孔、弓状隆起等结构有较恒定的位置关系。内耳道底投影点至岩大神经管裂孔的距离,在左右两侧分别为8.85mm、7.95mm;至弓状隆起最高点的距离在左侧为7.89mm,右侧为8.50mm,内耳道上壁长左侧为8.41mm,右侧为8.61mm。结论:岩大神经管裂孔、弓状隆起等颞骨岩部结构是定位内耳道的重要标志。内耳道手术应避免损伤上半规管、耳蜗等结构。     

颞骨岩部入路颅底手术有关的应用解剖

目的:为经岩部入路颅底手术提供解剖学参数.方法:观测成人的100例干燥整颅、20例颅底标本、15例尸头及36侧正常颅底CT资料;观测项目为与经岩部入路颅底手术有关的颞骨表面标志与岩部内重要结构的位置及其间距.结果:整颅及颅底内面各项测量结果左右侧比较U均<1.96,P均>0.05,颞骨内重要结构间及与表面标志间距离测量结果多数项目男女性间比较U均>1.96或>2.58,P<0.05或<0.01;颅中窝入路可以弓状隆起作标志寻认上骨半规管以确认内耳道,也可以岩大神经管裂孔为标志暴露面神经膝状神经节与迷路段确认内耳道底;磨除岩尖部骨质时可以颈动脉管后壁与内耳门内侧缘的连线作为界线.结论:颞骨表面标志点间距及颞骨岩部内重要结构间的位置关系可为经岩部入路颅底手术提供重要参考,有利于术中岩部重要结构的定位与保护.     

后鼓室手术入路的应用解剖学研究

目的　为后鼓室入路手术提供解剖学依据。方法　利用成人 6 0侧颞骨标本 ,用牙科钻磨开乳突腔 ,打开外耳道外侧壁和鼓室盾板 ,充分暴露后鼓室入路手术中有关的解剖结构。以外耳道上棘、面神经管锥曲为测量标志 ,在手术显微镜下 ,对在手术中遇到的解剖结构之间的距离进行了测量。结果　外耳道上棘至砧骨窝、锥隆起、鼓索隆起、面神经管锥曲、外侧半规管、后半规管、前庭窗、蜗窗、匙突、乙状窦垂直部前缘中点、窦膜角的距离分别是 17 19、18 0 2、15 2 2、14 4 9、15 39、17 35、19 5 8、2 0 0 9、2 0 32、15 6 8、18 76mm。面神经管锥曲至鼓索隆起、水平半规管、后半规管的距离分别是 3 33、1 5 3、2 15mm。结论　外耳道上棘、面神经管锥曲是后鼓室入路的重要手术标志 ,鼓索隆起向内 3mm是手术入路的安全区 ,面神经减压术时应避免损伤水平半规管及后半规管等结构     

Bony eminence on the middle cranial fossa corresponding to the temporomandibular joint

We report a nameless bony eminence over the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and its possible clinical significance. Forty-two half heads of 21 UK Caucasian cadavers (61-95 years old, mean 84.3 +/- 8.2 years, male:female = 11:10) were used to investigate the surface of the middle cranial fossa (MCF) over the TMJ. The thickness of the bony roof of the glenoid fossa was also measured. A bony eminence over the glenoid fossa was observed in half of the specimens. Some showed a complete oval bulge, which completely reflected the contour of the glenoid fossa. The others showed a bony bulge, which partially reflected that contour. The mean (+/-SD) thickness of the bone in the roof of glenoid fossa was 1.5 +/- 1.2 mm. The mean bony thickness of specimens showing the eminence was 0.8 +/- 0.5 mm, whereas it was 2.3 +/- 1.2 mm in specimens without an eminence. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The osteological features we describe may be relevant to certain clinical problems. Traumatic dislocation of mandibular condyle, for example, might relate to a weakness of the glenoid fossa.     

Cranial base kyphosis and the surface morphology of the anterior cranial fossa.

