皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术治疗肝胆管结石和胆管狭窄的中远期疗效观察

目的 考察皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术（STHG）治疗肝胆管结石及胆管狭窄的中、远期疗效。方法 对该院1994年12月至2000年6月期间行STHG手术的59例患者的术后中、远期并发症进行统计分析，结果 STHG的术后并发症发生率较低，而且并发症的种类也较少；本组病例术后无返流性胆管炎的表现，也无胃肠道功能紊乱和吻合口溃疡发生。STHG既保存了胆囊及Oddi括约肌功能，又保证了胆汁的生理流向，还能防止肠液的返流，从而避免了术后功能紊乱和返流性胆管炎的发生，是一种较为理想的治疗肝胆管结石和肝门部胆管狭窄的术式。     

一种替代传统胆肠吻合术的新方法——皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术

目的：为克服传统胆肠吻合术治疗肝胆管结石存在的诸多不足，设计了一种新术式-皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术。方法：在清除结石，切开肝门部胆管狭窄环，并做好肝门整形后，将胆囊壶腹部切开相应大小的切口与之吻合，并适当游离胆囊，使其底部可以被固定于切口皮下。结果：完成此术式87例，所有患者手术顺利，术后恢复良好，未发生并发症。结论：该术式既能有效地处理结石，纠正狭窄，又能保存胆囊，胆管及Oddi's括约肌的作用，保存胃肠道的正常生理通路及功能。     

皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术治疗区域性肝胆管结石的中远期疗效观察

目的 观察皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术(STHG)治疗区域性肝胆管结石的中远期疗效。方法 对我院1994年12月—2000年8月期间行STHG手术的31例患术后并发症进行统计分析。结果 STHG术后并发症发生率低，且并发症种类少。结论 STHG保留了胆囊及Oddi括约肌功能，维持了正常的胃肠道生理结构，能有效防止返流性胆管炎及术后的消化功能紊乱，是一种较为理想的治疗区域性肝胆管结石的术式。     

皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术治疗区域性肝胆管结石的中远期疗效观察

目的 观察皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术(STHG)治疗区域性肝胆管结石的中远期疗效。方法 对我院1994年12月-2000年8月期间行STHG手术的31例患者术后并发症进行统计分析。结果 STHG术后并发症发生率低,且并发症种类少。结论 STHG保留了胆囊及Oddi括约肌功能,维持了正常的胃肠道生理结构,能有效防止返流性胆管炎及术后的消化功能紊乱,是一种较为理想的治疗区域性肝胆管结石的术式。     

治疗肝内胆管结石一定要切除胆囊吗

目的 探讨胆囊在肝内胆管结石手术治疗中的应用价值，并论证保留胆囊的可行性。方法 收集1994～2002年所有肝胆管结石病人的临床资料，总结既往胆囊切除的情况和原因；研究存在胆囊的肝胆管结石病人的胆囊功能状况。介绍一种应用完整胆囊解除肝门胆管狭窄的新术式——皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术(STHG)，并总结其临床疗效。结果 8年间肝胆管结石病人共计247例，81例已切除胆囊，占32．8％，胆囊存在的肝胆管结石病人166例，其中胆囊形态功能正常者125例，占75．3％。其中有102例实施了STHG，不但保留了胆囊，而且使它发挥下列重要作用：①纠正肝门狭窄，改善肝内胆管的引流；②提高肝内胆管中胆汁酸浓度，从而防止该处色素结石复发；③保留了肝外胆管及Oddi括约肌的功能，防止肠胆反流；④为日后处理肝内结石复发提供一条便利通道。结论 肝胆管结石病人大多数胆囊功能正常。STHG应用正常完整的胆囊作为肝门胆管狭窄的修补材料，其术后近远期疗效好，值得推广应用。     

肝切除联合术中纤维胆镜治疗肝胆管结石

目的 总结肝切除联合术中纤维胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石的疗效。方法 回顾分析我院经肝切除联合术中纤维胆镜治疗的54例肝胆管结石患者的临床资料。结果 手术死亡1例，术后重要并发症9例，包括胆瘘，膈下感染，肝功不全，胆道出血；残留结石4例，残留胆管狭窄3例，胆管细胞癌3例，随访8-78个月，结石复发5例，死亡5例（2例肝衰，3例胆管细胞癌），结论 肝切除联合术中纤维胆镜治疗肝胆管结石安全有效。且能消除胆管细胞癌发生的危险，优于传统手术，对肝硬化患者，是否行右肝切除应据患者情况而定。     

