2004-2015年中国高速公路与普通公路交通伤对比研究

目的 明确我国高速公路道路与普通公路交通事故在事故严重性、时间分布、道路环境、驾龄分布方面的差异.方法 采集2004-2015年高速公路和普通公路交通伤相关数据(除西藏和重庆外),包括事故起数、死亡人数、受伤人数、直接财产损失、24 h分布、驾龄分布和道路环境条件等.分析高速公路道路交通事故与普通公路的差异.定量资料采用描述性分析;高速公路与普通公路比较采用独立样本t检验;危险因素的危险程度大小采用相对危险度表示,差异性分析采用x2检验.结果 高速公路事故与普通公路相比,里程死亡率为4.51倍(P＜0.01),事故死亡率为2.21倍(P＜0.01),每起事故直接财产损失约为10倍(P＜0.01),交通伤伤死率为1.64倍(P＜0.01).高速公路交通事故发生死亡的危险性是普通公路交通事故的1.97倍(RR=1.97,95％ CI:1.96～1.99).24 h内的事故分布特点:高速公路呈双高峰特点(4:00-6:00和15:00-17:00),而普通公路8:00-24:00没有明显的高发时间段,两者时间分布差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).高速公路致死性事故多发生在晴朗天气和干燥路面,RR值分别为1.17(95％ CI:1.15 ～1.19)和1.23(95％ CI:1.21 ～ 1.26),与普通公路比较差异具有统计学意义(P=0.028).驾驶员驾龄＞10年导致高速公路致死性事故明显高于普通公路(P=0.043).结论 我国高速公路交通伤严重程度明显高于普通公路交通伤.高速公路交通事故更倾向于发生在凌晨、高龄驾驶员、环境条件较好的情况下.     

深圳市宝安区2004年至2011年道路交通事故伤的特点分析

目的：了解2004年至2011年深圳市宝安区交通伤的分布特点,为本市交通伤预防提供科学依据。方法：回顾性分析2004年1月至2011年12月经深圳市交警处理的交通事故数据,统计深圳市宝安区近8年交通事故发生的时间分布情况（年份、月份、日期及发生时间）、空间分布情况（发生路口路段及道路类型等）、交通事故患者伤亡情况（受伤、致死）。结果：2004年至2011年深圳市宝安区共发生道路交通事故422 730起,受伤63 809人,死亡2 790人,受伤/死亡比率为22.87∶1。宝安区交通事故发生数呈递增趋势,2010年发生数最高,达90 358起;2007年因交通事故致死人数最多,达473人。按月份统计,8月份交通事故发生率最高（9.77%）,2月份最低（5.39%）;12月份交通事故致死人数最多（9.02%）。按发生时间统计,一天中交通事故的发生高峰时间为9∶00至11∶00及15∶00至18∶00,而凌晨3∶00至6∶00交通事故发生数较低。交通事故多发生于路口路段、平直路线、城市主干道及仅有标示、标线的路段。结论：针对区域性交通事故发生特点,提高全民交通安全防范意识,合理调配急救人员、交通管理人员等人力资源,制定科学的防范措施,改进急救体系和服务模式,是预防和控制交通伤害的重要措施。     

煤矿井下工人颅脑创伤流行病学调查

目的探讨煤矿井下工人颅脑创伤流行病学特点。方法回顾性总结2293例煤矿井下创伤资料,记录、分析颅脑创伤的发生例数、死亡例数,伤员的年龄、工龄、工种,受伤时间、机制、严重程度。结果颅脑创伤占全部煤矿井下创伤的14．O％,死亡例数占全部死亡的42．3％。31～40岁人群颅脑创伤所占比例最高,为48．8％;半数以上发生雀工龄≤5年的人群;在不同工种中采煤工发生比例最高,占39．8％}近半数发生在早班（6：00—14：00）;受伤机制中以摔伤最为多见,占42．2％。按照GCS评分划分,轻、中、重型颅脑损伤的构成比分别为58．9％、3．6％和37．5％。本组颅脑损伤的死亡率为31．7％。重型颅脑损伤（GCs3～8分）,年龄〉40岁,早班发生和砸伤造成的颅脑创伤在各自的分组中死亡率最高,差异均有统计学意义;不同工龄、工种分组中死亡率差异无统计学意义。结论煤矿井下颅脑创伤好发于工龄≤5年的人群,多为采煤工,发生时间多在早班（6：00-14：00）,摔伤为最多见的致伤原因,重型颅脑损伤所占比例较大,死亡率较高,砸伤为造成死亡最多的致伤原因。     

478例意外损伤和中毒死亡的统计分析

统计我院 1991～ 1998年住院死亡病例发现 ,因意外损伤和中毒致死的住院病例数在上升 ,8年共4 78例 ,比 1981～ 1990年 10年还多 84例 ,已列期内住院总死亡病例数的第 3位 ,遂对其进行死因类别分析。1　资料的来源我院 1991～ 1998年住院死亡病例 ,按出院第一诊断进行 ICD- 9编码、E编码分类统计和分析。2　资料统计2 .1　一般情况　 1991～ 1998年我院住院总死亡人数为 3716,因意外损伤和中毒致死人数为 4 78例 ,占住院总死亡数的 12 .9%。其逐年构成比如下表。表 1　 8年中意外损伤中毒致死逐年构成比19911992 1993 19941995 1996 19971…     

