Local arthroscopic bone grafting of a juxta-articular glenoid bone cyst

This report describes a rare, juxta-articular bone cyst of the posterior glenoid that developed after a fracture of the glenoid in a 38-year-old male. The patient had persistent pain, popping and stiffness of his right shoulder for 3 years, and failed to improve after a nonoperative rehabilitation program. At arthroscopy, the senior author transported an autogenous bone graft from the bare area of the humeral head to fill the glenoid cyst arthroscopically. At second-look arthroscopy approximately 1 year after the index procedure, the bone graft had consolidated within the original cystic defect and the surface was covered with fibrocartilage. The graft harvest site posteriorly on the humeral head had healed with a small amount of scar tissue at the articular margin. Comfortable motion and function were restored.     

解剖锁定钢板结合注射式人工骨植骨治疗老年肱骨近端外展嵌插四部分骨折

目的探讨解剖锁定钢板结合注射式人工骨植骨治疗老年肱骨近端外展嵌插四部分骨折的疗效。 方法回顾性分析2014年7月至2018年5月复旦大学附属浦东医院采用解剖锁定钢板结合注射式人工骨植骨治疗的11例老年肱骨近端外展嵌插四部分骨折患者的病例资料,其中男性4例、女性7例;平均年龄72岁。评估术后情况、肩关节功能及术后并发症。 结果末次随访时,患者视觉模拟评分平均1.6分;多数患者肩关节功能恢复良好,肩关节活动范围：平均前屈角度166°,平均外展角度166°;平均Constant-Murley评分为86.2分;前臂、肩及手快速残疾调查评分平均18.9分。随访过程中无病例出现肱骨头缺血性坏死、螺钉切出或其他内固定失败。 结论注射式人工骨植骨一方面填塞外展嵌插复位后造成的骨缺损,另一方面提高螺钉的把持力,可有效解决近端螺钉切出的问题,解剖锁定钢板结合注射式人工骨植骨是治疗老年肱骨近端外展嵌插四部分骨折的有效选择。     

应用肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折

目的观察、评价肱骨近端锁定钢板（LPHP）治疗肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法通过分析自2008—01—2012—10收治并随访的52例肱骨近端二部分以上骨折。采用有限切开、透视复位、肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定的方法治疗,骨缺损患者采用自体髂骨及人工骨植骨。结果本组获得随访8—25个月（平均15个月）,肱骨近端骨折均得到了愈合,按Neer肩关节功能评分标准：优25例,良18例,可6例,差3例,优良率82．7％。未发生断板、断钉,无肱骨头缺血坏死及肩峰撞击综合征。结论应用肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折,骨缺损者取髂骨、人工骨植骨,根据骨折类型及稳定性等指导功能锻炼,骨折愈合良好、并发症少、关节功能恢复好。     

Clinical anatomical study of pedicled vascularised scapular bone graft using the angular branch.

This study is an anatomical investigation of the angular branch of thoracodorsal artery, and examines the possible range of clinical targets for pedicled vascularised scapular bone graft. Forty-six cadavers were studied. The blood vessel length was calculated, and the distance required to reach the distal humerus from the lower end of the articular surface of the humeral head as reference point was compared with bone length. The length from reference point was an average of 121.7 mm. It was thought that the maximum distance to arrive in reference point to the distal humerus was a total of blood vessel length and transplantation bone length, which was an average of 246.3 mm. This was longer than the average of 240.8 mm of bone length from reference point to humeral medial condyle. This study had confirmed that a pedicled vascularised scapular bone graft using the angular branch could be transplanted to the distal humerus.     

Neglected anterior dislocation of shoulder with large Hillsach's lesion & deficient glenoid: Treated by autogenous bone graft & modified Latarjet procedure

Neglected anterior dislocation of shoulder is rare in spite of the fact that the anterior dislocation of the shoulder is seen in around 90% of the acute cases. Most of the series of neglected dislocation describe posterior dislocation to be far more common.^1,2 We hereby report a case of the neglected anterior shoulder dislocation in a 15 year old boy who had a history of epilepsy. There was a large Hill Sachs lesion in humeral head which was impacted in glenoid inferiorly and glenoid was eburnated at that margin. The humeral head was reconstructed with a tricortical iliac graft. Glenoid was reconstructed by transfer of coracoids process of scapula to antero-inferior glenoid (modified Latarjet procedure). This case is unique because management of humeral head defect with bone graft is not mentioned in anterior dislocation.     

