2型糖尿病下肢血管病变相关因素分析

目的分析2型糖尿病患者下肢血管病变发生情况及相关危险因素。方法对住院的190例2型糖尿病患者进行详细病史调查及体格检查，生化检查，胰岛素，C肽及相关免疫学检查和双下肢血管彩色多普勒超声检查。结果190例患者中无血管病变者79例（41．6％），有单种血管病变者52例（27、4％），2种血管病变者35例（18．4％），3种以上者24例（12．6％）。2型糖尿病下肢血管病变与年龄、糖尿病病程、高血压病程、糖尿病周同神经病变病程、糖尿病足病史、尿白蛋白、空腹和餐后2h血糖呈正相关，与血浆空腹胰岛素和C肽、HDL呈负相关（P〈0．05或=0．01）。结论2型糖尿病患者下肢皿管病变是常见并发症，与年龄、糖尿病病程、高血压、血脂、血糖等多种因素相关，与微血管病变有关。其中年龄、高血压、空腹血糖和微量白蛋白尿是糖尿病下肢血管病变的危险因素。超声血管检查能提供无创早期诊断．在临床中方便可行．     

2型糖尿病合并148例下肢血管病变分析

目的 了解2型糖尿病患者下肢血管病变（PVD）发生率，分析PVD的相关危险因素。方法对2003～2007年我院内分泌科住院治疗148例2型糖尿病患者进行回顾性分析。结果64．98％（96例／148例）患者多普勒超声检查提示下肢血管病变。年龄，病程，24h尿蛋白（UAE），血尿酸（uA），血肌酐（cR），收缩压增高比例，周围神经病变（DPN）比例，冠心病（cHD）比例在有下肢血管病变中均显著增高（p〈0．01）。Logistic回归分析结果表明，年龄，总胆固醇（TCH），DPN是PVD的独立危险因素（OR=1．087，1．353，2．201）。结论 2型糖尿病患者下肢血管病变发生率高，与年龄，血脂，血压，血糖以及糖尿病其他慢性并发症等多种因素有关。     

2型糖尿病患者下肢血管病变与超敏C反应蛋白水平的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者下肢血管病变与超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）水平的关系。方法2型糖尿病患者79例，采用多普勒超声检查，合并下肢血管病变40例，无下肢血管病变39例，用酶联免疫吸附法测定其hs-CRP水平。结果2型糖尿病患者合并下肢血管病变组与无下肢血管病变组比较其hs-CRP水平差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论hs-CRP水平的高低与2型糖尿病患者下肢血管并发症发生发展可能密切相关。     

2型糖尿病下肢血管病变的早期诊断及其易患因素的初步探讨

目的：探讨糖尿病下肢血管病变与病程，糖化血红蛋白，血脂及其他血管病变的关系。方法：采用超声多普勒双功能扫描仪对56例2型糖尿病患者的下肢血管进行形态及血流动力学变化检测。结果：糖尿病下肢血管病变与糖化血红蛋白及血清甘油三酯水平密切相关，而与病程无关；其下肢血管病变远比其他部位血管病变发生的早。结论：超声多普勒检测糖尿病患者的下肢血管，有助于早期发现糖尿病的大血管病变，可作为无症状人群大血管病变的筛选和早期防治。     

彩色多普勒超声检查老年2型糖尿病下肢血管病变的临床应用探究

目的:探讨分析彩色多普勒超声在诊断老年2型糖尿病下肢血管病变中的应用效果。方法:从2018年4月—2019年4月于我院收治的老年2型糖尿病下肢血管病变患者病例中,选取120例作为研究对象,分为60例老年2型糖尿病患者和60例健康体检人员,分别代表观察组和对照组,均实施彩色多普勒超声,以此来将下肢血管检查进行落实,对两组患者下肢血管病变发生情况对比分析和对比。结果:观察组的粥样硬化斑块检出率明显低于对照组,对比差异显著(P<0.05);观察组的足背动脉狭窄程度为0级,明显低于对照组,而Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级均比对照组高,对比差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:在诊断老年2型糖尿病下肢血管病变中,彩色多普勒超声检查具有良好的应用价值,其准确性、安全性以及可靠性较高,而且无创伤,易于患者的接受,从而不断提高疾病治疗效果。     

