锁骨上动脉岛状瓣的解剖研究及其修复舌缺损的初步报告

目的 为临床应用锁骨上动脉岛状瓣提供解剖学依据,评价其修复舌部缺损的可靠性.方法 用成人尸体10例(20侧)经锁骨下动脉灌注氧化铅-明胶溶液的标本,观测颈横动脉和锁骨上动脉的分支、起始位置、行程、长度和管径,观察其静脉回流情况.用锁骨上动脉岛状瓣修复4例舌癌切除术后缺损,通过观察舌部形态和功能恢复及供区并发症等,评价修复效果.结果 颈横动脉由甲状颈干或锁骨下动脉分支而来,在锁骨中1/3上方分为深支和浅支.锁骨上动脉由颈横动脉浅支发出.颈横动脉起点至锁骨上动脉起点距离约4.3 cm,锁骨上动脉起点至其分支穿深筋膜点的距离约3.6 cm.颈横动脉起点处血管外径约2.7 mm,锁骨上动脉起点处血管外径约1.1 mm.两条锁骨上动脉伴行静脉分别回流入颈横静脉和颈外静脉.4例用于修复舌部缺损的皮瓣中,3例全部成活,1例小部分皮岛坏死,肩功能运动不受影响.结论 以锁骨上动脉为营养血管的锁骨上动脉岛状瓣带蒂转移适于修复口腔颌面颈部组织缺损,也可以颈横动脉为吻合血管制作游离皮瓣.     

以颈横动脉供血的延长锁骨上岛状皮瓣修复头颈部恶性肿瘤术后缺损

应用于头颈部缺损修复的皮瓣多种多样,包括局部皮瓣、带蒂皮瓣和游离组织瓣。其中带蒂皮瓣具有容易切取、颜色及质地较好、手术时间短、并发症少等优点而被广泛应用。锁骨上区是一个重要的皮瓣供区,肩部皮肤提供了理想的可修复头颈外科缺损的皮肤组织。颈侧三角区主要的锁骨上血管是颈横动脉,目前罕有以颈横动脉供血的延长至肩部皮肤的锁骨上岛状皮瓣修复头颈部恶性肿瘤术后缺损的报道。本文对此方面内容作一评价。     

颈横血管为蒂的斜方肌上部肌皮瓣及肩胛冈骨肌皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：进一步探讨以颈横血管为蒡的斜方肌上部肌皮瓣及肩胛冈骨肌皮瓣的应用解剖学基础。方法：解剖观测32侧斜方肌上部、肩胛冈的形态、血供。结果：斜方肌上部近似于梯形,A、B、C和D四缘平均长度为174.63、157.18、86.98、80.95mm,面积126.78cm^2,肩胛冈全长131.21mm;颈横动脉干、颈浅动脉干及其升支、肩胛冈支平均长度分别为42.50、27.80、43.12、28.75mm,起点外径分别为2.71、2.39、1.96、0.50mm,升支发出0.5mm以上肌皮穿支3－6支,回流静脉与相应动脉伴行。结论：斜方肌上部及肩胛冈形态及血供适合形成以颈横血管为蒂的组织瓣,修复口腔颌面部组织缺损。     

锁骨上动脉岛状瓣在头颈部修复重建中的应用

因肿瘤切除引起的头颈部软组织缺损或畸形,常采用各种带蒂或游离组织瓣移植,恢复其外形和功能。锁骨上动脉岛状瓣因具有皮瓣质地和颜色与头颈部相近、厚度适中、制备简便和供区并发症少等优点,近年来日益受到人们的关注。该文对锁骨上动脉岛状瓣的历史、应用解剖、组织瓣设计和制备及其在头颈重建外科中的应用作一综述。     

锁骨上动脉岛状皮瓣修复舌鳞癌术后缺损的临床研究

目的：探讨锁骨上动脉岛状皮瓣修复舌鳞癌术后缺损的临床效果。方法对12例行锁骨上动脉岛状皮瓣修复的舌鳞癌术后缺损患者进行回顾性分析,并对其术后外形及语音、吞咽功能恢复情况进行评估。结果12例术后行锁骨上动脉岛状皮瓣即刻修复舌鳞癌患者,11例皮瓣完全成活,1例皮瓣部分坏死,经短期换药后愈合,供区伤口均一期愈合,无明显的术后并发症,患者术区外形及功能均恢复满意。结论锁骨上动脉岛状皮瓣具有手术制取简单,供区并发症小,厚薄适中等优点,为舌鳞癌患者术后缺损的修复提供了一个新的选择。     

