Associations between land use and Perkinsus marinus infection of eastern oysters in a high salinity, partially urbanized estuary

Infection levels of eastern oysters by the unicellular pathogen Perkinsus marinus have been associated with anthropogenic influences in laboratory studies. However, these relationships have been difficult to investigate in the field because anthropogenic inputs are often associated with natural influences such as freshwater inflow, which can also affect infection levels. We addressed P. marinus-land use associations using field-collected data from Murrells Inlet, South Carolina, USA, a developed, coastal estuary with relatively minor freshwater inputs. Ten oysters from each of 30 reefs were sampled quarterly in each of 2 years. Distances to nearest urbanized land class and to nearest stormwater outfall were measured via both tidal creeks and an elaboration of Euclidean distance. As the forms of any associations between oyster infection and distance to urbanization were unknown a priori, we used data from the first and second years of the study as exploratory and confirmatory datasets, respectively. With one exception, quarterly land use associations identified using the exploratory dataset were not confirmed using the confirmatory dataset. The exception was an association between the prevalence of moderate to high infection levels in winter and decreasing distance to nearest urban land use. Given that the study design appeared adequate to detect effects inferred from the exploratory dataset, these results suggest that effects of land use gradients were largely insubstantial or were ephemeral with duration less than 3 months.     

The effects of elutriates from PAH and heavy metal polluted sediments on Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) embryogenesis,larval growth and bio-accumulation by the larvae of pollutants from sedimentary origin

The release, bio-availability and toxicity of contaminants, when sediments are resuspended have been examined, studying concurrently their effects on the embryogenesis and on the larval growth of the Crassostrea gigas larvae and their bio-accumulation in those organisms. Three characteristic sediments have been selected (one contaminated by PAHs, a second by heavy metals and the last by the both pollutants). The organisms were directly exposed to elutriates obtained from each sediment or fed on algae (Isochrysis galbana) contaminated with the same elutriates. The elutriates used in this study show contamination levels similar to those observed in some polluted coastal and estuary environments. The larval growth test has appeared to be more sensitive that the embryotoxicity test. The biological effects and the contaminant bio-accumulation were more pronounced when larvae were directly exposed to different elutriates. In the case of PAHs, the contamination of algae was sufficient to lead to effect on the larval growth of the Crassostrea gigas. In all cases, a fraction of contaminants adsorbed on suspended particles was bio-available and accumulated by the larvae. This study has shown that resuspending polluted sediments constitutes a threat to pelagic organisms and than the C. gigas larval growth may be proposed as a test to protect the most sensitive areas.     

Risk assessment of pesticides and heavy metals contaminants in vegetables: A novel bioassay method using Daphnia magna Straus

Cucumber and potato samples of known levels of pesticides and heavy metal residues, as respectively measured by gas chromatography and atomic absorption, were subjected to a bioassay method using Daphnia magna in order to assess the potential of the toxic hazard of their contaminants. Based on the estimated lethal time for 50% mortality (LT50) in daphnids, we suggested a classification to categorize toxic hazards in six definite ratings. Either samples of cucumbers (from conventional, greenhouse and organic farming) or potatoes (from conventional and organic farming) were evaluated for toxic hazard of the mixtures of pesticide residues and heavy metals, as well as mixtures of both. Accordingly, a 53.7% of cucumber samples were ranked as “Highly Toxic: HT”; a 18.5% “Moderately Toxic: MT); a 9.3% “Slightly Toxic: ST”; and a 18.5% “Practically Non-Toxic: NT”. For potato samples, the ranking pattern to different classes was: Extremely Toxic: ET (LT50 = <1 h) for 11.1%; Very Toxic: VT (LT50 = 1–<3 h) for 50.0%; HT (LT50 = 3–<12 h) for 13.9%; MT (LT50 = 12–<24 h) for 11.1%; ST (LT50 = 24–48 h) for 0.0%; and NT (LT50 = > 48 h) for 13.9% of the samples bioassayed.     

Appraisal of contamination of heavy metals and health risk in agricultural soil of Jhansi city,India

The accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in soil is presently a significant threat to the environment. The Cu, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Co concentrations were assessed in the agricultural soil samples. The results of various contamination indices including contamination factor, geo-accumulation indices, and ecological risk indices revealed that Cd is responsible for moderate to high contamination of soil. The multivariate statistical analyses including PCA, HCA, and correlation matrix suggested the mixed origin of HMs in the soil. Ingestion was found to be a primary route of exposure while dermal and inhalation exposure was negligible. Overall, the non-carcinogenic health risks were well within the safe limit to human health. However, healthwise, children were likely to be at greater risk compared with adults, due to their generally increased exposure to toxic agents through hand/mouth ingestion. Moreover, no carcinogenic risks were determined through the inhalation exposure of Cd, Ni, and Co.     