三种治疗早期肝内胆管结石术工的临床效果分析

本文通过对三种治疗早期肝胆管结石患者术式的临床效果比较，结果表明，胆总管切开了石Ｔ管引流术（ＢＳＴＤ）虽能保存胆道正常的解剖结构，但术后结石昨发率显著升高；皮下袢式胆肠内此流术（ＳＬＣＪ）对预防术后肝胆管结石复发起到显著的效果，但术后并发症多且严重；而皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术（ＳＴＨＧ）非但未破坏胆道正常的解剖结构，而且利用功能良好的胆囊建立－皮下胆囊－肝胆管通道，为要后结石复发者提供了一简捷，     

皮下通道型胆囊肝总管吻合术治疗肝脏区域性结石（附16例报告）

目的 探讨解决传统胆肠内引流术在治疗肝脏区域性结石中的诸多不足的方法。方法 在切除肝脏区域性结石病灶后,切开肝总管约1.5cm,将胆囊壶腹部切开相应大小的切口与之吻合,并适当游离胆囊,使其底部可被固定于切口皮下,建立皮下胆囊与肝内外胆管间的吻合通道。结果 已完成该术式16例,均手术顺利,术后恢复良好。未发现并发症,1例患者于术后1年9个月肝内再次发现结石且伴胆道感染症状,急诊局麻下切开皮下胆囊通道行胆道镜取石,效果满意。结论 该术式简单、方便、易行,既能保存胆囊、胆管、Oddi括约肌及胃肠道的正常生理功能。又为术后结石复发或残留提供了治疗新途径。     

手术治疗肝胆管结石合并狭窄的体会

目的 总结手术治疗肝胆管结石合并狭窄的经验。方法 对126例肝胆管结石合并胆管狭窄患者进行手术并随访,其中行T管引流33例,肝肠盆式Roux-Y吻合47例。胆肠Roux-Y吻合28例,胆囊人工乳头问置肝总管十二指肠吻合18例,同时附加肝左外叶切除75例,右肝部分切除27例。结果 术后发现残余结石23例(残石率18.％),胆瘘及肝脓肿各1例,上消化道出血3例,无死亡病例。随访102例,其中3年以上者87例,效果优良者占86.2％;结石复发2例,不同程度的胆管炎12例。结论 术前影像检查和合并症的处理是手术成功的保证,术式选择要视梗阻部位,胆管狭窄和扩张的程度而定,以肝叶或段切除和保留Oddi括约肌功能者疗效佳。     

腹腔镜胆道镜十二指肠镜联合治疗原发性肝胆管结石36例

目的：探讨三镜联合治疗原发性肝胆管结石和肝胆管狭窄的手术方法，提高治愈率和避免多次开腹手术。方法：采用腹腔镜胆道镜十二指肠镜（三镜）联合治疗原发性肝胆管结石36例，经十二指肠镜手术治疗肝外胆管尤其是胆总管上端结石狭窄，经腹腔镜手术行胆囊切及结合胆道镜行肝胆管探查术和耐高压球囊导管扩张术（LPBD），解除肝门部胆管狭窄及行肝内胆管支架引流术，术后2月行胆道镜和／或十二指肠镜治疗残余结石。结果：36例均获成功，未再施行开腹手术。结论：三镜联合治疗原发性肝胆管结石具创伤小，结石除净率高，狭窄胆管球囊导管扩张后置支架安全有效。     

皮下通道胆囊肝胆管成形术治疗肝内胆管结石

目的探讨皮下通道胆囊肝胆管成形术治疗肝内胆管结石的效果。方法2001年6月～2008年5月,采用皮下通道胆囊肝胆管成形术治疗肝内胆管结石43例。在清除结石、解除肝内外胆管狭窄、肝门整形的基础上,利用胆囊壶腹部切开相应大小的切口与切开的胆管吻合,并适当游离胆囊,使其底部可以被固定到切口皮下。要求术中基本取尽肝内结石或切除病灶。结果同时行肝切除18例（41.9%）。术后残石率39.5%（17/43）。该术式联合肝切除与未联合肝切除的残石率分别为27.8%（5/18）、48.0%（12/25）。术后出现1例胆漏,1例真菌感染。43例随访1～83个月,平均27.6月。再发胆管炎和结石3例,胆管炎发作1例,再发结石1例,均通过皮下通道切开引流、取石而治愈。结论皮下通道胆囊肝胆管成形术治疗肝内胆管结石安全、有效、微创、简便。     