Distribution of bone mineral density and bone strength of the proximal humerus

Clinical experience led us to the hypothesis that in the proximal humerus cancellous bone beneath the top part of the head is the strongest and the bone of the humeral neck is the weakest. This hypothesis was examined on dissected proximal humeri with bone mineral densitometry and an indention test. Both dual photon absorptiometry and bone mineral analyses confirmed that the top part of the humeral head was the region with the greatest amount of bone mineral. The humeral neck had approximately one half the bone mineral density of the humeral head. The cancellous bone of the neck had only one third the mechanical strength of the humeral head on the indention test. The high degree of osteoporosis of the neck region increases the difficulty of surgical treatment for displaced humeral neck fractures.     

Reconstruction of the articular surface of the humeral head after locked posterior shoulder dislocation: a case report

Posterior dislocations of the glenohumeral joint are extremely rare (2–4% of all shoulder dislocations) and often associated with bone or ligamentary injuries. Though the reverse Hill-Sachs lesion is a common injury associated with posterior shoulder dislocation, there have been only few articles describing specific treatments for this type of humeral head defect. This article describes the successful operative treatment of an acute locked posterior shoulder dislocation by reconstructing the articular surface of the humeral head with the use of autologous bone graft taken from the iliac crest. The patient was doing quite well with no complaints, good range of shoulder motion and no recurrence of posterior shoulder dislocation despite several epileptic seizures, 1.5 years after surgical reconstruction of the anatomy of the humeral head. His right shoulder function revealed to be “excellent” or “good”, assessed with an absolute Constant Score of 76 points and a relative Score of 88% when compared with an age- and sex-matched normal population.     

Innovations in the management of displaced proximal humerus fractures

The management of displaced proximal humerus fractures has evolved toward humeral head preservation, with treatment decisions based on careful assessment of vascular status, bone quality, fracture pattern, degree of displacement, and patient age and activity level. The AO/ASIF fracture classification is helpful in guiding treatment and in stratifying the risk for associated disruption of the humeral head blood supply. Nonsurgical treatment consists of sling immobilization. For patients requiring surgery, options include closed reduction and percutaneous fixation; transosseous suture fixation; open reduction and internal fixation, with either conventional or locking plate fixation; bone graft; and hemiarthroplasty. Proximal humerus fractures must be evaluated on an individual basis, with treatment tailored according to patient and fracture characteristics.     

Bone properties of the humeral head and resistance to screw cutout

Surgical treatment of fractures involving the proximal humeral head is hampered by complications. Screw cutout is the major pitfall seen in connection with rigid plating. We have exploited a bony explanation for this phenomenon.

Materials and Methods:

We examined the convex surface of the humeral head looking at the density and the topographical strength of the subchondral bone using mechanical testing of bone cylinders harvested from the humeral head. We also studied the osseous architecture of the subchondral bone and thickness of the boneplate of the humeral head using a 3-dimensional serial sectioning technique.

Results:

The bone strength and bone density correlated well and revealed large regional variations across the humeral head. Bone strength and stiffness of the trabecular bone came to a maximum in the most medial anterior and central parts of the humeral head, where strong textural anisotropy was also found. We found in particular a lower bone strength and density in the posterior and inferior regions of the humeral head. A rapid decline in bone strength within a few mm below a relatively thin subchondral plate was also reported.

Clinical Relevance:

We have in this paper explored some of the most important factors connected with screw stability at the cancellous bone level. We discovered large variations in bone density and bone strength across the joint surface rendering certain areas of the humeral head less suitable for screw placement. The use of rigid plate constructs with divergent screw directions will predictably place screws in areas of the humeral head comprising low density and low strength cancellous bone. New concepts of plates and plating techniques for the surgical treatment of complex fractures of the proximal humerus should take bone distribution, strength, and architecture into account.     