Impact of heavy metals and PCBs on marine picoplankton

Synergistic/antagonistic effects of multiple contaminants in marine environments are almost completely unexplored. In the present study, we investigated the effects of heavy metals (Zn and Pb) and PCBs on picoplankton abundance, biomass, cell size distribution, and bacterial C production. Natural picoplankton assemblages were exposed to heavy metals (Zn or Pb), organic contaminants (PCBs, Aroclor 1260), and to a mixture of different contaminants. The results of the present study indicate that Zn addition stimulated heterotrophic growth, whereas Pb has a negative impact on heterotrophic picoplankton, particularly significant in the first 24 h. Heavy metals had no effects on the autotrophic component. The addition of Aroclor 1260 had a significant impact on abundance, biomass, and cell size of autotrophic and heterotrophic picoplankton, and reduced significantly bacterial secondary production. Three weeks after PCB treatment, heterotrophic bacteria displayed a clear resilience, both in terms of abundance and biomass, reaching values comparable to those of the controls, but not in terms of bacterial C production. Our results indicate that picoplankton can be sensitive indicators of impact determined by heavy metals and PCBs in coastal marine systems.     

黄芪中4种重金属元素含量的测定

目的测定黄芪中As,Hg,Cd,Pb 4种重金属元素的含量。方法用原子荧光光谱法测重金属含量。结果黄芪中As,Hg,Cd,Pb含量分别为0.6053,0.0130,0.0082,7.1975（mg.kg-1）,对于所测元素校准曲线的相关系数r〉0.9995,加标回收率为98.3%~101.5%,RSD≤2.1%。结论该方法快速、简便、准确且灵敏度高,可用于黄芪中重金属元素的含量测定。     

Characteristics,sources, and health risks of atmospheric PM10-bound heavy metals in a populated middle eastern city

ABSTRACT

This study reports on the characteristics, sources, and health risks of atmospheric PM₁₀-bound heavy metals (HMs) on citizenship living in different regions of Ahvaz, Southwest of Iran were investigated during 2016–2017. A total of 84 samples were analyzed from different regions: (S1) industrial, (S2) high traffic, and (S3) residential. Blood samples were collected from people who came to the east health center of Ahvaz. High volume air samplers, equipped with quartz fiber filters (8?×?10) were utilized for sampling in this study. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was also used for HMs. Risk assessment and hazard index of these pollutants were estimated, using USEPA’s exposure parameters. Based on the results, the highest and the lowest concentration of HM were observed in industrial and residential areas. Blood’s HMs concentration for chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were 2.932, 4.199, 8.425, and 71.2?μg/dL, respectively. In conclusion, increasing exposure concentration of HMs would have a significant potential for increased cancer and risk of diseases. The results of this study show that increasing exposure concentration to HM in the studied scenarios have a significant potential for generating different health endpoints, although exposing to HMs led to generating diseases in individuals particularly in polluted and populated districts; so, environmental measures should be considered by urban air authorities to mitigate the concentration of these pollutants in ambient air.     

Comparison of the partitioning of pesticides relative to the survival and behaviour of exposed amphipods

Pesticides sprayed on farmlands can end up in rivers and be transported into estuaries, where they could affect aquatic organisms in freshwater and marine habitats. A series of experiments were conducted using the amphipod Corophium volutator Pallas (Amphipoda, Corophiidae) and single pesticides, namely atrazine (AT), azinphos-methyl (AZ), carbofuran (CA) and endosulfan (EN) that were added to sediments and covered with seawater. Our goal was to compare the concentrations affecting the survival of the animals relative to potential attractant or repellent properties of sediment-spiked pesticides. The avoidance/preference of contaminated/reference sediments by amphipods was examined after 48 and 96 h of exposure using sediments with different organic carbon content. The octanol–water partition coefficients (log K_ow) ranked the pesticides binding to sediments as EN > AZ > AT > CA. LC₅₀ and LC₂₀ covered a wide range of nominal concentrations and ranked toxicity as CA-AZ > EN > AT. Under the experimental set up, only EN initiated an avoidance response and the organic carbon normalised concentration provided consistent results. Using the present data with wide confidence limits, >20% of a population of C. volutator could perish due to the presence of EN before relocation or detecting CA or AZ in sediments by chemical analysis.     