肝胆管结石病人皮下永久性胆管通路建立及其应用价值分析

目的 总结在肝胆管结石外科治疗中建立皮下永久性胆管通路的方法及临床价值。方法 回顾性分析1984年12月至2008年12月成都军区总医院全军普通外科中心收治的2278例肝胆管结石病人的临床资料。均通过外科手术治疗并在术中设置了皮下永久性胆管通路。对128例区域性肝胆管结石病人采用皮下通道型胆囊肝总管吻合建立皮下永久性胆管通路。结果 2278例病人中,获随访792例。随访中,胆管结石复发者184例（占23.2%）,均施行了皮下胆管通路切开、胆道镜取石术。其中,切开皮下空肠袢175例,切开皮下胆囊9例。对于同时伴有吻合口狭窄的43例病人,在胆道镜下采用胆道气囊进行扩张,狭窄得到了不同程度的纠正。全部病人均病愈出院。结论 在肝胆管结石病人手术中,建立皮下永久性胆管通路是治疗术后复发结石的重要步骤。对于区域性肝胆管结石病人,术中利用胆囊建立皮下永久性胆管通路不失为简单、可靠的方法。     

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??Estabolishment of subcutaneous permanent tunnel to bile duct and its role on the treatment of patients with hepatolithiasis TANG Li-jun, TIAN Fu-zhou, CUI Jian-feng, et al. Center of General Surgery, Chengdu General Hospital of PLA Chengdu Command, Chengdu 610083, China Corresponding author: TANG Li-jun, E-mail??whjtlj@yahoo.com.cn Abstract Objective To sum up the methods and clinical values to construct a subcutaneous permanent tunnel to bile duct during surgical treatment of hepatolithiasis. Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out on clinical data of 2,278 patients with hepatolithiasis, admitted from Dec. 1984 to Dec. 2008 by the Center of General Surgery, Chengdu General Hospital of PLA Chengdu Command. All patients received a surgical operation, and a subcutaneous permanent tunnel to bile duct was constructed in each patient during the surgery. Of those patients, the subcutaneous permanent tunnel to bile duct was constructed through cholecysto-hepatoledochostomy in 128 patients with regional hepatolithiasis. Results Of the 2278 patients, 792 patients were followed up. During the follow-up, 184 patients (making up of 23.23%) with recurrent bile duct stone received incision of subcutaneous tunnel and stone removal by choledochoscopy. Of them, 175 patients received incision of subcutaneous jejunal loop, and 9 patients received that of subcutaneous gallbladder. The 43 patients concurrently complicated with anastomotic stenosis received expansion with biliary balloon under choledochoscopy, and such stenosis were corrected to different extents. All patients were recovered and discharged out of the hospital. Conclusion During surgery of patients with hepatolithiasis, it is a key procedure for treatment of post-surgical recurrent stone to construct a subcutaneous permanent tunnel to bile duct. For patients with regional hepatolithiasis, it may still be a simple and reliable method to construct a subcutaneous permanent tunnel to bile duct via gallbladder.     

术中胆囊造影在保胆手术中的应用体会

目的:探讨经胆囊行胆道造影在腹腔镜保胆手术中的应用效果及临床价值。方法:回顾分析2010年1月至2013年5月于98例保胆手术中经胆囊行胆道造影的临床资料。结果:98例患者中34例胆囊、肝内胆管、胆总管及十二指肠均显影,20例仅胆囊显影,44例胆囊、肝内胆管、胆总管上段显影。34例胆道均显影的患者一次性手术成功;14例行胆囊切除术;3例先行胆囊造瘘后二次手术行胆囊切除术;3例行胆囊造瘘术,二期经瘘道胆道镜探查成功保胆,行保胆取石术;44例行胆总管切开探查术。其中81例成功保胆。术后无并发症发生。结论:保胆手术中经胆囊行胆道造影既可了解胆道系统情况,又可为术中是否行胆总管探查提供依据,是较好的检查方法。     

Cancer of the bile ducts associated with ulcerative colitis.

Thirteen patients with bile duct cancer (excluding gallbladder) and associated chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC) were seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1935 through 1973. Most patients had initial symptoms of severe diarrhea and bleeding, followed by a pattern of mild-to-moderate disease with exacerbations and remissions. Three patients had especially severe symptoms and underwent total colectomy (1 patient) or proctocolectomy (2 patients) an average of 15.7 years from onset of CUC symptoms. Anorexia, followed rapidly by the development of progressive jaundice (or a sudden deterioration when liver disease was already present), marked the onset of symptoms of bile duct cancer in the 13 patients. The overall mean duration from onset of CUC to development of symptoms of bile duct cancer was 19 years. The patients in whom colitis was managed by proctocolectomy or total abdominal colectomy developed symptoms of bile duct cancer an average of 9.4 years after colectomy. When cancer was diagnosed, the tumor had spread beyond the bile ducts in 10 patients. The tumors were difficult to identify and often infiltrated the hepatic hilus. The present series and review of the literature suggest that the relationship between CUC and bile duct cancer is more than a chance occurrence. The carcinoma has an onset approximately 3 decades earlier than does carcinoma of the bile ducts without CUC. Surgical removal of the diseased colon and mode of medical management of the unresected colon have no relationship to the subsequent development of carcinoma of the bile ducts; neither does the extent or severity of the colonic disease. The prognosis of carcinoma of the bile ducts unfortunately continues to be dismal.     