分析彩色多普勒超声对老年2型糖尿病患者下肢血管病变的诊断效果

目的:浅析老年2型糖尿病患者下肢血管病变应用彩色多普勒超声诊断的效果。方法:此次研究时间在2019年9月—2020年10月,将该时间段进入我院就诊的63例老年2型糖尿病患者和同期63例健康者为研究对象分别为实验组和对照组,均进行彩色多普勒超声检查,对下肢血管病变的诊断效果作分析。结果:实验组管腔内膜不光滑有斑块者占比69.84%,显著高于对照组的4.76%,管腔内膜光滑者占比11.11%,显著低于对照组的84.13%,统计学意义成立(P<0.05)。下肢远端小动脉是主要的狭窄或闭塞部位,其中足背动脉占比最高,为38.10%。结论老年2型糖尿病患者通过彩色多普勒超声能够准确诊断出下肢血管病变程度、所处部位,对疾病的早期诊断及防治有着重要意义,值得推广应用。     

2型糖尿病下肢血管病变超声诊断的临床应用价值

目的:评价彩色多普勒超声对2型糖尿病(DM)下肢血管病变(LEAD)的诊断应用价值。方法:2型DM患者91例与41例同期住院非2型DM患者进行下肢血管彩色多普勒超声检查对照,并以踝肱压指数(ABPI)对比观察。结果:2型DM动脉硬化为弥漫性或多节段病变,单纯动脉硬化多为血管分叉处局灶性病变,2型DM患者下肢血管管腔的硬化斑块、狭窄、闭塞的发生率明显高于对照组,呈显著性差异(P<0.01)。硬化斑块的发生率以股动脉最常见,而管腔狭窄、闭塞率以累及腘动脉以下的远端动脉血管多见,胫前动脉受累最为明显(P<0.05)。结论:彩色多普勒超声是2型DM患者下肢血管病变检查的有效手段,可评估病变部位、阻塞的性质、病变长度以及解剖的异常,对早期诊断、预防及治疗具有重要的临床应用价值。     

分析糖尿病下肢血管病变的影像学特征及探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断价值

目的 探讨糖尿病下肢血管病变的影像学特征及彩色多普勒超声的诊断价值.方法 选取2018年1月至2021年10月成都市新都区中医医院收治的60例糖尿病下肢血管病变患者为观察组,另选同期60例健康体检者为对照组进行前瞻性研究.两组受检者均接受彩色多普勒超声检查,分析其检查结果(包括下肢动脉管径,下肢血管病变率,下肢血流量,...     

C-反应蛋白与2型糖尿病下肢血管病变的相关性研究

目的探讨C-反应蛋白与2型糖尿病患者发生下肢血管病变的关系。方法检测136例2型糖尿病患者的C-反应蛋白水平，采用多普勒彩色超声判定下肢动脉病变。结果72例2型糖尿病伴有下肢血管病变者血清C-反应蛋白水平较64例不伴有下肢血管病变者明显增高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；多因素Logistic回归分析，显示下肢血管病变与C-反应蛋白有相关性（P〈0．01）。结论C-反应蛋白水平增高与2型糖尿病下肢血管病变的发生发展密切相关。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病患者下肢血管病变超声检查的临床指导意义

目的 Ⅱ型糖尿病下肢血管病变是糖尿病致残的主要原因。探讨 Ⅱ型糖尿病患者下肢动脉血管病变的危险因素,了解糖尿病外周血管病变的形态学特征[1],寻找早期诊断方法。方法应用多普勒超声检查对2004～2005年我院住院86例确诊为型糖尿病患者和30例同期住院无糖尿病的患者下肢血管形态、血管壁内膜-中层厚度(IMT)、有无斑块、管腔狭窄或闭塞及血流动力学改变进行比较。结果(1)糖尿病患者下肢血管管腔的硬化斑块、狭窄、闭塞的发生率明显高于对照组;(2)硬化斑块的发生率以股动脉最常见,而管腔狭窄、闭塞率以累及动脉以下侧的远端动脉血管胫前动脉受累最为明显[2]。结论彩色多普勒超声成像对糖尿病患者下肢血管的早期诊断、预防及治疗有重要的临床指导意义。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.