Age- and gender-related distribution of bone tissue of osteoporotic humeral head using computed tomography

Treatment of proximal humeral fractures is very challenging in elderly patients with osteoporosis. Difficulty in obtaining a stable osteosynthesis remains the main problem for the surgeon. Knowing more details about the bone quality of the humeral head can be helpful for treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bone quality of the humeral head based on age, sex, and location. Three groups of patients were identified according to age: group A (aged <30 years), group B (aged >40 years but <60 years), and group C (aged >60 years). Computed tomography (CT) was performed on each patient to evaluate the humeral head bone quality. The distribution of bone density was assessed by the CT value expressed in Hounsfield units. The maximum, minimum, and mean CT values were calculated in the cancellous bone of the humeral head for each image. The humeral head was then divided into 3 equal zones, and a map of the 3 zones was made. The results showed that there was a significant difference between men and women in our series with regard to the percentage of bone tissue. There was also a significant difference among the 3 groups (age-related), as well as between the medial and lateral sides, with regard to the percentage of bone tissue. Osteopenic change in the humeral head has a negative correlation with aging. The medial side, especially the articular side, has more bone tissue than other areas. These results suggest that, when we treat humeral head fractures of elderly patients, we need to define bone quality for each case. We should then take care when establishing the site and angle of insertion for fixation to obtain optimal fixation on the lateral side.     

Use of allograft for large Hill-Sachs lesion associated with anterior glenohumeral dislocation. A case report

Though Hill-Sachs lesion is a common injury associated with anterior glenohumeral dislocation, there have been only few articles describing specific treatments for the humeral head defects. This paper described the case of an alternative treatment for large defect of the posterior-superior aspect of the humeral head using allograft. The patient was a 69-year-old male and the diagnosis was a chronic anterior dislocation of the right glenohumeral joint with a large impaction fracture of the posterior-superior aspect of the humeral head. The size of this defect was 4 cm by 2.5 cm in diameter with a 2 cm depth. To reduce the impaction fracture of the humeral head, a preserved frozen allograft of the femoral head was selected and configured to fit the defect. The graft was then impacted firmly down into the defect, and appeared to offer excellent stability even without adjuvant internal fixation. Two years after surgery, the patient was doing quite well with no complaints. Radiographs showed humeral head with incorporation of the graft and no evidence of collapse.     

肱骨头内松质骨含量的评估及临床意义

目的 通过CT平扫研究不同年龄、性别的患者肱骨头内松质骨的百分含量及其分布情况,确定肱骨头松质骨含量较高且可靠的部位,为临床治疗肱骨近端骨折提供理论基础.方法 选取2008年6月至2010年4月在我院应用肱骨近端锁定接骨板治疗的36例肱骨近端骨折患者的双侧肱骨近端CT样本,男18例,女18例；年龄20～86岁,平均51.6岁.按不同年龄分为A(＜40岁)、B(40～60岁)、C(＞60岁)3组,术前采用GE 16排螺旋CT扫描仪对患者健侧及患侧肱骨头进行1.0mm薄层扫描,像素的CT值采用HU记录,采集影像数据后分别使用Xiphoid 1.3、Image J 1.4 g及Image-Pro Plus 6.0测量数据并对数据进行处理.结果 肱骨头骨皮质存在4个薄弱部位,肱骨头内松质骨主要集中于肱骨头中央,C组的松质骨平均百分含量明显低于A、B组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),A组中男性患者和女性患者肱骨头松质骨百分密度比较差异有统计学意义(t=4.744,P=0.001).结论 肱骨头内松质骨含量与年龄和性别有关,主要集中在肱骨头的内侧中央,是固定肱骨头较可靠的部位.     

骨性缺损对肩关节稳定性影响的研究

目的探讨肩关节骨性缺损对关节稳定性的影响,为临床提供理论依据。方法分别制作肩胛盂及肱骨头缺损模型并逐渐增加缺损程度;以盂肱关节旋转中立位、60°外展位为起始位置,逐渐增加外旋角度至盂肱关节脱位,测量脱位发生前肱骨头前移距离;保持盂肱关节外展60°,分别在旋转中立位及外旋60°位时增加轴向应力,直至盂肱关节脱位,测量脱位前肱骨头的应力强度变化。结果随着肩胛盂及肱骨头缺损程度增加,外旋角度增加,肩关节稳定性下降,肱骨头位移不断增大,各组间呈显著性差异(P<0.01);盂肱关节外展60°、旋转中立位时,肱骨头应力强度随着骨缺损增大而不断增大,正常应力强度从1.68 Mpa迅速增加至4.62 Mpa,各组间呈显著性差异(P<0.01);盂肱关节外展60°、外旋60°时,正常应力强度为1.94 Mpa,骨缺损时迅速增加至6.65 Mpa,各组间呈显著性差异(P<0.01);肩关节不同缺损时,其接触力学特性证实了对肩关节稳定性有较大的影响,肩关节不稳定现象十分突出。结论随着肩胛盂及肱骨头缺损范围的增大,肩关节稳定性不断下降,肱骨头位移和应力强度不断增加,以致发生提前脱位。     

