Barrett食管的临床病理特征

Barrett食管（BE）的最新定义是食管远端组织活检有肠上皮化生（IM）存在。我们根据最新的BE诊断标准，初步探讨了BE的临床病理特征。     

Barrett食管诊断问题探讨

Barrett食管(Barrett’s Esophagus,BE)特指食管末端的正常鳞状上皮被柱状上皮取代的病理现象。由于BE位置结构的特殊性,临床上易漏诊、误诊。为了总结经验,吸取教训,我们对BE的诊断问题进行探讨,以提高诊断水平。     

Barrett食管诊治中的问题

根据流行病学及临床研究,食管下段腺癌是近期发病率上升最快的恶性肿瘤,公认Barrett食管(BE)是食管下段腺癌的癌前病变,由此BE重新引起重视。通常临床医生需要了解:(1)怎样来诊断BE,其内镜和病理的诊断标准?(2)BE形成的原因?(3)BE与胃食管反流疾病(GERD)的关系? (4)BE与食管腺癌的关系?(5)怎样治疗BE?而目前对BE无论在诊断还是治疗上虽然共识颇多, 但仍然存在一些问题和分歧。     

Barrett食管的内镜诊断

Barrett食管（Barrett esophagus,BE）是食管下端的正常鳞状上皮被化生的柱状上皮所替代的一种病理现象,BE本身并不引起症状,内镜检查结合黏膜活检是其最可靠的诊断手段。近年来,我国和西方国家的食管腺癌的发病率均呈上升趋势,考虑到肠上皮化生与癌变的潜在关系,对BE进行及时诊断和监测具有重要意义。随着现代内镜检查技术的发展,对BE的识别也有了长足的进步,在临床处理中,我们应首先诊断出BE,然后再确定出癌变高危人群,并将其分为高风险组和低风险组,进行严密随访,控制食管腺癌的发生。     

从循证医学角度看Barrett＇s食管诊治进展

近十年,胃食管反流病（gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD）、Barrett＇s食管（Barrett＇s esophagus,BE）、食管腺癌（esophageal adenocarcinoma,EAC）的流行病学发生了显著的变化,尤其是在西方国家,EAC的发病率持续迅速增长,BE是食管腺癌最重要的危险因素,因此越来越受到人们关注.然而,以循证医学为基础的BE的临床诊断和治疗尚未得到开展,现总结相关指南、系统评价与 Meta分析及发表的该领域重要的研究以评估不同的诊断及治疗方法来指导BE的临床诊治.     

Barrett食管的内镜诊断进展

Barrett食管(Barrett's esophagus,BE)是食管腺癌最重要的危险因素.除目前常规内镜检查加病理活检诊断之外,近年来出现了一些新的内镜诊断技术.该文主要针对其内镜诊断及新的内镜成像技术方面作一综述.     

FICE染色内镜联合EpCAM检测对肠化型Barrett的诊断价值

<正>近年来,Barrett食管(BE)发病率逐年升高,容易引发食管下段腺癌〔1,2〕。在BE患者中,癌变率最高的病理类型为含杯状细胞〔3〕的特殊肠化型BE,而临床上采用的胃镜检查结合活检诊断BE具有较大的局限性〔4〕,容易导致误诊或漏诊〔5〕。本文拟对反流性食管炎患者采用FICE染色内镜联合EpCAM检测与FICE染色内镜联合CK7检查,旨在对比两组的诊断效果。     

Barrett食管临床内镜病理特点及与反流性食管炎的关系

Barrett食管（BE）是指食管下段的复层鳞状上皮被单层柱状上皮所替代的一种病理现象，是食管腺癌的癌前病变。其发生食管癌的危险性较一般人群高30～50倍，发生率为每年1／150。目前Barrett食管的诊断主要依靠内镜检测和病理活检。由于BE位置结构的特殊性，临床上易漏诊、误诊。为了总结经验，吸取教训，我院1998年6月～2007年6月行胃镜检查11980例，其中胃食管反流病（GERD）958例，内镜发现并经病理证实Barrett食管患者87例，分析如下。     