新疆高速公路交通事故的伤害流行病学分析

目的：探讨吐鲁番、乌鲁木齐、大黄山（简称吐乌大）及乌鲁木齐、奎屯（简称乌奎）两大高速公路交通事故发生的时间特征和人群分布状况。方法：对新疆高速公路支队记录的1999～2004年高速公路交通事故月报表进行整理,计算事故发生的频数和构成比,分析事故分布情况及原因。结果：1999～2004年共发生1592起交通事故,其中367人死亡,1942人受伤,直接经济损失达1655．4万元,2002年是人员伤亡最严重、事故发生最多的年度。农村城市受伤人数之比为91．5：1,农村城市死亡人数之比为121．3：1。因机动车因素导致的事故为1442起,占90．58％。结论：应充分重视道路交通事故的危害,并根据其流行病学特点,采取综合治理措施,缔造安全的交通环境。     

探讨急诊疾病死亡谱的规律(附153例分析)

目的：探讨危急患者死亡的构成梯次与死亡谱规律。方法：回顾整理我院2004—2007年153例急诊就诊病例资料，进行统计分析。结果：急诊死亡患者构成梯次：年龄段主要集中于16～45岁。急诊死亡病谱规律：前五位是循环系统（占23．53％）、创伤（占22．22％）、猝死（占20．92％）、神经系统（占7．19％）、呼吸系统（占6．54％）。急诊死亡高峰时段：6：00—8：00，18：00～22：00，以车祸、施工事故及心脑血管疾病为主。结论：急诊死亡病谱前五位疾病和急诊死亡高峰时间段提示在疾病死亡高峰到来前做好抢救准备工作。     

广州市院前急救患者流行病学特征分析

目的：分析广州市院前急救患者的流行病学特征。方法：对1998～2007年广州市院前急救资料进行分析。做定性和定量研究。结果：院前急救前5位的疾病依次为：创伤、脑血管意外、高血压、心脏骤停、中毒；从2001年起，猝死在院前急救患者死亡原因中所占比例超过50％，成为致死的首要原因；出车时间的高峰集中在9：00～0：00时以及12、1、4、5月份。结论：本研究可以为提高急救质量提供科学依据。     

上海市道路交通伤害回顾性研究

目的　了解上海市道路交通伤害流行特征。方法　回顾性收集上海市 1 989- 1 998年度道路交通伤害发生资料 ,描述伤害发生的三间分布。结果　 1 989- 1 992年间上海市万辆车事故率逐年下降 ,但致死率却呈逐年上升趋势 ,1 993年后道路交通事故发生次数明显增加 ,事故发生率开始回升 ,但伤害致死率呈逐年下降趋势。道路交通伤害的好发时段位于上午的 9:0 0～ 1 1 :0 0 ,下午 1 3:0 0～ 1 5 :0 0 ,晚间 2 0 :0 0～ 2 1 :0 0。事故的高发且死亡率较高的地区主要为城郊结合部。道路交通伤害的主要肇事人群为机动车驾驶员。道路交通伤害的伤亡人员男性高于女性 ,且多集中于 2 5～ 4 5岁年龄组。在各类受伤人员中 ,以头部、下肢、多部位伤最多见。事故原因的人、车、路三个因素中 ,驾驶员因素是主要因素。结论　道路交通伤害是上海市重要公共卫生问题之一。     

温州市外来务工人员毁损性手外伤514例分布调查

目的了解温州市外来人员毁损性手外伤的分布特点。方法对514例外来人员毁损性手外伤患者籍贯、年龄、性别、受伤时间、类型等分布情况进行回顾分析。结果(1)患者来源省份以江西、四川、湖南、安徽较多，分别占23．1％、18．3％、14．5％及10．7％。(2)患者以男性为主，男：女为1：0．158，年龄以18～30岁之间最多。(3)1年中损伤发生高峰期在7～8月份，1日内损伤发生高峰期在上午10：00～12：00及晚上8：00～10：00。(4)损伤类型以冲压伤和切割伤为主。结论提高外来人员素质和加强劳动保护是预防毁损性手外伤的关键。     

广州市院前急救患者流行病学调查分析

目的：分析广州市中心城区院前急救患者的流行病学特征。方法：分析2010年广州市急救医疗指挥中心系统数据库中广州市中心城区所有院前急救患者的资料,观察急救出车的时间分布情况,患者性别、年龄、疾病谱和死亡原因等。结果：2010年,1、7、8、9月份是出车急救的高峰,9：00～10：00和20：00～23：00是出车的高峰时段;广州市中心城区院前急救患者110652例;男女比例为1．51：1：70岁以上（23．14％）、31～40岁（14．93％）、21～30岁（19．83％）患者所占比例较高;前5位疾病依次为创伤类（34．79％）、神经系统急症（21．79％）、循环系统急症（8．92％）、常见急性中毒（7．28％）、呼吸系统急症（6．90％）。结论：提高创伤院前急救的技术水平,建立绿色通道;对有猝死高危因素的患者启动快速现场急救反应,是提高生存率的关键：根据呼叫出车密度和疾病谱．科学合理地安排院前急救工作．     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.