Osteoporosis of the proximal humerus: Comparison of bone-mineral density and mechanical strength with the proximal femur

The hypothesis that the proximal humerus is more osteoporotic than the proximal femur has been examined by the indention test and bone-mineral density measurement on dissected proximal humeri and femora. The bone section at the base of the humeral head had about 65% of the bone-mineral density of the base of the femoral head. The energy required for 50% strain in the indention test on the humeral bone section was about 50% of that on the femoral head. The fact that the cancellous bone in the humeral head is more osteoporotic than in the femur may complicate surgical treatment of displaced humeral neck fractures.     

Reverse vascularized bone graft of the lateral distal humerus for non-union of the radial neck fracture: anatomical study and case report

A few treatment options for radial neck non-union have been reported, including radial head excision, radial head replacement, and internal fixation with a bone graft. We describe a new treatment for radial neck non-union using a reverse vascularized bone graft of the lateral distal humerus. In the anatomical study, the posterior radial collateral artery (PRCA) was dissected in eight fresh-frozen cadaver arms. The number of branches from the PRCA to the humerus was determined, and the distances from these branches to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus were measured. We then used this information to create a reverse vascularizedhumeral bone graft, which was used to treat non-union of a radial neck fracture in a 73-year-old female. There were two to four PRCA branches (mean: 3.3) entering the bone. The distance from the branches to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus ranged from 2.5 to 10.8?cm. The mean distances from the most proximal and distal PRCA branches to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus were 7.6?cm and 3.4?cm, respectively. The case of non-union of a radial neck fracture was successfully treated with a reverse vascularized humeral bone graft. There were no major complications, and radiographs showed bony union at 8?weeks postoperatively. This procedure may become a new option for the treatment of non-union of fractures of the radial head and neck, as it enables preservation of the radial head, which is an important structure in the elbow and proximal radioulnar joints.     

陈旧性交锁肩关节后脱位手术治疗

目的 评价肱骨关节面复位加大块植骨治疗陈旧性交锁肩关节后脱位的疗效及结果.方法 2002年3月-2008年4月,对18例陈旧性交锁肩关节后脱位的患者,采用肱骨关节面复位加大块植骨进行手术治疗.全部患者受伤至接受手术时间平均为5个月,术前CT检查证实为陈旧性交锁肩关节后脱位,其中8例肱骨头前缘缺损(反Hill～Sachs征)在20%～25%之间,10例在25%～45%之间.结果 术后随访1～4年,平均2.6年.肩关节功能采用Constant评分:优7例,良9例,中1例,差1例;优良率为88.8%.1例患者术后肩关节僵直,但未有复发脱位.UCLA评分最高35分,最低13分,平均30分.结论 采用肱骨关节面复位加大块植骨治疗创伤导致陈旧性交锁肩关节后脱位,疗效肯定,肩关节功能恢复良好.     

Anatomical reconstruction of reverse hill-sachs lesions using the underpinning technique