Barrett食管临床及内镜特点分析

Barrett食管（BE）与食管腺癌关系密切，是食管腺癌的癌前病变。现对我院近2年来确诊的BE患者的内镜下表现、临床特点及病理情况进行分析。     

光学显微镜测量胃食管反流病患者食管下段细胞间隙的临床价值

目的 通过光学显微镜（光镜）对糜烂性食管炎（ERD）、非糜烂性食管炎（NERD）、Barrett食管（BE）患者及正常对照组食管下段鳞状上皮细胞间隙宽度的测量,探讨胃食管反流病（GERD）患者各亚型尤其是BE食管下段细胞间隙的光镜下改变及其对临床诊断的意义.方法 顺次收集具有GERD症状且内镜和24 h食管pH监测证实为ERD 21例、NERD 21例;胃镜诊断为BE,并在病变处活检且经病理证实BE 13例;对照组为内镜检查及24 h食管pH监测均为阴性者,共20例.ERD组、NERD组及对照组在食管齿状线上2 cm取活检,经常规方法制成HE切片,在油镜下（×1000）观察细胞间隙增宽情况,并采集图像采用图像分析系统对鳞状上皮层基底上层细胞间隙宽度进行定量测量.每例样本测量10个细胞,每个细胞连续测量10个细胞间隙,即每例患者测量100个细胞间隙,求其均值后进行统计学分析.结果 光镜下正常对照组、BE、ERD及NERD组平均细胞间隙分别为0.59、0.99、1.29及1. 06μm.GERD各亚型的细胞间隙均较正常对照组显著增宽,ERD组平均、最大及最小细胞间隙均较NERD组和BE组显著增宽,差异有显著性意义（P=0.000）;NERD组和BE组平均、最大及最小细胞间隙差异无显著性意义（P＞0.05）.光镜下细胞间隙增宽诊断GERD的截断（cut-off）值为0.85 μm,联合临床症状、内镜表现及细胞间隙增宽大于此cut-off值,则光镜下细胞间隙增宽诊断ERD、NERD、BE的敏感度为89.1%,特异度为100.0%.结论 GERD各亚型食管下段均可见细胞间隙增宽的改变,光镜测量GERD患者食管下段鳞状上皮细胞间隙可作为ERD、NERD及BE诊断的一项辅助检查.     

Circulating exosomal miRNAs as potential biomarkers for Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma

Exosomes,a class of extracellular vesicles,are small membrane-bound vesicles derived from almost all cell types that can play important roles in intercellular communication.Exosomes contain proteins,lipids,and nucleic acids that are obtained from the parental cells and participate in various pathophysiological processes,including cell growth,migration,inflammation,immune regulation,and tumor pathogenesis.Moreover,exosomes might be applied in clinical settings,such as diagnosis,treatment,and outcome prediction of diseases,including various cancers.The incidence rates of Barrett's esophagus(BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC) have increased in recent decades,and studies have proposed specific factors that may contribute to the development and progression of these diseases.However,how exosomes play a role in this pathological process needs to be clarified.Studies have identified candidate microRNAs(miRNAs) that might be related to BE/EAC.Further studies are needed to ascertain whether circulating exosomal miRNAs are altered before or after disease onset,which could also help understand the pathophysiology of and find potential targets for prevention,diagnosis,and therapy in BE/EAC.This review summarizes recent findings on the features of circulating exosomal miRNAs in BE/EAC,which could be valuable for the early diagnosis,therapeutic approaches,and outcome prediction of BE/EAC.     

Polypoid dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: case report and qualitative systematic review of the literature

Dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus (BE) occurs as a flat, grossly undetectable lesion. Dysplasia growing as a polypoid lesion in BE is extremely rare. Only a handful of cases are reported in the literature. BE associated polypoid dysplastic lesions have been referred to as "adenomas" because of their histologic similarity to a colonic adenoma. We describe a patient with esophageal polypoid lesion associated with BE and review clinical and pathological features of other cases of BE associated polypoid dysplasia or "adenomas" as reported in the literature.     

Barrett’s adenocarcinoma arising 30 years after a Nissen fundoplication

Anti-reflux surgery (ARS) for reflux esophagitis is believed to inhibit the progression of Barrett’s epithelium (BE), although there is still a chance that Barrett’s adenocarcinoma will develop following ARS. Here, we relate our experience of a patient who developed a Barrett’s adenocarcinoma despite undergoing ARS. The patient was a 60-year-old male who underwent a Nissen fundoplication 30 years ago due to reflux esophagitis. Endoscopic examination revealed that there was a protruding tumor in the lower thoracic esophagus. The pathological diagnosis of the biopsied specimen was adenocarcinoma. We performed a subtotal esophagectomy with a lymph node dissection and reconstructed the esophagus with an ileocolic interposition. Postoperative pathological diagnosis showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with a BE section. Six lymph nodes were positive for metastasis. The postoperative course was uneventful. Our case suggests that careful surveillance of patients who underwent ARS a long time ago is needed.     