不良妊娠胎儿和母亲体内必需营养素及重金属含量的关系

目的 探讨不良妊娠胎儿的发生与其母亲体内部分必需营养素及重金属含量的关系.方法 分析5～8个月龄先天性畸形胎儿和难免流产胎儿大脑、臀肌、胸腺、枕骨、肝脏组织及与其相关的母亲血、脐血、胎盘中钙、锌、铜、铁、硒、铅、镉、汞以及其母亲血、脐血中维生素A的含量,并与正常对照组比较.结果 除先天性畸形胎儿组中的铁偏高外,其余血液及各组织中必需营养元素钙、锌、铜、铁、硒和维生素A含量普遍偏低,在母血、脐血和胎盘及胎儿肝脏中差异显著(P＜0.05);重金属铅、镉、汞含量普遍较高,在胎盘、胎儿肝脏和枕骨等组织中差异显著(P＜0.05).结论 不良妊娠胎儿的发生与部分必需营养素的缺乏及重金属的积蓄有关.     

Changes of the activities of superoxide dismutase after exposure to the fume of heavy metals and the significance of zinc in the tissue

Pathological changes induced by cadmium aerosol had features common to the changes evoked by oxidants. Female rats were exposed to fumes of lead, antimony, zinc and cadmium (15–100 nmoles/m³). One hour after termination of exposure, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in erythrocytes of the exposed rats lowered by 15–40%. SOD activity of lung lavage fluid also lowered by 20–35% at the 2nd day after the exposure. The inverse value of SOD activity (l/SOD) in erythrocytes and of lung lavage fluid were proportional to the molar exposure level adjusted by the particle size (Dixon plot), irrespective of the difference of the exposed substance. The ratio of dry weight to wet weight of the lung was 4.3–26% lower than the control value on the later period after the exposure. With the heavy metal exposure, the uptake of the exposed metal was found to be proportional to the endogenous zinc concentration, which was correlated well with the change of SOD in the lung and in erythrocytes. Cadmium decreased the zinc concentration after the exposure.     

Bio-accumulation and health risk assessment of heavy metals in different edible fish species from Hurghada City,Red Sea,Egypt

BackgroundHeavy metal contamination has become a serious issue in this century especially detected in fish organs. Due to the presence of radioactive compounds in agricultural and sewage effluent, which destroys aquatic ecosystems, threatening human livelihoods. Health hazards associated with low and high consumption consumers assessed in five commercial fish species collected from Hurghada City, Egypt, during winter and summer, 2020. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer technique used for determination heavy meals in different organs and expressed as μg/g wet weight.ResultsHeavy metal concentrations in muscle ranged between:(0.054–0.109), (0.260–1.043), (0.264–0.897), (5.895–11.898), (0.381–0.970), (13.582–29.133) and (0.332–0.589) µg/g for Cd, Pb, Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe and Ni respectively, which were lower than those of gills and liver. These concentrations were within WHO, FAO/WHO, and EU standards. Consumption of edible species was lower than the (TDIs) established by the (JECFA) and Egyptian Standards. Even though THQ and TTHQ values were < 1 while, in children with highly consumer were> 1.ConclusionThis study concluded that intake of Red Sea fish is safe for human health. It is critical for consumers to be aware of the consequences of excessive fish consumption, particularly children with highly consumer, which represent possible health risks.     

交联透明质酸钠凝胶重金属总量检测方法比较与探讨

目的 探究交联透明质酸钠凝胶重金属总量的检测方法.方法 按照《中国药典》2020年版0821重金属检测法第三法(硫化钠法)和第二法(炽灼残渣法)进行重金属限量检测,追踪实验过程并进行试验结果分析.结果 发现在对交联透明质酸钠凝胶进行重金属限量检测时第三法(硫化钠法)无法正确反映出产品中重金属的限量值,第二法(炽灼残渣法...     

中、美、英、日和欧洲药典中植物药重金属和农药残留量的限量规定及分析

目的了解中、美、英、日和欧洲药典对植物药中重金属和农药残留量的有关规定,为中药材和中成药的质量控制提供参考。方法系统查阅药典正文、附录和历年的补正本中的有关内容。结果与结论《中国药典》对重金属和农药残留量的限量要求与《美国药典》相比还有较大差距。     

Prediction and risk assessment of five heavy metals in maize and peanut: A case study of Guangxi,China

To assess the contamination levels and health risk of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) to human beings, the concentrations of these heavy metals in soil were surveyed and the concentrations in maize and peanut grains were estimated by models. The geo-accumulation index (I _geo) was calculated, and chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were estimated. Results indicated that the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn in the soil samples exceeded the limit set by authorities in China. However, the concentrations in maize and peanut grains were rarely higher than the allowable concentrations suggested by the Ministry of Health of China (MHC). In accordance with geo-accumulation, these heavy metals in soil samples were polluted to different extents. Prediction models were developed to effectively assess the health risk of using TOC, Mn, pH, and CaO to human beings. Therefore, the concentrations of these heavy metals in the grains could be decreased by changing their levels in soil. The CDI, HQ, and HI were estimated by estimating concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in maize grains, indicating that these metals exhibited a slight health risk to adult residents.     