We investigated the relationship between the surface morphology of the anterior cranial fossa and cranial base kyphosis (sphenoid angle) in 52 cephalometric craniograms. Among them there were 25 female (mean age 54 +/- 15; range 31-82) and 27 male (mean age 43 +/- 18, range 19-85) skulls. The sphenoid angle and the altitudes of the highest elevation of the endofrontal eminence (cranial base over the orbital roof in the anterior cranial fossa) and the middle point of the sphenoid planum, measured according to the Frankfort horizontal, were analysed using classical cephalometric and morphometric analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by Pearson's product-moment correlation and simple linear regression. The sphenoid angle ranged from 97 degrees to 137 degrees (mean 118 +/- 9 degrees). The altitude ratio of the highest elevation of the endofrontal eminence and the middle point of the sphenoid planum ranged from 1.5 to 1.8 (mean 1.6 +/- 0.1). A significant correlation was found between this ratio and the sphenoid angle (r = -0.65; p < 0.001; coefficient of determination = 0.43). The elevation of the endofrontal eminence relative to the sphenoid planum was higher in skulls with increased cranial base kyphosis, whereas reduced sphenoid angle was associated with an increase in the elevations of the endofrontal eminence. Although the sphenoid angle has a significant effect on the morphology of the anterior cranial fossa, only 43% of the variance in altitude of the endofrontal eminence is likely to be explained by its relationship with the sphenoid angle.     

颅中窝径路内耳道手术有关的应用解剖

本文在100侧颞骨上,对颅中窝径路的内耳道手术中内耳道定位的方法.进行了解剖学的观察和测量,提出利用岩浅大神经、面神经管裂孔、岩浅大神经沟与面神经管迷路段的夹角(平均为97.3°),及内耳道底投影点至面神经管裂孔的距离等,作为内耳道定位的主要解剖标志和参考数据.该法比磨出上半规管透明线为标志优越.     

利用多层螺旋CT进行面神经管迷路段与面神经膝定位

目的探讨面神经管迷路段与面神经膝的位置关系,以及多层螺旋CT影像测量方法的可信性。方法对15例颅底标本面神经膝至内耳道底、弓状隆起、面神经管裂孔、棘孔、岩大神经与下颌神经交点、颈动脉管膝间的直线距离进行直接测量,并进行64层螺旋CT扫描。对颅底标本的扫描影像及118例病例的头颅CT影像资料进行相同项目的测量。对颅底标本两种测量方法,以及男女患者头颅CT影像资料的测量结果进行比较分析。结果标本直接测量与CT影像测量,两种方法所得结果差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。男女性问的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,左右两侧的差异没有统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论多层螺旋CT影像测量方法可靠,测得值可信,有助于医生对面神经管迷路段、面神经膝及耳蜗等解剖结构进行定位和保护。     

颞下窝及颅中窝手术入路应用解剖

目的：为颞下窝和颅中窝入路提供相关的解剖依据。方法：测量４０例颅骨,确定颧弓点至颞下窝、翼点至颅中窝内各结构的距离和夹角。结果：测出了颧弓点至颞下窝８项解剖标志、翼点至颅中窝１１项解剖标志的连线长度和各连线与正中矢状面成角。结论：两种手术入路相关数据的测量。有助于设计手术入路,并可为术中准确定位有关结构提供参考依据。     

利用CT薄层扫描技术研究弓状隆起与上半规管的位置关系

目的　探讨Fisch法在颅中窝手术入路中如何识别弓状隆起，分析弓状隆起与上半规管的相对位置关系。 方法　选取18~57岁无颞骨岩部占位性病变的受试者60例，其中男女各30例，左右双侧共120个样本，颞骨CT薄层扫描并建立三维坐标系，测量弓状隆起、上半规管的三维坐标值并分析两者的位置关系。 结果　弓状隆起的形态不定，约有15.00%的样本弓状隆起不明显，导致无法定位；弓状隆起与上半规管并非严格对应，约有83.75%的样本弓状隆起位于上半规管的后外侧。 结论　Fisch法进行内耳道手术时，部分样本弓状隆起的识别存在困难；大部分上半规管并不在弓状隆起下方，弓状隆起多位于上半规管的后外侧。     

