输血传播病毒感染状况调查

目的　调查河南省不同人群输血传播病毒(TTV)的感染状况。方法　采用酶联免疫法 (ELISA)和套式聚合酶链反应(PCR)法对 321例正常人群、正常献血员、急性肝炎、慢性肝炎和肝癌患者血清进行了抗 -TTVIgG和TTVDNA检测。结果　以上人群TTV感染率分别为 5. 0%、0、11. 25%、17. 24%、26. 42%、34. 18%;混合感染中TTV合并HBV、HCV感染率最高,分别为 32. 20%和 30. 51%。结论　河南省不同人群均有TTV的感染;TTV与各型肝炎均有混合感染;ELISA法检测抗-TTVIgG与PCR法检测TTVDNA结果有较好的一致性。     

丙型肝炎病毒核心抗原检测试剂的初步应用

目的应用丙型病毒性肝炎核心抗原（HCV—cAg）ELISA检测试剂，检测丙型病毒性肝炎（HCV）病毒标志物。方法对单项抗-HCV ELISA试剂A阳性15份和单项试剂B阳性17份血清标本分别再用HCV—cAg ELISA试剂和HCVRNA荧光定量RT—PCR试剂检测，对其余血清标本仅行荧光定量RT—PCR试剂检测。结果对32份阳性血清标本中HCV—cAgELISA试剂和HCV—PCR荧光定量法阳性率分别为18．75％（6／32）和15．6％（5／32）。结论HCV-cAg ELISA法的敏感性与HCVRNART—PCR荧光定量检测结果相类似，有助于可疑抗HCV阳性结果的证实。     

768例乙型肝炎血清标志物和HBV-DNA载量相关性分析

目的:探讨HBV-DNA载量与乙型肝炎血清标志物之间的相关性。方法:采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测HBV-DNA载量,化学发光法检测HBsAg、抗HBs、HBeAg、抗HBe、抗HBc五项乙型肝炎血清标志物。结果:在768份血清标本中,HBsAg、HBeAg、抗HBc阳性组HBV-DNA阳性率为98.70%,HBsAg、抗HBe、抗HBc阳性组HBV-DNA阳性率为66.02%,HBsAg阳性组HBV-DNA阳性率为43.75%,抗HBs、抗HBe、抗HBc阳性组HBV-DNA阳性率为10.00%,抗HBs、抗HBc阳性组、抗HBs阳性组及五项乙型肝炎血清标志物全阴组HBV-DNA阳性率为0。结论:不同组的乙型肝炎患者HBV-DNA载量阳性率不同,HBV-DNA载量与乙型肝炎血清标志物之间存在相关性。采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测HBV-DNA载量是反映HBV复制的可靠指标,结合乙型肝炎血清标志物可以帮助临床了解HBV在体内复制的状况,并为临床评价抗HBV治疗效果提供可靠依据。     

丹东地区部分人群HCV感染状况的调查

目的：调查丹东地区人群HCV感染状况。方法：对丹东地区274例献血员、202例正常人进行血清丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗-HCV）检测。结果：献血员抗-HCV阳性率为11．68％，一般人群阳性率为2．47％．表明丹东地区存在HCV感染。123例成人中有4例阳性，阳性率为3．25％。79例儿童中有1例阳性，阳性率1．26％。两者间经统计学处理无显著性差异。结论：应加强对儿童的防护措施和对献血员严格检测抗-HCV，以杜绝输血后肝炎的发生。     

新疆静脉注射毒品者输血传播病毒的检测及部分核苷酸序列分析

目的 :调查新疆维吾尔自治区 (新疆 )静脉注射毒品者中输血传播病毒 (TTV)的感染状况及基因型别。方法 :采用巢式PCR技术检测 10 2例汉族、维吾尔族、回族静脉注射毒品者血清中TTVDNA ,以 38例正常体检者为对照 ,比较静脉注射毒品者中TTVDNA阳性率是否与共用注射器有关。将一例维吾尔族TTV阳性扩增产物插入pGEM -TEasy载体 ,测序并序列分析。结果 :静脉注射毒品者TTVDNA阳性率为 32 35 % ,显著高于正常体检者 (5 2 6 % ) ,P <0 0 5。静脉注射毒品者中汉族、维吾尔族、回族TTVDNA阳性率分别为 32 6 1% (15 4 6 )、35 14 % (13 37) %、2 6 32 % (5 19) ,各民族之间差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。静脉注射毒品者TTVDNA阳性率与共用注射器有关 (P <0 0 5 )。一例维吾尔族TTVDNA部分核苷酸测序 ,与日本株 (AB0 0 8394 )比较同源性为 98% ,属于G1a型。结论 :静脉注射毒品者是TTV感染的高危人群。一例维吾尔族TTV核酸序列与日本株 (AB0 0 8394 )相比有高度同源性 ,属于同一基因型别     