Posterior glenohumeral joint dislocation is an uncommon injury and is associated with bony and ligamentous disruption. It requires prompt diagnosis and early treatment to prevent acute or recurrent instability and subsequent dysfunction. Reverse Hill-Sachs lesions associated with this injury are challenging to treat, and optimal treatment is controversial. Treatment methods can be divided into those that achieve stability through muscle transfers, osteotomies, or posterior bone-block procedures (glenoid augmentation) and those that restore the sphericity of the humeral head. Joint replacement is often suggested for large head lesions (>50%) considered beyond reconstruction. Restoration of stability, preservation of the proximal humeral anatomy, and salvage of the humeral head sphericity should be the treatment goals in the younger population.This article describes the surgical technique of elevation of the impressed osteochondral fragment followed by filling the lesion with Allomatrix bone graft putty (Wright Medical Technology, Arlington, Tennessee) in 2 patients. The size of the head lesion was ≤35%. Underpinning raft screws were used to provide subchondral support and prevent the collapse of the elevated fragment. Postoperatively, the sphericity of the humeral head and glenohumeral stability were restored. No evidence of collapse, osteonecrosis, or osteoarthritis progression was seen at latest follow-up. Functional results were excellent, with a minimum follow-up of 2 years.This technique is an alternative method of restoring humeral head sphericity in patients with acute posterior glenohumeral joint dislocations with medium (20%-40%) reverse Hill-Sachs lesions.     

切开复位内固定治疗肱骨近端三、四部分骨折

目的 观察切开复位内固定治疗肱骨近端三、四部分骨折的疗效。方法 37例肱骨近端三、四部分骨折采用切开复位内固定治疗。内固定方法包括AOT形钢板21例、Neer双张力带钢丝9例、AOT形钢板 Neer双张力带钢丝7例。术后按美国肩肘关节医师学会的肩关节评分系统进行疗效评估。结果 术后患肩基本无痛或轻微疼痛。比较健侧肩关节功能评分,患肩平均上举幅度恢复至健侧的75.35％,内旋恢复至71.38％,外旋恢复至70.79％,完成7项日常生活动作能力恢复至健侧的83.48％。显示总体疗效良好。结论 AOT型钢板适用于骨质条件好,肱骨头关节端骨块骨量多,肱骨大、小结节骨片较大,肱骨干骺端较粉碎的患者。反之则以Neer双张力带钢丝为佳。对骨质疏松,肱骨头关节端骨块骨量少,肱骨干骺端粉碎伴骨缺损患者,干骺端结构性植骨后,则联合使用两方法。     

激素性骨坏死关节软骨下皮质骨病理改变的实验研究

[目的]观察激素性骨坏死关节塌陷早期软骨下皮质骨的病理形态改变,分析关节塌陷的原因.[方法]将新西兰白兔分为两组,A组复制激素增强的Shwanzman反应骨坏死模型,B组为空白对照组.停药后10周获取肱骨头标本,分别制备脱钙和不脱钙切片,脱钙标本HE染色,观察软骨下皮质骨改变,哈佛管计数.不脱钙标本进行荧光观察,比较软骨下皮质骨形态、结构;扫描电镜观察,比较软骨下微循环改变、软骨下方骨组织形态、结构改变.[结果]A组标本出现坏死改变.软骨下方骨组织内哈佛管减少消失,即软骨下皮质骨及由其构成的球拱、桥拱结构破坏,支撑软骨层的骨组织呈松质骨改变.有部分肱骨头出现关节塌陷早期改变.软骨下微血管内广泛存在红细胞淤滞、填塞现象.B组软骨下方骨组织具有较丰富的哈佛管,为皮质骨.完整且连续的皮质骨支撑关节软骨,同时构成球拱、桥拱结构.软骨下微血管内无红细胞淤滞、填塞现象.[结论]关节软骨下皮质骨缺失是关节发生塌陷的原因.软骨下微循环障碍是其重要原因.     

内侧柱植骨结合PHILOS钢板治疗老年肱骨近端内收型骨折

目的探讨内侧柱植骨结合PHILOS钢板内固定治疗老年肱骨近端内收型骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析26例老年肱骨近端内收型骨折患者的临床资料,按是否植骨将患者分为植骨组(14例,采用内侧柱植骨结合PHILOS钢板内固定治疗)与未植骨组(12例,单纯使用PHILOS钢板内固定治疗)。比较两组手术时间、骨折愈合时间、肩关节功能活动度以及颈干角丢失角度等指标。结果患者均获得随访,时间12~23个月。手术时间两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);骨折愈合时间、术后12个月肩关节活动度(前屈上举)以及颈干角丢失角度植骨组均优于未植骨组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论相较于不植骨,内侧柱植骨结合PHILOS钢板治疗老年肱骨近端内收型骨折可取得更满意的临床疗效。