雌激素受体在大鼠垂体胶叶的分布

目的 观察ERα和β两个亚型天大鼠垂体前叶的表达及两者是否共存。方法 用种属特异性抗体（兔抗大鼠ERα和羊抗大鼠ERβ抗体）进行免疫组织化学染色。结果 ERα免疫反应物质位于细胞核内，其阳性细胞主要分布于垂体产叶和后叶，中间叶极少，ERβ免疫反应物质位于胞浆和胞膜，其阳性细胞主要分布于垂体前叶和中间叶，后叶不表达。ERα和ERβ可共存于同一细胞。结论 ERα和ERβ在大鼠垂体前叶分布不同，但部分细胞有共存，提示两者在介导雌激素的作用中有不同功能。     

雌激素受体在大鼠垂体前叶的分布

目的　观察ERα和 β两个亚型在大鼠垂体前叶的表达及两者是否共存。 　方法　用种属特异性抗体 (兔抗大鼠ERα和羊抗大鼠ERβ抗体 )进行免疫组织化学染色。 　结果　ERα免疫反应物质位于细胞核内 ,其阳性细胞主要分布于垂体前叶和后叶 ,中间叶极少。ERβ免疫反应物质位于胞浆和胞膜 ,其阳性细胞主要分布于垂体前叶和中间叶 ,后叶不表达。ERα和ERβ可共存于同一细胞。　结论　ERα和ERβ在大鼠垂体前叶分布不同 ,但部分细胞有共存 ,提示两者在介导雌激素的作用中有不同功能     

促性腺激素释放激素 GnRH 相关肽存在于培养的大鼠垂体前叶促性腺激素细胞

为了探讨垂体促性腺激素细胞中ＧｎＲＨ相关肽（ＧＡＰ）的来源，本实验选用两种特异性抗ＧＡＰ抗体和抗ＦＳＨ－β抗体，采用免疫细胞化学双重染色技术，研究了ＧＡＰ在培养的大鼠垂体前叶细胞内的分布和定位。结果发现一些培养细胞可表达ＧＡＰ，而且ＧＡＰ免疫反应产物和ＦＳＨ免疫反应产物共存于同一种细胞。这表明ＧＡＰ存在于培养的大鼠垂体前叶促性腺激素细胞内。本文讨论了ＧＡＰ的来源及其可能的生物学作用。     

促性腺激素释放激素GnRH相关肽存在于培养的大鼠垂体前叶促性腺激素…

为了探讨垂体促性腺激素细胞中ＧｎＲＨ相关肽（ＧＡＰ）的来源，本实验选用两种特异性抗ＧＡＰ抗体和抗ＦＳＨ－β抗体，采用免疫细胞化学双重染色技术，研究了ＧＡＰ在培养的大鼠垂体前叶细胞内的分布和定位。结果发现一些培养细胞可表达ＧＡＰ，而且ＧＡＰ免疫反应产物和ＦＳＨ免疫反应产物共存于同一种细胞。这表明ＧＡＰ存在于培养的大鼠垂体前叶促性腺激素细胞内，本文讨论了ＧＡＰ的来源及其可能的生物学作用。     

大鼠垂体前叶5—羟色胺受体及黄体生成素免疫组织化学定位研究

目的;研究５－羟色胺受体在大鼠脑垂体前叶中的分布及５－羟色胺受体与黄体生成素的共存关系。方法：免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法。结果：大鼠脑垂体前叶分布有５－羟色胺受体免疫反应阳性细胞,胞体较大,多边形或图形;黄体生成素阳性的内分泌细胞中含有５－羟色胺受体。结论：存在于垂体前叶的５－羟色胺能神经纤维,可能在垂体前叶的５－羟色胺受体介导下,直接参与垂体激素的合成与释放的调节。     

老龄大鼠下丘脑及垂体促肾上腺皮质激素样和β－内啡肽样免疫阳性细胞的相关变化

正常Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠，雌雄不拘，老龄鼠（２０个月）８只，壮龄鼠（８个月）１３只。石蜡切片，ＡＢＣ法染色，ＤＡＢ显色．光镜下观察下丘脑及垂体促肾上腺皮质激素样免疫反应（ＡＣＴＨ－ｉｒ）和β－内啡肽样免疫反应（β－ＥＮｒｙ－ｉｒ）阳性细胞的形态、分布和计数。图像分析仪测其灰度值、结果：下丘脑弓状核β－ＥＮＤ－ｉｒ阳性细胞可分为胞核不明显、着色较深、数量较多的强阳性细胞和胞核明显、着色较淡、数量较少的弱阳性细胞；ＡＣＴＨ－ｉｒ阳性细胞，胞核明显，胞体较大，类似于β－ＥＮＤ－ｉｒ弱阳性细胞。老龄大鼠这两种阳性细胞出现率均明显低于壮龄大鼠。弓状核和垂体前叶ＡＣＴＨ－ｉｒ阳性细胞灰度值老龄鼠显著低于壮龄鼠，而β－ＥＮＤ－ｉｒ阳性细胞灰度值老龄鼠则显著高于壮龄鼠。     

