国槐槐叶不同生长时间总黄酮的含量变化的研究

目的:探索槐叶中总黄酮含量变化与生长时间的关系。方法:采摘不同生长期的槐叶,用甲醇连续提取槐叶中总黄酮,以芦丁作标准品,用分光光度法进行了含量测定。结果:槐叶中总黄酮5月份含量最高,7-8月份含量最低.结论:初步揭示了槐叶中总黄酮含量随季节变化的规律,为槐叶采摘最佳时间找到理论依据。     

五种曼陀罗在栽培过程中总生物硷含量变化的观察

曼陀罗与颠茄、茛菪同属于茄科(Solanaceae)植物,且均含托品类生物硷——茛菪硷(Hyoscyamine),东茛菪硷(Scopolamine)和阿托品(Atropine);曼陀罗早在我国本草纲目已有记载,别名为“風茄儿”和“風茄花”,主要用作镇痛、镇痉药物;中国药典(1953年版)把曼陀罗列入法定生药之一种,市售之“洋金花”即系曼陀罗(Datura metel.L. f. alba和Datura innoxia Mill.)之干花.     

Ontogenic Aspects of Ginkgolide Production in Ginkgo biloba

The ontogenic aspects of ginkgolide production were studied by using GINKGO BILOBA seedlings, greenhouse plants, young trees, mature trees cuttings, and plant tissue cultures. Ginkgolide yield appeared to be increased with the age of the plants when the plants were grown under the same environmental conditions. Ginkgolide content in the leaves was increased when seedlings, young plants, and young trees were treated with fluridone, a carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor. Ginkgolides appeared to be independently biosynthesized in leaves and roots of the GINKGO and stored in root bark and stem as more hydroxylated forms such as ginkgolide B or ginkgolide C.     

Adaptive biochemical and physiological responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriobotrya japonica</Emphasis> to fluoride air pollution

The biochemical and physiological effects of fluoride were investigated in loquat trees (Eriobotrya japonica) grown in the vicinity of a phosphate fertilizer plant in Tunisia. Photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were assessed; along with photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation, electrolytic leakage (EL) and total phenolic contents in foliage and roots of trees at different distances from the phosphate fertilizer plant. All assessed parameters showed significant discrepancies in comparison with unpolluted sites. Obtained results showed high oxidative stress indices including H₂O₂, lipid peroxidation, and EL, SOD, CAT and GPx activities and proline contents in leaves and roots at the polluted sites as compared to control. In contrast, leaf Pn, Gs, E and photosynthetic pigment contents were low as compared to the control. These results indicate that even though antioxidant responses increased near the factory, adverse effects on physiology were pronounced.     

抗氧化剂和吲哚生物碱在粉红色和白色长春花植株不同部位中的分布(英文)

目的研究抗氧化剂和吲哚生物碱在2种长春花(粉红色和白色)植株不同部位的分布。方法通过检测无酶活性的抗氧化分子含量和抗氧化酶活性测定抗氧化能力。无酶活性的抗氧化分子包括抗坏血酸、α-生育酚和还原型谷胱甘肽。抗氧化酶包括超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶。所用样品为从田间收集到的植株的根、茎、叶、花和豆荚。结果与其他部位比较,根和茎中抗氧化剂的含量较高,花和豆荚中含量最低。粉红色长春花中抗氧化剂和生物碱含量较高。叶中抗氧化酶的活性较高,但吲哚生物碱的含量在粉红色长春花的根中较高。结论对于抗氧化剂和生物碱含量而言,粉红色长春花更适合培养。     

Quantitative analysis of petasin and pyrrolizidine alkaloids in leaves and rhizomes of in situ grown Petasites hybridus plants

Various locations in Switzerland were screened for Petasites hybridus plants with high petasin and low pyrrolizidine alkaloid content. The mean petasin content of the various populations ranged from 7.4 to 15.3 mg/g dry weight in rhizomes and from 3.3 to 11.4 mg/g dry weight in leaves. Mean pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in rhizomes ranged from 5 to 90 ppm whereas leaves contained between 0.02 to 1.50 ppm. These results suggest that leaves might be a preferable source for harvesting compared to the underground organ due to the finding of high petasin contents and consistently lower amounts of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids.     