晚期口腔癌术后颊部大范围洞穿性缺损的修复

目的:评价延长锁骨上岛状筋膜皮瓣联合延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复晚期口腔癌术后颊部大范围洞穿性缺损的可行性。方法:对我院2008年6月—2012年2月施行的17例延长锁骨上岛状筋膜皮瓣联合延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复晚期口腔癌切除后颊部黏膜和皮肤巨大洞穿性缺损病例进行回顾分析。结果:17例患者均伴晚期口腔癌切除后的颊部软硬组织巨大洞穿性缺损,修复口腔衬里的延长锁骨上岛状筋膜皮瓣大小为10 cm×8 cm～14 cm×10 cm,修复外部缺损的延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣大小为15 cm×8 cm～25 cm×10 cm。所有病例均无严重并发症,随访6～34个月,9例患者无瘤生存,2例带瘤生存,6例死于局部复发及远处转移。结论:应用延长锁骨上岛状筋膜皮瓣复合延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复晚期口腔癌术后颊部大范围洞穿性缺损是一种可靠的修复方法,对于再次手术,以及放疗后病例,在一定程度上优于游离皮瓣等其他修复方法。     

以颈横动静脉为蒂的延长锁骨上岛状瓣折叠修复口咽瘘

目的:观察以颈横动静脉为蒂的延长锁骨上岛状瓣折叠修复口咽瘘的临床效果.方法:利用以颈横动静脉为蒂的延长锁骨上岛状瓣修复11例口咽癌切除术后出现口咽瘘的患者,评价修复效果.11例患者包括8例男性,3例女性.口咽部瘘口大小3.0 cm×1.5 cm～4.0 cm×2.0 cm,颈部皮肤瘘口10 cm×6 cm～12 cm ×7 cm.结果:11例皮瓣全部成活,无严重并发症.术后随访6～18个月,患者吞咽和言语功能恢复正常,无瘘管复发和咽腔狭窄.患者对术后外形满意.结论:以颈横动静脉为蒂的延长锁骨上岛状瓣是修复口咽瘘有效和安全的方法.     

额部岛状皮瓣的临床应用

额瓣的使用由来已久,全额瓣修复口腔颌面部大面积组织缺损屡有报道。但是,以滑车上动脉或颞浅动脉为蒂的额部岛状皮瓣在面部整复上的应用却甚少报道。近年来,我们先后采用该岛状皮瓣对8例鼻部,眼睑及眶下区组织缺损的患者进行了修复,均收到了较满意的效果。额部岛状皮瓣的应用解剖额部软组织由浅到深分为皮肤、皮下组     

锁骨上动脉皮瓣在口腔颌面部缺损修复中的应用进展

口腔颌面部肿瘤术后一期重建是临床治疗中的难点,尽管游离皮瓣是目前修复口腔颌面缺损的主流,但带蒂组织瓣仍然十分重要.锁骨上动脉皮瓣因其血供稳定、颜色质地与面颈部相近、厚薄适中、无需血管吻合、重建效果良好等特点逐渐受到口腔颌面外科医生的青睐,且锁骨上动脉皮瓣的应用可能有助于节约医疗资源,减轻患者负担.本文就该皮瓣的解剖、设...     