利用CT薄层扫描技术研究弓状隆起与上半规管的位置关系

目的　探讨Fisch法在颅中窝手术入路中如何识别弓状隆起,分析弓状隆起与上半规管的相对位置关系。 方法　选取18~57岁无颞骨岩部占位性病变的受试者60例,其中男女各30例,左右双侧共120个样本,颞骨CT薄层扫描并建立三维坐标系,测量弓状隆起、上半规管的三维坐标值并分析两者的位置关系。 结果　弓状隆起的形态不定,约有15.00%的样本弓状隆起不明显,导致无法定位;弓状隆起与上半规管并非严格对应,约有83.75%的样本弓状隆起位于上半规管的后外侧。 结论　Fisch法进行内耳道手术时,部分样本弓状隆起的识别存在困难;大部分上半规管并不在弓状隆起下方,弓状隆起多位于上半规管的后外侧。     

乙状窦前入路迷路后区应用解剖学研究

目的：为临床乙状窦前入路迷路后区域手术操作提供解剖学资料。方法：经10％甲醛溶液固定成人尸头标本15具共30侧。在外耳道后上棘、乳突上嵴、乳突尖之间磨除骨质，暴露乙状窦、岩上窦、岩上窦-乙状窦交点、颅中窝硬膜、乙状窦前方的颅后窝硬膜。磨出后骨半规管、外骨半规管、上骨半规管及面神经垂直段、颈静脉球。测量相关数据。结果：乙状窦前入路迷路后区域的骨质可分为三层：表面骨皮质，乳突蜂房骨质，覆盖深部结构的坚硬骨质。外耳道后上棘至后骨半规管的最近距离为（17．88±1．27）mm；面神经垂直段在外半规管下方、后半规管的前方走向二腹肌嵴前缘的内侧，其长度为（7．58～14．02）mm；外耳道后上棘．乙状窦最短距离为（13．84±2．74）mm。结论：此区域骨质分层明显的解剖学特点及测量的数据可以指导手术操作，避免损伤重要结构，为乙状窦前入路迷路后锁孔入路提供了重要的解剖学资料。     

颅中窝进路内耳道手术的应用解剖学

为经颅中窝进入内耳道施行手术提供更简便的方法,在100侧成人颅骨标本上.对棘孔、岩大神经管裂孔、弓状隆起和内耳门等表面标志进行了观测,运用几何知识、找出形态规律;在20侧成人整颅标本上进行了摹拟手术;讨论了与临床应用有关的问题.     

Morphology of the olfactory fossa – A new look

IntroductionThe olfactory fossa is a depression in the anterior cranial cavity whose floor is the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. This delicate bony plate separates the anterior cranial fossa from the nasal cavity.MethodsWe studied the morphology of the olfactory fossa in 32 dry skulls, derived from North India, of undetermined sex, using a hydroxyphilicsiloxane based gel. Molds of the olfactory fossa and adjacent cranial fossa were made and measurements of length, width, depth and angle of embankment (angle between the lateral wall of the olfactory fossa and the medial part of the anterior cranial fossa) were done on them and their coronal sections.ResultsThe average length of the olfactory fossa was 2.11 cm. The average width was 0.39 cm and the mean angle of embankment was 130.5°. According to the measured depth, the incidence of Keros’ type I (1–3mm) was 23.44%, type II (4–7mm) – 70.83% and type III (8–16mm) – 5.73%. Type III was more frequent on the left side. The fossa in north India is deeper in the middle than its anterior and posterior ends. It had a narrow anterior and broad posterior end (54.69%). There were no overall significant differences between the right and left side for the various morphometric parameters.DiscussionThis study provides baseline morphometric data of the olfactory fossa in the North Indian population and this knowledge may help the radiologists to analyze scans of this region and minimize complications associated with surgeries in this delicate area.     