麦角菌在寄主植物上的接种栽培 Ⅱ.人工接种栽培过程中影响麦角碱含量的因素

将麦角菌Claviceps microcephala(Wallr.)Tul.的Ce5,Ce5-5-1,Ce5-29-1及Ce10—4等4个菌系在寄主植物上进行了接种栽培,并对接种栽培过程中,影响麦角碱含量的若干环境因素进行了较为系统的研究。     

Variations in the Leaf Alkaloid Content of Androgenic Diploid Plants of Datura innoxia

Anther culture of DATURA INNOXIA Mill, has permitted the obtention of spontaneous diploid androgenic plants which produced the tropane alkaloids. The source plants (zygotic diploid) showed no significant variations in the leaf alkaloid content. On the contrary, androgenic diploid plants obtained after the first cycle of androgenesis showed important quantitative and qualitative variations in the leaf alkaloid content. Thus, androgenesis was found to induce a large variation in the accumulation of these secondary metabolites in the leaves. It has also permitted the obtention of tropane alkaloid-overproductive plants, particularly rich in scopolamine. The analyses of zygotic plants obtained from seed germination of the first cycle androgenic plants have shown that this variability is transmissible by simple cross-pollination. The analyses of androgenic diploid plants obtained after the second cycle of androgenesis also showed variations in the leaf alkaloid content. IN VITRO androgenesis, therefore, clearly induced variability in the leaf alkaloid content of the androgenic plants. The role of IN VITRO androgenesis in inducing variability has been discussed.     

Tropane Alkaloid Levels in the Leaves of Micropropagated Datura innoxia Plants

Three androgenic DATURA INNOXIA Mill. (Solanaceae) plants which had been characterised in regard to their tropane alkaloid levels were micropropagated through axillary buds. The alkaloid contents in the leaves of more than 300 micropropagated plants were investigated by ELISA and HPLC, after one and two culture cycles and compared to those of one of seedlings obtained from the same original line from which the androgenic plants had been produced. The plant with the higher alkaloid level yielded the population with the most alkaloids. After a second cycle of micropropagation, all the populations contained more alkaloids than those they had been derived from. All the micropropagated plant populations contained higher levels of alkaloids than plants grown from seeds.     

Barbaloin in aloe species

Barbaloin levels in the exudates from the leaves of 68 species of ALOE in the Kew collection have been determined by light absorption at 375 nm following separation by HPLC. The exudates from most species contained between 10-20% although a few concentrations of around 30% were found. The level in the leaf was usually around 1% of thedry weight in plants grown in glasshouses at Kew although some species were found to contain up to 5%. The highest concentrations of barbaloin were found in exudates from young mature leaves just below the apex and the level decreased in older leaves towards the base of the plant. Species in the natural groupings of the genus, Section ANGUIALOE and Group 4, all had appreciable concentrations of barbaloin in the leaf exudates. Species containing barbaloinwere distributed throughout the large heterogeneous Sections EUALOE and PACHYDENDRON with no apparent taxonomic significance.     

Triclisia sacleuxii (Pierre) Diels (Menispermaceae), a potential source of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Objectives To search for compounds possibly useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Methods Alkaloid fractions from the roots, stems and leaves of Triclisia sacleuxii (Menispermaceae) and pure bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids isolated from the roots (phaeanthine, N‐methylapateline, 1,2‐dehydroapateline and gasabiimine) were assessed for acetylcholin‐esterase inhibitory activity. Key findings All extracts and compounds tested inhibited acetylcholinesterase to varying degrees; the leaf tertiary alkaloid fractions and the root quaternary alkaloid fractions exhibited the strongest inhibitory potential (90% at 0.1 mg/ml). The leaf tertiary alkaloid fraction was selected for further analysis (the quaternary alkaloids, which are too polar for absorption and brain distribution, were presumed to be clinically uninteresting). TLC bioautography using Ellman's reagent allowed the detection of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the isolation of the major active constituent, which was identified as lindoldhamine, a one‐bridged bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid. Lindoldhamine displayed high acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity with a 50% inhibition concentration in the micromolar range. Conclusions All T. sacleuxii alkaloid fractions tested exhibited anti‐acetylcholinesterase activity; isolated bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids showed weak‐to‐high inhibition depending on their structural features. Structure modification could provide interesting derivatives with enhanced anti‐acetylcholinesterase activity.     