带血管蒂颊垫上瓣的应用解剖

对２０侧成人尸体头面部进行了解剖，观测了颊动脉，颊神经、咀嚼脂肪垫体部，面神经的颊支及腮腺导管等结构。颊动脉多从上颌动脉的翼肌段发出，分支分布于颊肌上２／３的后部、咀嚼脂肪垫体部的下４／５，入颊垫处外径１．１±０．２ｍｍ；起始处距入颊垫处２８．５±６．２ｍｍ。取３０ｍｍ×２５ｍｍ的带颊动脉蒂颊垫瓣，可转位至下颌支、下颌体、软腭、硬腭、上颌骨及上颌窦等处。文中还讨论了与颊垫上瓣临床应用有关的解剖问题     

Supraclavicular artery flap

Supraclavicular artery-based flaps provide aesthetic and functional coverage for the head and neck region. Fourteen formalin-fixed cadavers were dissected bilaterally, and 28 supraclavicular arteries were evaluated. The origin of the supraclavicular artery was transverse cervical artery in 62.9% and suprascapular artery in 37.1% of the cases. The origin of the artery was at the level of the medial third of the clavicle in 3.7%; 3.7% of the cases were at the junction of medial and middle third of the clavicle, 33.3% at the level of middle third of the clavicle, 11.1% at the junction of middle and lateral thirds, 44.4% at the level of lateral third, and 3.7% at the level of acromioclavicular joint. The mean values of the results were as follows: The diameter of the artery was 1.0 mm at the origin. The distance of the origin of the artery from sternoclavicular joint and from the upper border of the clavicle was 76.4 and 22.2 mm, respectively. The average length of the artery was 70.8 mm. In all dissections, the artery was deep to the platysma muscle. Forty-one percent of supraclavicular arteries accompanied the middle supraclavicular nerve, whereas 59% of the arteries run with lateral supraclavicular nerve. The supraclavicular artery had a parallel course to the 2 horizontal imaginary lines passing from the coracoid process and acromion in 63% of the cases; 18.5% of the arteries were oblique, and 18.5% were vertical to the imaginary lines. The venae comitantes were double in all dissections.     

腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的应用解剖及临床研究

目的: 通过对腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究,探讨制备腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的合理性及稳定性;并对临床上应用腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复的患者的供区及受区术后恢复情况等进行随访,评价其在口腔颌面部缺损修复重建中的应用价值。方法: 选取 6 例中国成人下肢标本,解剖并记录腓肠内侧动脉穿支的数目、分布、部分层面血管外径及各段血管长度;同时对16 例口腔鳞癌术后缺损患者采用腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣进行修复重建,皮瓣面积 3 cm×4 cm~6 cm×8 cm。术后随访12 个月,观察皮瓣存活情况,受区臃肿度,供区功能恢复,术后吞咽及语言功能情况。结果: 6 例下肢标本共测量记录到腓肠内侧动脉穿支14 条,平均 2.3 条。小腿腓肠内侧动脉穿支平均距腘皱褶下缘（9.15±4.05）cm, 距后正中线（2.82±0.91）cm,源动脉起始处外径平均为（2.11±0.17）mm。血管蒂总长度平均为（12.61±3.15）cm;16 例腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣,2 例发生血管危象并部分坏死,2 例失访（术后随访 10~47 个月,平均 24 个月）。2例皮瓣移植发生血管危象伴部分坏死病例未纳入随访。腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣存活率较高,供区影响小,组织量适中,受区外形不臃肿,质地、弹性良好,吞咽、语言功能均无明显影响。结论: 腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣穿支数目及分布稳定,血管蒂长度及管径完全满足游离皮瓣移植要求,供区影响小,组织量适中,皮瓣受区不臃肿。结合其解剖稳定性,是口腔颌面部软组织中小型缺损修复重建的理想选择。     

Application of a new classification of chimeric anterolateral thigh free flaps

BackgroundThe anterolateral thigh free flap is one of the most commonly used flaps in reconstructive procedures. The purpose of this study was to assess this new classification of chimeric anterolateral thigh free flaps.MethodsSixty-five patients underwent free anterolateral thigh chimeric free flap reconstruction of defects in the head and neck region. We summarized the anatomic features of perforators, including the number and origin of the perforators.ResultsSixty-five cases of femoral anterolateral double island flaps were divided into 3 types: trunk type (type I), 11 cases (16.9%), in which the perforators of two flaps originated in the descending branch and the transverse branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery; branch type (type II), 45 cases (69.3%), in which both the perforators originated in the descending branch or the transverse branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery; and bifurcation type (type III), 9 cases (13.8%), in which two perforators originated in the bifurcation of one perforator that originated in the descending branch or the transverse branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery. All 65 flaps survived and none showed partial necrosis.ConclusionsThe anterolateral thigh chimeric flap can be divided into 3 types: trunk type (I type), branch type (II type) and bifurcation type (III type).     