献血员中的HCV感染:抗HCV核心IgM抗体与血清中HCV RNA的关系

丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)是输血后散在非 甲非乙型肝炎的主要原因.作者用4种第3代HCV 酶免疫法(EIA)对47名第2代HCV EIA阳性、但丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)水平持续正常的献血员检测血清抗HCV IgG.用Abbott抗HCV核心IgM EIA试剂盒检测抗HCV核心lgM,同时用3种市售免疫印迹试剂盒确证.另外用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测HCV RNA.结果表明,47名经Abbott第2代试剂盒检测抗-HCV阳性的献血员,用第3代Abbott EIA检测IgG阳性率为95.7%.其他3种试剂盒的阳性率为:Sanofi 59.6%,Ortho 63.8%,Murex 72.3%.这4种试剂盒有61.7%的一致性.用免疫印迹法检测:Ri-ba3的抗体阳性率为44.7%,Deciscano为     

乙肝病毒感染540例的HBV-DNA分析

目的:了解我县肝癌高发区乙肝病毒感染者血清中HBV-DNA载量.方法:ELISA法检测乙型肝炎血清标志物(HBV-M)阳性血清540份,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(Q-PCR)法检测HBV-DNA载量.结果:540例感染者HBV-DNA阳性率为35.7%(193/540).在298例HBsAg阳性的感染者中,HBV-DNA阳性率为614%(183/298).其中单纯HBsAg阳性患者中HBV-DNA阳性率为51.6%;HBsAg阳性和抗-HBc阳性模式感染者中HBV-DNA阳性率为53.8%;在HBsAg阳性、HBeAg阳性、抗-HBc阳性模式感染者中HBV-DNA阳性率为92.7%,HBsAg阳性、抗-HBe阳性、抗-HBc阳性模式中HBV-DNA阳性率为45.3%.329例ALT正常组HBV-DNA阳性率为10.3%.急性乙型肝炎组HBV-DNA阳性率为72.7%,慢性乙型肝炎组HBV-DNA阳性率为70.6%,肝硬化组HBV-DNA阳性率为80.3%,肝癌组HBV-DNA阳性率为83.8%.ALT正常组与发病组差异有极显著性(P＜0.01)结论:我县肝癌高发区乙肝病毒感染者血清中HBsAg阳性率与HBV-DNA阳性率与HBV-DNA载量高度一致,HBV-DNA载量分析对进行抗病毒治疗和治疗监测方面具有重要意义.     

HBsAg金标试剂质量评价

目的　优选一种适宜于献血员HBsAg筛查的试验试剂。方法　采用HBsAg金标试纸法对卫生部临检中心HBsAg考核盘一套、质控定值血清 ,与本室留取ELISA法阴性标本、不同滴度的阳性标本等进行检测并做统计学处理。结果　四种厂家金标试剂特异性均为 10 0 % ,灵敏度分别为 90 .90 %、85 .71%、84 .5 0 %、76 .92 % ,总符合率分别为 95 .0 8% (116 / 12 2 )、92 .0 6 % (116 / 12 6 )、91.33% (116 / 12 7)、86 .5 6 % (116 / 134) ,第四种试剂与预期值差异具有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　不同厂家金标试剂质量存在明显差异 ,因此要选择具有特异性强、灵敏度高的试剂 ,以更加适宜于献血员的筛查 ,降低成品血液的报废率     

血液透析及慢性肝炎患者输血传播病毒感染的临床意义

目的：阐明输血传播病毒（TTV）感染在血液透析、慢性肝炎病人中的临床意义及其致病作用。方法：以套式聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测血清TTVDNA。结果：31例血液透析患者10例TTVDNA阳性,其中6例有血清转氨酶（ALT）水平升高（76～243U／L）,但均同时伴有HBsAg或／和抗HCV阳性,2例单纯TTVDNA阳性者血清TTVDNA持续阳性至少8个月,而ALT水平一直处在正常水平。TTVDNA阳性率在慢性乙型肝炎、慢性丙型肝炎及慢性非甲～戊型、非庚型肝炎中分别为28．3％（17／60）,29．3％（10／41）和31．1％（14／45）。TTVDNA阳性、阴性两组慢性乙、丙型肝炎在年龄、病程及ALT、AST、TBil水平均无显著差异（P＞0．05）。14例非甲～戊型、非庚型肝炎患者中13例表现为单项ALT水平轻度升高,临床症状轻微。结论：TTV感染存在慢性携带状态,可能是非甲～成型、非庚型肝炎的重要致病因子,但其致病性可能较弱。     

丙型肝炎病毒分片段抗体与HCVRNA的检测分析

目的探讨丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)分片段抗体(HCV-C,HCV-NS3,HCV-NS4,HCV-NS5)对丙肝的诊断价值。方法对ELISA法抗-HCV总抗体阳性的55份阳性血清及80份可疑血清再进行分片段抗体ELISA检测及RT-PCR。结果55份ELISA法抗-HCV总抗体阳性血清经分片段抗体ELISA检测后,抗-NS3、抗-C的检出率最高,分别为96.4%、89.1%;两个以上片段检测结果阳性的血清有54份,与RT-PCR结果(HCVRNA阳性52份)高度符合。80份可疑血清中10份抗-C和抗-NS3同时阳性和9份HCVRNA阳性。结论HCV分片段抗体ELISA法有很高的敏感性和特异性,与RT-PCR法基本一致。抗-NS3、抗-C在HCV的诊断中有重要的意义,抗-NS5和抗-NS4有诊断的互补作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.