Characteristics and results of the treatment of cholelithiasis in elderly patients

The results of surgical treatment of cholelithiasis in 708 patients over 65 years of age are discussed and compared with those obtained in a group of 2.021 younger patients who underwent operation in 1975-86 for stones in the gallbladder and bile ducts. The authors discuss the morbidity according to the patient's age, frequency of combination of stones in the bile ducts and acute inflammation of the gallbladder, and mortality depending on the age and the type of the operation. It was found that the incidence of acute inflammation of the gallbladder, choledocholithiasis, obstructive jaundice, and cholangitis increased progressively with age.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊颈管入路H形解剖法的解剖学基础及临床应用研究

目的:观察胆囊三角区内胆管、胆囊动脉的解剖特点,并应用于临床实践,确定胆囊三角恰当的处理方式,避免腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)并发症的发生。方法:采用经常规防腐处理的成人尸体标本52具,先以H形解剖法浆膜下游离胆囊颈管,行胆囊三角区显微解剖,观测胆囊动脉的起始、走行、分支分型、进入胆囊的位置及与周围结构的解剖关系,以及胆囊管汇入胆总管的方式、位置,并应用于76例LC术中,观察其手术效果。结果:尸体解剖中经胆囊颈管H形解剖法显露的胆囊颈管浆膜下尸体解剖及术中均未发现胆管、血管。尸体解剖中见经右肝前、后动脉及胃十二指肠动脉发出异位胆囊动脉(分别为2例、4例及3例),多支型胆囊动脉与胆囊管伴行支及胆囊管后支(5例),平行型胆囊管(10例)。LC术中经H形解剖胆囊颈入路完成73例,胆囊颈管与壶腹连接处均无紧密粘连,经右肝前、后动脉及胃十二指肠动脉发出异位胆囊动脉分别为1例、2例、2例,多支型胆囊动脉与胆囊管伴行支及胆囊管后支4例,平行型胆囊管6例,胆囊管汇入右肝管2例,向后汇入肝总管后壁2例。全组均无肝外胆管损伤。结论:经胆囊颈管H形解剖法是LC的安全入路,利于辨清胆囊三角内的解剖结构及变异,可有效避免LC并发症的发生,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Surgical anatomy of hepatoduodenal ligament and hepatic hilus

The anatomical situation and variations of structures in the hepatoduodenal ligament and hepatic hilus are a legacy of their embryological development. The vascular, biliary, and lymphatic structures contribute to the functioning of blood and bile flow as well as lymph drainage of the liver. Connective tissue, fatty tissue, and the peritoneal sheet are enveloping underlying structures. Their position, shape, and relation to neighboring structures influence the situation during operative procedures. The cystic artery origin is variable, as is the number; and its recognition is important for safe cholecystectomy. Venous drainage of the gallbladder goes into the portal system of adjacent segments 4 and 5 and influences the spread of gallbladder pathology. There are some surgically important variations in the course and distribution of bile ducts and arteries in the hepatoduodenal ligament. The biliary anatomical variations significantly influence the incidence of bile ducts injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The arterial supply of extrahepatic bile ducts is delicate and variable and should be considered when trying to prevent ischemic injuries to the bile ducts. Inflammation and the combination of inflammation and anatomical variation are thought to contribute to a dangerous situation in regard to eventual injury to the bile ducts and vascular structures during operative procedures. This paper explores these questions. Received: July 9, 2002 / Accepted: July 10, 2002 Offprint requests to: E.M. Gadžijev     

An endoscopic method of the treatment of complicated acute calculous cholecystitis

Surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis attended by an affection of the extrahepatic bile ducts often leads to severe complications, particularly in elderly and old-aged patients, the mortality rate in such cases reaches 5-12%. The authors developed and introduced into practice a method of endoscopic treatment of acute combined diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts, which included endoscopic papillotomy, antegrade catheterization of the gallbladder (laparoscopic cholecystostomy, transhepatic gallbladder drainage), antegrade perfusion with antiseptics under pressure, and various types of ante- and retrograde lithotripsy. Endoscopic method of treatment of combined diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts makes it possible to remove the acute inflammatory process and in some cases may be an alternative to an emergency surgical operation.