白介素8B型受体在大鼠脑垂体中的分布和表达

目的：探讨白介素8B型受体（interluekine-8 receptorB,IL-8RB)在大鼠脑垂体中的分布和表达。方法用免疫组化法,观察该受体在垂体中的分布。提取组织和原代培养细胞的总RNA,用RT－PCR检测该受体mRNA的表达。结果IL－8RB细胞主分布垂体前叶。测序结果证实,PCR产物为IL－8RBmRNA。结论首次证实在大鼠脑垂体中有IL－88型受体的表达及其分布区。     

雷公藤甲素对哮喘豚鼠肺内嗜酸性粒细胞IL-5等受体表达的影响

目的 观察哮喘豚鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液（bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中不同密度嗜酸细胞（Eos)上白介素－5受体α（IL－5Rα）、IL－3Rα、粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子受体α（GM－CSFRα）及共同β链受体（βcR)mRNA表达及雷公藤甲素（TP）对它们的影响，探讨TP促进哮喘Eos凋亡的机制。方法 健康豚鼠18只随机分为正常组、哮喘组、TP组。以卵蛋白致敏激发制作豚鼠哮喘模型，分离BALF中的低密度Eos(HEos)及正常密度Eos(NEos)，TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡，原位杂交检测各受体mRNA表达，RT－PCR法检测Eos IL-5Rα、IL－3Rα相对含量。结果 哮喘豚鼠Eos凋亡明显减少，而细胞数明显高于正常组。用TP 24h后不同密度Eos数量明显低于哮喘组（P＜0．01），以HEos下降为明显（P＜0．05）；TP组Eos凋亡明显高于哮喘组（P＜0．01）。哮喘豚鼠Eos表达α受体mRNA明显低于正常组，而βcR表达明显增高；TP处理组Eos各α受体mRNA表达均明显增加，βcR表达明显下降。RT－PCR检测显示，TP组IL－5Rα、IL－3RαmRNA显著增加。结论 哮喘Eos存在凋亡抑制；TP可通过促进IL－5、IL－3、GMPCSF受体各自α链表达，抑制这3种受体的共同β链表达，减少其生物学功能，促进Eos凋亡。     

免疫荧光法检测小鼠脑内雌激素受体的分布(英文)

为检测雌激素受体在绝经后妇女可能的作用 ,采用免疫荧光法检测卵巢切除小鼠脑内雌激素受体 (ER)的分布。结果清楚表明 ,ERα除了存在于已知的下丘脑腹内侧核、下丘脑前区中央部和弓状核外 ,还见于室旁核和视上核 ,而文献报道 ERβ在该区域占主导地位。我们还首次报道 ERα在正中隆起的分布。如期所见 ,ERα还分布于终纹床核和杏仁核。尽管试用多种来源的商品化 ERβ抗体 ,也未检测到脑内 ERβ免疫反应阳性细胞 ,推测可能是脑内 ERβ蛋白含量稀少的原因。在脑内广泛存在 ER,并且 ER在不同核团有独特分布 ,这就有可能针对雌激素广泛作用中某一特殊功能设计药物。     

大鼠脑垂体前叶内IL-6样免疫反应物质的表达及肾上腺切除后的变化

目的　了解肾上腺切除后垂体前叶内神经纤维增多的成因及与神经营养因素的关系。方法　观察了切除大鼠双侧肾上腺后脑垂体前叶内白细胞介素－６（ＩＬ－６）样免疫反应物质的表达变化。雄性成年大鼠随机分为正常对照组和双侧肾上腺切除组,垂体组织作ＩＬ－６ 免疫组织化学方法染色。结果　在正常大鼠垂体前叶内有ＩＬ－６ 阳性反应物质表达,多位于血管内皮细胞内,少数位于滤泡星形（ＦＳ）细胞内,而且阳性ＦＳ细胞数量较少,分布弥散,染色浅淡,其形态为圆形或椭圆形,突起较短或无。肾上腺切除后,垂体前叶内ＩＬ－６ 免疫样阳性产物染色增深,阳性ＦＳ细胞数量明显增多,形态多样,呈多边形、梭形、三角形和卵圆形等,细胞突起增多变长。结论　研究结果提示,ＩＬ－６可能是肾上腺切除后造成垂体前叶内神经纤维增多的神经营养因素之一。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.