Barrett食管临床及内镜特点与病理关系分析

目的分析Barrett食管（Barrett’s esophagus,BE）临床症状、镜下表现及病理特点,并对BE黏膜发生肠上皮化生（IM）及异型增生的相关因素作初步探讨。方法回顾分析经胃镜下诊断的547例BE患者的临床和镜下特点,其中经病理确诊59例,分析其临床资料、胃镜表现、病理类型与IM及异型增生的关系。结果BE患者以男性居多,随年龄增长有增多趋势。部分患者存在不同程度的胃食管反流症状（GERD）,少数患者镜下有反流性食管炎（RE）表现。黏膜形态以岛状型多见,柱状上皮长度以短段为主。病理类型以胃底型及贲门型多见,显著高于特殊肠化生型。肠化生型BE上皮异型增生发病率显著高于另外两种病理类型。IM及异型增生在两性别间的发病率无统计学差异,30岁以上发病率显著高于30岁以下组。长段BE的IM及异型增生发生率高于短段BE,全周型及舌型发生率高于岛状型,但均无显著性差异。结论BE多发于男性、年长患者,是独立于RE及GERD的疾病。BE镜下以短段、岛状型多见。肠上皮化生少见,但此种类型的异型增生率高,是癌变的危险因素,需提高其检出率。     

High-frequency probe ultrasonography has limited accuracy for detecting invasive adenocarcinoma in patients with Barrett's esophagus and high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma: a case series

AIM: To evaluate prospectively the accuracy of preoperative high-frequency (20 MHz) probe ultrasonography (HFPUS) for detecting invasive cancer in patients referred for esophagectomy because of an endoscopic biopsy diagnosis of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or intramucosal carcinoma (ICA) in Barrett's esophagus (BE). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nine consecutive male patients (median age of 69 yr) who were referred for esophagectomy for HGD or ICA in BE agreed to participate. We performed conventional upper gastrointestinal endoscopy followed by HFPUS using a through-the-scope ultrasound probe (20 MHz), and we compared our preoperative findings with the pathologist's findings in the resected esophageal specimens. RESULTS: There was complete agreement between the postoperative pathological findings and the preoperative HFPUS findings in only 4 of the 9 patients. HFPUS resulted in two false-negative diagnoses of esophageal cancer (both had T1 lesions in the resected specimens), one false-positive diagnosis of esophageal cancer, and two errors in tumor staging (1 understaged, 1 overstaged). CONCLUSIONS: HFPUS has limited accuracy for identifying invasive cancer in patients found to have HGD or IMC in BE. Pending further refinements in technology, clinical management decisions in such patients should not be based solely on the results of HFPUS.     

Update on management of Barrett's esophagus

Barrett's esophagus(BE)is a common condition thatdevelops as a consequence of gastroesophageal reflux disease.The significance of Barrett's metaplasia is that predisposes to cancer development.This article provides a current evidence-based review for the management of BE and related early neoplasia.Controversial issues that impact the management of patients with BE,including definition,screening,clinical aspects,diagnosis,surveillance,and management of dysplasia and early cancer have been assessed.     

A critical review of the diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus: the AGA Chicago Workshop

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus (BE) are controversial. We conducted a critical review of the literature in BE to provide guidance on clinically relevant issues. METHODS: A multidisciplinary group of 18 participants evaluated the strength and the grade of evidence for 42 statements pertaining to the diagnosis, screening, surveillance, and treatment of BE. Each member anonymously voted to accept or reject statements based on the strength of evidence and his own expert opinion. RESULTS: There was strong consensus on most statements for acceptance or rejection. Members rejected statements that screening for BE has been shown to improve mortality from adenocarcinoma or to be cost-effective. Contrary to published clinical guidelines, they did not feel that screening should be recommended for adults over age 50, regardless of age or duration of heartburn. Members were divided on whether surveillance prolongs survival, although the majority agreed that it detects curable neoplasia and can be cost-effective in selected patients. The majority did not feel that acid-reduction therapy reduces the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma but did agree that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are associated with a cancer risk reduction and are of promising (but unproven) value. Participants rejected the notion that mucosal ablation with acid suppression prevents adenocarcinoma in BE but agreed that this may be an appropriate strategy in a subgroup of patients with high-grade dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this review of BE, the opinions of workshop members on issues pertaining to screening and surveillance are at variance with published clinical guidelines.     

