镉对大鼠血清性激素水平的影响

目的观察经口镉染毒对大鼠血清性激素水平的影响.方法大鼠通过饮水给予镉(0、50、100和200 mg/kg),采用放射免疫分析法测定血清睾酮(T)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)和黄体生成素(LH).结果200 mg/kg镉染毒组大鼠睾丸脏器系数(每g体重该脏器的mg数)在第1个月和第3个月分别为10.78和8.66,高于对照组(9 98和7.45),差异有显著性(P＜0.05);第6个月后差异无显著性(P＞0.05).镉染毒第1个月,镉染毒组大鼠血清T、FSH、及LH水平与对照组比较,差异均无显著性(P＞0.05);第3个月50、100和200 mg/kg镉染毒组睾酮水平分别为286.88、225.63和259.60 pmol/L,明显高于对照组(111.58 pmol/L),差异有显著性(P＜0.05);第6个月只有200 mg/kg镉染毒组的睾酮水平(327.34 pmo/L)高于对照组236.16 pmol/L,差异有显著性(P＜0.05),同时LH水平(2.53 ng/ml)与对照组(4.52 ng/ml)比较明显降低,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论经口镉染毒能引起大鼠血清性激素水平的变化.     

单纯性肥胖男童血清瘦素与胰岛素性激素检测结果 分析

目的 研究单纯性肥胖男性儿童血清瘦素、胰岛素及性激素水平之间的关系,为青少年肥胖的干预提供依据.方法 以10～15岁单纯性肥胖和正常对照儿童各22名为研究对象,用放射免疫法测定血清中的瘦素、胰岛素和性激素水平.结果 单纯性肥胖男生血清瘦素、胰岛素和雌二醇水平显著高于正常男童(P值均＜0.01),睾酮水平则明显低于正常男童(P＜0.01).血清瘦素水平与胰岛素、睾酮、雌二醇水平均有显著相关(P值均＜0.01).结论 高水平瘦素可能是单纯性肥胖重要的生物学标志之一.单纯性肥胖男童存在性激素代谢紊乱、性发育落后,瘦素可能影响男性肥胖儿童的性发育.     

肥胖男生血清瘦素、性激素含量测定与分析

目的了解单纯性肥胖男生血清中瘦素及性激素水平,探讨瘦素对男性性发育的影响.方法选择郑州市郊县8～16岁肥胖男生49例为观察对象,另选年龄相同、体重正常男生46例为对照,按年龄分为8～10岁、11～13岁、14～16岁3个年龄段,分别测定血清瘦素、睾酮、雌二醇含量,调查首次遗精时间.结果肥胖男生血清瘦素水平高于正常男生,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);2组间睾酮含量、雌二醇含量差异均无统计学意义;瘦素与首次遗精时间呈负相关,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论睾酮、雌二醇水平和首次遗精时间与正常男生差异无显著性,其瘦素水平的升高对性发育影响不明显.     

哺乳期氯氰菊酯暴露对断乳期雄性小鼠生殖内分泌的影响

目的 探讨哺乳期母鼠接触氯氰菊酯对断乳期雄性子代小鼠生殖内分泌的损害作用,为研究氯氰菊酯的生殖发育毒作用提供理论依据.方法 将21只健康清洁级ICR孕鼠随机分为溶剂对照组(玉米油)、低剂量(6.25 mg/kg)和高剂量氯氰菊酯染毒组(25 mg/kg),每组7只.分娩后第1天,母鼠以灌胃方式进行染毒,每天1次,染毒至分娩后第21天.染毒后,每组随机取雄性仔鼠15只,称重,剖杀取睾丸,称重睾丸并计算脏器系数.采用放免法检测血清、睾丸组织睾酮(T)和血清雌二醇(E2)水平.取小鼠的同侧睾丸,HE染色后进行组织病理学观察.采用TUNEL法检测睾丸细胞凋亡情况.结果 与溶剂对照组相比,高、低剂量氯氰菊酯染毒组雄性仔鼠体重、睾丸重量和睾丸系数较低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).与溶剂对照组相比,高剂量氯氰菊酯染毒组雄性仔鼠血清T水平较低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).与低剂量氯氰菊酯染毒组比较,高剂量氯氰菊酯染毒组雄性仔鼠血清T水平较低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).随着氯氰菊酯染毒剂量的升高,血清和睾丸组织T水平均呈下降趋势.各染毒组雄性仔鼠血清E2和睾丸T水平间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).组织病理学结果显示,处理组仔鼠睾丸生精细胞层减少,管腔内径增大,细胞相对稀疏,且排列较紊乱,但睾丸细胞凋亡无明显影响.结论 哺乳期母鼠接触氯氰菊酯对断乳期雄性子代小鼠生殖内分泌有明显损害作用.     