Anatomy of gracilis muscle flap

Gracilis muscle flap is commonly used in reconstructive surgery. The gracilis muscles of 15 formalin-fixed adult cadavers (30 cases) were dissected with 4× loupe magnification. The most proximal pedicle of gracilis muscle was the deep branch of the medial circumflex femoral artery. It was located 60 mm from the pubic tubercle and had a diameter of 0.9 m on the average. The second pedicle was the medial circumflex femoral artery. It was the dominant pedicle in 13% of the cases. The mean diameter of the artery was 1.2 mm, and it entered the muscle 98 mm from the pubic tubercle. The third artery that nourished the muscle was deep femoral artery. It was the dominant pedicle in 87% of the cases. It had a mean diameter of 1.6 mm with a length of 54 mm. The most distant pedicles originated from the superficial femoral artery. They were present in all cases and were double in 77% of the cases. Mean diameter and length of the artery were 1.4 and 52 mm, respectively. They entered the muscle 266 mm from the pubic tubercle. These distal pedicles seem to be large enough to elevate the middle part of the muscle as a free flap.     

去上皮逆行面动脉-颏下动脉颏下岛状瓣修复上颌术后缺损

目的：探讨去上皮逆行面动脉-颏下动脉颏下岛状瓣对上颌骨术后缺损的修复效果。方法：回顾性研究我科自2007年3月-2009年1月应用去上皮逆行面动脉-颏下动脉颏下岛状瓣修复上颌骨术后缺损病例13例。其中男9例。女4例。所有病例均经病理学检查确诊,其中10例诊断为上颌牙龈鳞状细胞癌,其余3例诊断为硬腭鳞状细胞癌。依据Brown等提出的上颌骨缺损分类法,术后缺损为2a型．用以同期修复的面动脉-颏下动脉岛状瓣长度约8～10cm．宽度约4～5cm。结果：面动脉-颏下动脉岛状瓣的存活率为92.3％（12／13）,未见供区并发症及面神经下颌缘支损伤。随访8～24个月．1例原发灶复发后死亡,2例颈淋巴结复发。结论：去上皮逆行面动脉-颏下动脉颏下岛状瓣具有安全、简单、易于改良等优点,适用于无区域性淋巴结转移的恶性肿瘤术后上颌骨缺损修复。     

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??The lateral femoral circumflex artery system perforator flaps include anterolateral thigh perforator flap supplied by the lateral descending branch and oblique branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery??anteromedial thigh perforator flap supplied by the medial descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery??and tensor fascia lata perforator flap by the ascending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery. The advantages of these flaps include the low donor site morbidity?? the convenient donor site??the good vascular quality??the large soft tissue volume??the ability to be harvested as a chimeric flap with multiple various tissue components??and being far from the head and neck region which is fit for two-team approach. The lateral femoral circumflex artery system perforator flaps can be flexibly chosen according to the different defects??so as to obtain the best effect in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction.     

Reverse facial artery-submental artery deepithelialised submental island flap to reconstruct maxillary defects following cancer ablation

Objective

The present study assessed the reliability of the reverse facial artery-submental artery deepithelialised submental island technique to reconstruct maxillary defects.

Methods

The study included 13 patients (9 men and 4 women; 43–62 years) with maxillary defects resulting from cancer ablation. Ten patients presented with maxillary gingival squamous cell carcinoma and the remaining 3 cases were hard palate squamous cell carcinomas. The maxilla was resected and the remaining defects were classified as Class 2a. Reverse facial artery-submental artery deepithelialised submental island flaps measuring 8–10 cm in length and 4–5 cm in width were used to reconstruct the defects.

Results

Twelve of the 13 flaps survived. No donor-site problems or palsy of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve occurred. The follow-up period ranged from 8 to 24 months, 1 patient died as a result of local tumour recurrence and 2patients developed cervical recurrence.

Conclusion

The reverse facial artery-submental artery deepithelialised submental island flap is safe, quick and simple to use or elevate. The flap is a reliable technique for reconstructing maxillary defects following cancer ablation.