不同生长发育期味连次生代谢产物积累变化研究

目的 研究重庆石柱道地中药材味连在不同生长发育期的次生代谢产物积累动态变化规律,为确定最佳采收期,实现该地区味连的GAP种植和质量控制提供理论依据。方法 采集不同生长发育期的4年生味连样品,采用HPLC测定表小檗碱、黄连碱、巴马汀和小檗碱的含量。结果 表小檗碱含量在抽葶开花期的最高(1.82%),冬季休眠期最低(1.33%);黄连碱含量在新叶盛发期最高(3.86%),冬季休眠期最低(2.79%);巴马汀含量在新叶盛发期最高(2.32%),冬季休眠期最低(1.69%);小檗碱含量在新叶缓发期最高(10.89%),冬季休眠期最低(8.28%)。结论 味连次生代谢产物的含量随植株的生长发育而波动,其中新叶盛发期、新叶缓发期和抽葶开花期的生物碱含量高于根茎充实期和冬季休眠期。最佳采收期应结合产量和次生代谢产物含量综合判断。     

Rapid micro-assay of camptothecin in Camptotheca acuminata.

A micro-assay has been developed to extract and rapidly quantify the anticancer alkaloid, camptothecin (CPT), from two leaf disks of Camptotheca acuminata Decaisne (Nyssaceae). This assay utilizes thin-layer chromatography in conjunction with fluorescence imaging to obtain reproducible measurements in the nanogram range. A large number of trees can be screened using this procedure to identify high producers of CPT in a relatively short period of time.     

Studies on laticifers and milk of greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L.) with fluorescence imaging and fluorescence spectroscopic methods

Using fluorescence imaging and fluorescence spectroscopic methods, the localisation of the laticifers and the native spectral properties of the milk were studied in various organs of greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L.). Direct measurements on tissue pieces (without the extraction and the separation of the components) provided information about the complexity of the milk and the various ratios of the alkaloid contents in the tissues. Whole plant were studied in a gel documentation system using ultraviolet light source, while the localisation of the laticifers was observed along the leaf veins in fluorescence microscope, using blue excitation light. Measuring different tissue pieces, fluorescence spectroscopic studies showed that the greater celandine alkaloids have emission bands at 469, 530-531, 553, 572-575 and 592 nm and excitation bands at 365, 370, 386 is 400 nm. These results give a possibility for conclusions about the alkaloid contents and composition or ratios of the alkaloid components in various tissue pieces directly, via comparisons with alkaloid standards.     

Cardenolides in Digitalis lanata Cells Transformed with Ti-Plasmids

Crown galls were induced by transformation of leaves, leaf discs, and shoots of the plant DIGITALIS LANATA with the AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS strains C58 pTi C58, B6S3 pTi B6S3, and A136 pTi A6NCtmr-338::Tn5. Integration of plasmid DNA in the genome of D. LANATA was demonstrated by hybridization experiments. The transformed cells synthesized opines and showed hormone-autotrophic growth. The crown galls formed on leaves of D. LANATA plants contained digitoxigenin derivatives (up to 0.8 muimol digitoxin equivalents g (-1) dry weight). Transformed cell lines derived from the crown galls built cardenolides IN VITRO (ca. 0.03 mumol digitoxin equivalents g (-1) dry weight). The rate of cardenolide biosynthesis IN VITRO did not decrease during a cultivation period of 12 months.     

Antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibition of tumor cell growth by leaf extracts from the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua)

The methanol leaf extracts of female cultivars of the carob tree [Ceratonia siliqua L. (Fabaceae)] and of hermaphrodite and male trees were investigated for their contents of phenolic compounds, their in vitro antioxidant activity, measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and linoleic acid system assays, and their in vitro tumor growth inhibition on HeLa cells. The different cultivars and trees showed high levels of phenols, and considerable variations in the amount of these compounds. The extracts showed significant radical scavenging activity (RSA), which was not significantly affected by the gender of the tree. From the female cultivars tested, Galhosa exhibited the highest RSA. Gender significantly affected the antioxidant activity of the extracts measured by the linoleic acid system assay, and males and hermaphrodites showed the highest activities. The extracts displayed a remarkable ability to inhibit tumor cell proliferation, and their bioactivity varied with different cultivars or trees tested. Extracts from male and hermaphrodite trees exhibited higher capacity to inhibit the proliferation of HeLa cells than the female cultivars.     