Role of acid suppression in the development and progression of dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus

Barrett's esophagus (BE) usually develops in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and therefore it has been suggested that esophageal acid exposure plays an import role in the initiation of BE and its progression towards esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The mechanisms whereby acid exposure causes BE are not completely revealed and the potential role of esophageal acid exposure in carcinogenesis is unclear as well. Since acid exposure is thought to play an important role in the progression of BE, therapies aimed at preventing the development of EAC have primarily focused on pharmacological and surgical acid suppression. In clinical practice, acid suppression is effective in relieving reflux symptoms and decreases esophageal acid exposure in most patients. However, in some individuals, pathological acid exposure persists and these patients continue to be at risk for developing dysplasia or EAC. To date, published trials suggest that acid suppression is able to prevent the development and progression of dysplasia in patients with BE, but definite and compelling proof is still lacking. This article reviews the mechanisms of acid-induced carcinogenesis in BE and the role of acid suppression in the prevention of neoplastic progression.     

Challenges to diagnostic standardization of Barrett's esophagus in Asia

Barrett's esophagus (BE), a premalignant condition of the lower esophagus, is increasingly prevalent in Asia. However, endoscopic and histopathological criteria vary widely between studies across Asia, making it challenging to assess comparability between geographical regions. Furthermore, guidelines from various societies worldwide provide differing viewpoints and definitions, leading to diagnostic challenges that affect prognostication of the condition. In this review, the authors discuss the controversies surrounding the diagnosis of BE, particularly in Asia. Differences between guidelines worldwide are summarized with further discussion regarding various classifications of BE used, different definitions of gastroesophageal junction used across geographical regions and the clinical implications of intestinal metaplasia in the setting of BE. Although many guidelines recommend the Seattle protocol as the preferred approach regarding dysplasia surveillance in BE, some limitations exist, leading to poor adherence. Newer technologies, such as acetic acid‐enhanced magnification endoscopy, narrow band imaging, Raman spectroscopy, molecular approaches and the use of artificial intelligence appear promising in addressing these problems, but further studies are required before implementation into routine clinical practice. The Asian Barrett's Consortium also outlines its ongoing plans to tackle the challenge of standardizing the diagnosis of BE in Asia.     

趋化因子受体4在Barrett食管、食管腺癌和食管鳞状细胞癌中的表达及其意义

目的 了解趋化因子受体（CXCR4）在Barrett食管（BE）、食管腺癌和食管鳞状细胞癌中的表达,及其与病理分化程度、临床分期及淋巴结转移之间的关系.方法 应用免疫组织化学SP法对正常食管黏膜56例、BE 80例（其中伴多灶性异型增生22例）、食管腺癌25例和食管鳞状细胞癌组织48例标本中CXCR4的表达进行检测,并用仪器对表达结果进行图像分析,然后进行统计学分析.结果 （1）CXCR4在大部分BE、食管腺癌和食管鳞状细胞癌中呈阳性表达（其阳性率分别为78.8%、68.0%、83.3%）,3组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,而在正常食管黏膜组中呈阴性或弱阳性表达（阳性率为39.3%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;（2）CXCR4在BE、食管腺癌和食管鳞状细胞癌的表达与性别、年龄、病变发生位置均无关（P＞0.05）;（3）CXCR4在BE无异型增生和BE伴多灶性异型增生组织标本中的表达差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;（4）CXCR4在食管腺癌高分化较中-低分化者、有淋巴结转移较无淋巴结转移者中的表达均高（P＜0.05）;（5）CXCR4在食管鳞状细胞癌表达水平在肿瘤TNM分期的Ⅲ-Ⅳ级较Ⅰ-Ⅱ级者、有淋巴结转移较无淋巴结转移者中的表达均高（P＜0.05）,高分化较中-低分化则明显更高（P＜0.01）.结论 CXCR4的表达上调可能是食管腺癌和鳞癌的一个普遍特征,与食管病理组织学类型无关,其表达在BE阶段就已上调,并与食管腺癌和鳞癌的分化程度,有无淋巴结转移和TNM分期有一定相关性.CXCR4的表达对BE、食管腺癌和鳞癌的诊断具有指导价值,有可能成为肿瘤治疗的一个新靶点.