Advances in biological methods for the sequestration of heavy metals from water bodies: A review

Pollution is a major concern of the modern era as it affects all the principal aspects of the environment, especially the hydrosphere. Pollution with heavy metals has unequivocally threatened aquatic bodies and organisms as these metals are persistent, non-biodegradable, and toxic. Heavy metals tend to accumulate in the environment and eventually in humans, which makes their efficient removal a topic of paramount importance. Treatment of metal-contaminated water can be done both via chemical and biological methods. Where remediation through conventional methods is expensive and generates a large amount of sludge, biological methods are favoured over older and prevalent chemical purification processes because they are cheaper and environment friendly. The present review attempts to summarise effective methods for the remediation of water contaminated with heavy metals. We concluded that in biological techniques, bio-sorption is among the most employed and successful mechanisms because of its high efficacy and eco-friendly nature.     

Heavy metals in agricultural soils and crops and their health risks in Swat District,northern Pakistan

This study assessed the concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in agricultural soils and crops (fruits, grains and vegetable) and their possible human health risk in Swat District, northern Pakistan. Cd concentration was found higher than the limit (0.05 mg/kg) set by world health organization in 95% fruit and 100% vegetable samples. Moreover, the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn in the soils were shown significant correlations with those in the crops. The metal transfer factor (MTF) was found highest for Cd followed by Cr > Ni > Zn > Cu > Mn, while the health risk assessment revealed that there was no health risk for most of the heavy metals except Cd, which showed a high level of health risk index (HRI ⩾ 10E-1) that would pose a potential health risk to the consumers.     

ICP-AES/ICP-MS测定西藏和河南产藏红花中主要金属元素及重金属含量(英文)

建立了ICP-AES/ICP-MS测定西藏和河南产藏红花中19种元素含量的方法。19种元素包括主要元素Ca、Fe、Mg、P、Sr、Al、Mn、Zn、V、Cr、Se、Co、Ni、Mo和重金属As、Cu、Cd、Hg、Pb。对于所测元素,标准曲线的相关系数>0.9938,方法的相对标准偏差RSD<5.25%。结果表明,ICP-AES/ICP-MS可用于藏红花质量控制,并为西藏和河南产藏红花中元素的含量测定提供了方法。     

The analysis of correlations between the age and the level of bioaccumulation of heavy metals in tissues and the chemical composition of sheep meat from the region in SE Poland

The aim of the research was to determine the level of accumulation of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As) in meat and liver of sheep. The animals were divided into adequate age groups which allowed the analysis of statistical-mathematical correlations between the age of the animals and contamination of meat. Moreover there was determined the chemical composition of meat of animals of particular age groups. The research material for determining the content of heavy metals was taken from the longissimus muscle of back (m. longissimus dorsi), and samples of liver from the tail lobe. The analysis carried out results allows stating that together with age of sheep there decreases the content of water in meat and the content of protein, fat and ash increases. The contamination of meat and liver of sheep by Cd and Pb apparently depends on age of these animals. But there was a several times difference between the youngest and the oldest animals in the level of contamination of these tissues was. In muscles and in the liver of tested animals there was not stated the presence of arsenic over 0.001 mg/kg.     

ICP-MS法测定板蓝根颗粒中重金属及有害元素的含量并分析其来源

目的测定板蓝根颗粒中砷、镉、汞、铅、铬、铜、锰、钼、镍、钯、铂、钒、锇、铑、钌、铱等重金属及有害元素的含量并探究其来源。方法以密闭高压微波消解技术处理样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法以全定量的方式测定As、Cd、Hg、Pb的含量,以半定量的方式测定其余12种重金属及有害元素的含量。结果板蓝根颗粒中As、Cd、Hg和Pb的加样回收率为96.2%～109.5%,RSD低于2.6%,检出限为2.1×10-4～0.017μg.g-1。板蓝根颗粒中除砷含量较高外,其余15种元素含量均远低于限度值。通过测定板蓝根、制剂中间体及板蓝根颗粒中的砷含量,确定成品中的砷来源于板蓝根药材。结论所用方法准确、灵敏、简便,适用于板蓝根颗粒中重金属及有害元素的含量分析。