Antiplasmodial activity of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta alkaloids from leaves and roots

The roots of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta have been investigated for their chemical composition since 1931 but so far no studies on the leaves have been reported although they are used in traditional medicine in Guinea-Bissau. Two new alkaloids identified as cryptolepinoic acid (1) and methyl cryptolepinoate (2) and the known alkaloids cryptolepine (4), hydroxycryptolepine (5/5a) and quindoline (6), were isolated from the ethanolic and chlorophormic leaf extracts. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves and roots and seven alkaloids isolated from those extracts were tested in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum K1 (multidrug-resistant strain) and T996 (chloroquine-sensitive clone). All the extracts were shown to give 90% inhibition of P. falciparum K1 growth at concentrations < 23 micrograms/ml. Cryptolepine (4) was the most active alkaloid tested with IC50 values (0.23 microM to K1; 0.059 microM to T996) comparable with chloroquine (0.26 microM to K1; 0.019 microM to T996). The indolobenzazepine alkaloid cryptoheptine (7) was the second most active with IC50 values of 0.8 microM (K1) and 1.2 microM (T996). Cryptolepinoic acid (1) showed no significant activity while its ethyl ester derivative 3 was active against P. falciparum K1 (IC50 = 3.7 microM). All the indoloquinoline alkaloids showed cross-resistance with chloroquine but not the indolobenzazepine alkaloid 7. It was noticed that alkaloids with weakly basic characteristics were active whereas other structurally related alkaloids with different acid-base profiles were inactive. These observations are in agreement with the antimalarial mechanism of action for quinolines.     

Production of ginkgolides and bilobalide by Ginkgo biloba plants and tissue cultures

The accumulation of the terpenes ginkgolides and bilobalide in Ginkgo biloba was reported in plants as well as in plant cell cultures. Several hundred plants cultivated under controlled conditions in the field have been analyzed for their terpene production over many years. Cross-pollination experiments were performed with mature trees and the terpene content of the progeny was analyzed. The age of the tree is the main factor influencing the terpene content of the leaves as the level always decreases dramatically between young and old trees. 80 cell culture strains have been established and ginkgolides analyzed by GC/MS. These cell cultures reveal very low amounts of terpenes (1 microgram g-1 D.W. or less). On the contrary, isolated in vitro root cultures accumulate terpenes at the same concentration as the young plant leaves (4 mg g-1 D.W.). Attempts to obtain rapid growing roots or even hairy-roots did not succeed but the possibility to transform Ginkgo cell strains has been demonstrated.     

芍药不同部位和不同采收期6个化学活性成分含量的比较

运用RP-HPLC法检测了赤芍不同采收期、不同生长年限和原植物不同部位的没食子酸、儿茶素、芍药内酯苷、芍药苷、苯甲酸和丹皮酚的含量。结果表明: 秋季采收的赤芍药材中儿茶素和芍药苷含量最高, 苯甲酸含量较低; 生长年限越长的赤芍儿茶素和芍药苷含量越高; 芍药根部的儿茶素和芍药苷含量最高, 鲜叶中也含有芍药苷。研究提示, 赤芍应以秋季采收成年植株为佳; 芍药苷在叶中已开始合成, 而儿茶素在叶中未检测到, 在根部占较大比例。     

In vitro screening of essential oil from young and mature leaves of Artemisia scoparia compared to its major constituents for free radical scavenging activity

The present study investigated the chemical characterization, and antioxidant activity of essential oil hydrodistilled from young and mature leaves of Artemisia scoparia. GC–MS analyses revealed a monoterpenoid nature (64–67%) with 44 and 31 constituents in young and mature leaves oil, respectively. The oil from young leaf contained greater amount of oxygenated compounds. β-Myrcene (24.13%) and p-cymene (27.06%) were the major constituents in young and mature leaves oil, respectively. A. scoparia leaf oils (25–200 μg/ml) exhibited a strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity against hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide. However, the activities of major constituent monoterpenes, β-myrcene and p-cymene, were less. In general, the DPPH radical scavenging and antioxidant activity was in the order: mature leaf oil > young leaf oil > β-myrcene > p-cymene.