壬基酚对大鼠睾丸和血清中某些生化指标的影响

目的研究环境类激素壬基酚对大鼠睾丸和血清中某些生化指标的影响.方法以壬基酚50、100、200 mg/kg剂量对Wistar雄性大鼠连续经口染毒35 d,检测大鼠睾丸组织匀浆及血清中β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶(β- G )、乳酸脱氢酶同工酶(LDHx)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA) 含量,血中睾酮(T)、雌二醇(E2)水平.结果 50 mg/kg处理组睾丸组织中β-G和200 mg/kg处理组血清中LDHx活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);200 mg/kg处理组睾丸组织中SOD活性及血中T含量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论壬基酚可能会诱发大鼠睾丸和血清某些生化指标的改变,表明对睾丸有损伤.     

二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯对雄性小鼠的生殖毒性及其机制研究

目的 评价二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)的雄性生殖毒性,观察染毒后雄性昆明种小鼠睾丸酶活力、生精功能、血清和睾丸中相关激素浓度等的改变.方法 以0、62.5、125.0和250.0 mg/kg剂量的MDI玉米油溶液对8周龄的健康昆明种小鼠连续腹腔注射染毒14 d,于第15日处死后测定睾丸和附睾脏器系数、附睾精子数、睾丸酶活力[酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、Ca-Mg-ATP酶、Na-K-ATP酶]以及睾丸和血清的相关激素[黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、睾酮(T)]浓度.结果 各组小鼠体重差异均无统计学意义;250.0mg/kg剂量组睾丸重量、睾丸脏器系数、附睾重量、附睾脏器系数均明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).125.0和250.0mg/kg剂量组精子数明显低于对照(均P＜0.01).各染毒组睾丸组织LDH活力、Na-K-ATP酶活力和睾丸T浓度与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义;250.0 rag/kg剂量组睾丸组织SDH活力、AKP活力、GSH含量均明显低于对照组(P＜0.01);125.0和250.0 my/kg剂量组的睾丸组织Ca-Mg-ATP酶活力明显低于对照组(P＜0.01);62.5、125.0、250.0 mg/kg剂量组的血清FSH、LH浓度均明显高于对照组(P＜0.01),而血清T浓度和睾丸组织ACP活力均明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 在本实验染毒时间和剂量范围内,MDI对各级生精细胞均有一定的毒性作用,作用的靶点是细胞内的线粒体;MDI干扰了睾丸组织的有氧代谢,抑制了细胞对能量的利用,损伤各级生精细胞,造成生精上皮的损害,并且通过脂质过氧化反应对睾丸组织造成一定程度的损伤,继而引起精子生成减少;MDI对睾酮的合成没有直接影响.     

异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯对雄性成年小鼠睾丸及附睾的毒性作用及其机制探讨

目的 研究异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)对雄性小鼠睾丸及附睾的毒性作用及其机制.方法将8周龄成年健康清洁级昆明雄性小鼠120只随机分为低(50 mg/kg)、中(100 mg/kg)、高(200 mg/kg)剂量IPDI染毒组和溶剂对照组(玉米油),每组30只.采用腹腔注射方式进行染毒,剂量为12.5 ml/kg,连续染毒14d,每天1次.于第15日,称重,处死,测定睾丸和附睾重量,并计算脏器系数.测定附睾精子数和睾丸酶[酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、Ca-Mg-ATP酶、Na-K-ATP酶、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)]活力以及睾丸和血清的相关激素[黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、睾酮(T)]浓度.结果 各染毒组小鼠体重、附睾重量及其脏器系数间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与溶剂对照组相比,高剂量组小鼠的睾丸重量及其脏器系数较低,中、高剂量组小鼠的精子数较少,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).各染毒组小鼠的LDH、Na-K-ATP酶活力间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与溶剂对照组比较,高剂量组SDH、NOS活力和中、高剂量组ACP、AKP、Ca-Mg-ATPase活力均较低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).与溶剂对照组比较,低、中、高剂量组血清T和中、高剂量组睾丸T浓度均较低,低、中、高剂量组血清FSH和中、高剂量组血清LH浓度均较高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 IPDI可对成年雄性小鼠的睾丸产生生殖毒性.     