上颌神经的解剖研究及其临床意义

目的　为翼腭窝内上颌神经手术提供解剖依据。 方法　在15个成人头颅部标本中解剖观测上颌神经出圆孔处到鼻腔外侧壁、正中矢状面的距离,观察上颌神经与上颌动脉的关系。 结果　上颌神经出圆孔处到鼻腔外侧壁的距离为（13.78±2.18）mm;距正中矢状面的距离为（17.89±2.67）mm 。上颌神经与上颌动脉的位置关系是：63.3％动脉位于神经的外下方,37.7％在神经下方。 上颌神经与上颌动脉之间的距离为 （7.68±1.35）mm（6.60~11.10 mm）。 结论　本研究可为上颌神经手术提供解剖学参数。     

人工耳蜗植入术的应用解剖学研究

目的探讨后鼓室入路人工耳蜗植入术的有关解剖,为人工耳蜗植入手术提供解剖学基础。方法取成人颞骨标本60侧(左、右各30侧),在放大6倍的手术显微镜下进行观察和测量,结果进行统计学处理。结果圆窗龛(窝)的形态大体分为2种类型:近圆形(52%)和近半圆形(48%)。圆窗龛下壁有一窦腔者占86.7%。岬下脚出现率为11.7%,岬小桥出现率为33.3%。颈静脉窝高位,窝顶达圆窗龛上缘者占11.7%,均未影响圆窗龛的形态。外耳道上棘至锥隆起、鼓索隆起、圆窗龛前唇(缘)、面神经管锥曲的距离分别是(18.02±1.21)mm、(15.22±1.32)mm、(20.09±1.20)mm、(14.96±2.03)mm。鼓索隆起至面神经管锥曲、锥隆起的距离分别是(3.33±0.42)mm、(3.79±0.56)mm。锥隆起向后至面神经管的距离平均为(3.58±0.47)mm。结论后鼓室进路即是通过面神经隐窝的进路,面神经隐窝大小各异,鼓索隆起至面神经管锥曲和至锥隆起的距离,可作为面神经隐窝的宽度。人工耳蜗植入术经面神经隐窝入路较理想,距圆窗龛较近,有利于电极插入。该入路靠近面神经管,手术操作时应注意保护面神经。圆窗龛前唇遮盖圆窗膜,手术时必须磨去前唇暴露圆窗膜。     

颅中窝的应用测量研究

本研究以人类学骨胳测量法测量了100具成人颅底的颅中窝侧部,包括深径、矢状径、横径和骨结构间径等15项。各矢状径约略分别代表了颅中窝侧部外侧、中间和内侧1/3份的前后距离,各横径约相当于颅中窝侧部前、中、后1/3份的左右距离。统计学分析显示,除S_3径外,所有测量值均为右侧值大于左侧值,其中10项侧差显著或十分显著。而右侧深径、矢状径和横径之间的相关,也较左侧者多且突出。说明颅中窝的两个侧部是不对称的,以右侧部为大。本文就这些结果的理论和实践意义进行了讨论。     

The meningo-orbital foramen in a Scottish population

The meningo-orbital foramen is a small opening in the orbit lateral to the lateral end of the superior orbital fissure. It is widely reported to contain an orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery. The foramen may be single or multiple and may occur in the posterosuperior part of the lateral orbital wall or in the posterolateral part of the orbital roof. There is a lack of clarity in the literature as to whether foramina occurring in the orbital roof are the same entity as those occurring in the lateral wall. The disposition of the lesser wing of the sphenoid at the anterior limit of the middle cranial fossa makes it difficult to see how a foramen communicating with the anterior cranial fossa could transmit a branch of the middle meningeal artery. Our study contained 16 meningo-orbital foramina in the orbital roof that would transmit a fine probe. Fourteen of these passed into canals that tracked posteriorly in the bone to open into the middle cranial fossa close to the lateral extremity of the superior orbital fissure. The other two of these foramina communicated with the anterior cranial fossa and both were associated with a more posterior foramen that communicated with the middle cranial fossa. We hope this study clarifies an issue with relevance to surgery in the anterior cranial fossa.