20例男性2型糖尿病患者性激素结合球蛋白和性激素的测定及相关因素分析

目的 研究男性2型糖尿病患者性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)和性激素的变化及相关因素分析.方法 检测了20例男性2型糖尿病患者(糖尿病组)和10例糖耐量正常的男性(对照组)血清SHBG、睾酮(T)和雌二醇(E2)浓度.结果 SHBG、T和E2浓度在糖尿病组分别为(62.50±27.08)nmol/L、(48.41±9.96)nmol/L和(150.84±96.81)pmol/L,而在对照组分别为(74.16±32.30)nmol/L、(50.55±12.39)nmol/L和(166.03±121.55)pmol/L,三个指标两组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).糖尿病组组内相关因素分析发现,SHBG与年龄呈正相关(r=0.54,P＜0.01),与体重指数(BMI)呈负相关(r=-0.46,P＜0.01),并与空腹胰岛素呈负相关(r=-0.48,P＜0.01).逐步回归分析发现,年龄和BMI对SHBG影响最大.结论 2型糖尿病本身对SHBG和性激素浓度无明显影响,而年龄和BMI是其独立影响因素.     

怀柔地区中老年体检人群骨密度检测与骨质疏松相符性的研究及其预防

目的 了解北京怀柔地区中老年人群骨质疏松患病及骨密度检测情况,提出预防措施.方法 采用Metriscan双能X线骨密度检测仪测定894例中老年人骨密度,关系骨密度测定结果及T-Score评分(T值),骨质疏松患病情况.结果 (1)将每10岁作为一个年龄段,共5个年龄段,年龄段增加骨密度、T值逐渐下降,每个年龄段骨密度值、T值与前一个年龄段测定的骨密度值、T值比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).不同年龄段骨密度测定值及T值在不同性别之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). (2) 40～49岁、50～59岁、60～69岁、70～79岁、≥80岁,男性骨质疏松患病率为2.31％、4.76％、17.11％、33、33％、64.29％,女性为3.31％,11.97％、35.56％、61.54％、75.00％,女性骨质疏松患病率明显高于男性,在50岁后各年龄段在不同性别之间患病率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 密度的测定有助于早期发现有无骨质疏松存在,怀柔地区中老年人群中骨质疏松随着年龄增加患病率增高,女性骨密度下降及骨质疏松患病率更为严重,是防治的主要对象.     

甲状腺功能亢进症伴周期性麻痹患者血睾酮水平的变化及意义

目的 探讨甲状腺功能亢进症伴周期性麻痹(TPP)患者血睾酮(T)水平的变化及意义.方法 选择男性甲状腺功能亢进症患者50例,按是否伴周期性麻痹分为TPP组和单纯甲状腺功能亢进症组(对照组),每组25例,比较两组治疗前后游离甲状腺素(FT4)、游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、高敏促甲状腺素(sTSH)、T、促黄体生成素(LH)、促卵泡生成素(FSH).结果 两组治疗前sTSH、LH、FSH比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).TPP组治疗前FT3、FT4低于对照组[(18.04±7.22)pmol/L比(25.06±14.15) pmol/L,(48.68±19.06) pmol/L比(62.23±27.42) pmol/L],T高于对照组[(12.17±2.09) μg/L比(8.62±2.76) μg/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).TPP组治疗前FT3、FT4、sTSH、T与治疗后比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),治疗前LH、FSH与治疗后比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).对照组治疗前FT3、FT4、sTSH、T与治疗后比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),治疗前LH、FSH与治疗后比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组治疗后FT3、FT4、sTSH、LH、FSH比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).TPP组治疗后T高于对照组[(7.25±1.37) μg/L比(6.17±1.35)μg/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 TPP患者存在血T水平升高,血T水平升高可能为甲状腺功能亢进症患者发生周期性麻痹的原因之一.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.