自体外周血干细胞移植术后早期感染的分析

目的研究自体外周血干细胞移植（APBSCT）后早期感染的发生率、危险因素、治疗对策和预后转归。方法回顾性分析120例APBSCT患者早期感染的相关临床资料。结果早期感染发生率为57．5％（69／120）,68例为细菌感染。死亡2．5％（3／120）。首次发生感染的中位时间为移植后6d,感染持续的中位时间为2（1～23）d。血培养阳性率为16．0％（11／69）,均为G-杆菌。年龄≥45岁和未进行CD^＋ 34细胞纯化者感染发生率较高（P〈0．05）。首次治疗48h内体温得到控制者61．8％（42／68）。结论APBSCT后早期感染率高达57．5％,多数为细菌感染,年龄可能是感染的危险因素,早期、广谱抗生素治疗效果良好。     

肝移植术后早期急性肺损伤危险因素分析

目的分析肝移植术后早期急性肺损伤（ALI）的危险因素,为预防ALI提供依据。方法回顾性分析180例肝移植患者的临床资料,单因素及多因素回归分析肝移植术后发生ALI的危险因素。结果单因素分析发现,MELD评分、术中输血量、术后肺部感染、其他部位感染、肝功能恢复延迟、急性肾功能衰竭与肝移植术后ALI的发生有关。多因素分析提示术中大量输血、术后肺部感染是发生ALI的危险因素。结论术中大量输血、术后肺部感染是ALI发生的危险因素。     

昆明地区小儿急性下呼吸道细菌感染病原学检测及分析

目的了解昆明地区儿童急性下呼吸道感染（ALRI）中的细菌感染情况。方法ALRI患儿1220例，于入院当天或次日取其鼻咽深部分泌物，行细菌培养，放入细菌鉴定仪行细菌鉴定。结果获得阳性标本279例（22．87％），其中革兰阴性杆菌（G^-）250株（89．61％）、革兰阳性球菌（G^＋）29株（10．39％），前6位细菌依次为大肠埃希氏菌、克雷伯杆菌、肺炎链球菌、阴沟肠杆菌、流感嗜血杆菌、白色念珠菌。1岁内与1岁后患儿细菌感染率分别为28．46％（222／780）、12．95％（57／440），两者比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论昆明地区儿童ALRI细菌感染率为22．87％，以G^-杆菌感染为主。     

高龄结直肠癌合并T2DM患者的围手术处理体会

对1997～2008年围手术处理的163例高龄结直肠癌合并糖尿病患者作回顾性分析。结果：163例病人均作结直肠癌择期手术,术后并发症发生率39．9％,其中切口感染19．6％（32／163）,肺部感染12．3％（20／163）,吻合口漏占3．7％（6／163）,泌尿系感染为2．5％（4／163）,高渗性昏迷1．2％（2／163）,死亡0．6％（1／163）。术后平均住院20天。结论：如能做到控制血糖、选择合理的术式和手术时机,高龄结直肠癌并糖尿病患者可顺利度过围手术期,并取得良好的手术疗效。     

前降钙素在肾移植术后患者肺部细菌感染与病毒感染中的诊断价值

目的探讨前降钙素（PCT）在肾移植术后患者肺部细菌感染与病毒感染中的诊断价值。方法 64例肾移植术后肺部感染患者在完善相关检查后确定细菌和病毒感染共38例,同时采用免疫发光分析进行检测PCT水平。PCT水平以0.5ng/ml为阳性分界值。结果将各炎症指标绘制ROC曲线,显示PCT≥0.5ng/ml对鉴别细菌感染时较体温、白细胞计数、C反应蛋白（CRP）等炎症指标其敏感性和特异性更高,分别为73%和69%、52%/36%、50%/36%、54%/43%;PCT阳性患者细菌感染的发生率为73%,明显高于PCT阴性患者（P=0.000）,而PCT阴性患者病毒感染的发生率为69%,明显高于PCT阳性患者（P=0.006）,细菌感染与病毒感染PCT水平有显著差异（P〈0.01）。结论血清PCT水平可以作为肾移植术后肺部感染病原体的辅助诊断指标,其水平以0.5ng/ml作为阳性分界值对鉴别肺部细菌感染与病毒感染具有重要意义。     

肝移植术后感染的防治及与其他并发症的处理

目的 总结肝移植术后各类感染的防治经验。方法 收集106例肝移植病人的临床资料，对其中发生感染病例的发病特点、防治方案及与其他并发症的相关性加以分析。结果 106例肝移植病人，术后发生细菌感染35例，占33.0%；真菌感染9例，占8.5%；病毒感染6例，占5.7%.结论 感染是影响肝移植预后的重要因素之一，应该预防、治疗及去除其他并发症等高危因素并重，“全程、全面”防治。     

343例老年病毒性肝炎病原学分析

目的：探讨老年患者甲～戊型肝炎病毒感染、HBVDNA阳性相应乙型肝炎病毒标志物（HBV-M）表现形式和重型肝炎病原学。方法：检测我院2001年1月至2005年12月住院343例老年病毒性肝炎患者血清肝炎病原学指标。结果：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型肝炎病毒感染分别为3例（0．87％）、115例（33．53％）、35例（10．20％）、1例（O．29％）、91例（26．53％）；乙和／或戊丙甲丁重叠感染59例（17．21％），其中乙戊重叠40例（11．67％），未定型41例（11．95％）。HBVDNA阳性但HBeAg（-）占80．48％（33／41）。重型肝炎中以HBV感染为主，占72．41％（21／29）。结论：近5年老年病毒性肝炎住院率7．51％，依次为HBV、HEV、HCV、HAV、HDV感染，HEV感染显著上升，尤其是HBV和HEV重叠感染，应引起高度重视。     

41例肾移植术后肺部感染临床分析

目的探讨肾移植术后肺部感染的临床表现、病原体、治疗及转归。方法对41例肾移植术后肺部感染患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果主要临床表现为发热、咳嗽、气促，仅21例（51．2％）可闻及肺部音。多数患者（24例，58．5％）X片或CT表现为双肺受累，10例（24．4％）有双肺间质性改变。病原体17例（41．5％）为细菌，其次为真菌、病毒、支原体和结核杆菌。经治疗后34例患者（82．9％）治愈，3例（7．3％）无效，4例（9．8％）死亡。结论肾移植术后肺部感染临床表现无特异性，病原体主要为革兰阴性菌和条件致病菌，经积极有效的治疗后能取得较好的疗效。     

生长抑素治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效观察

目的观察生长抑素治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效。方法将食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的病人72例随机分成两组，治疗组36例首次给予生长抑素250μg静脉注射，继之以250μg／h微量泵持续输入72h；对照组36例首次给予垂体后叶素10U静脉注射，继之以0．4u／min微量泵持续输入72h。观察两组的止血率、止血时间和再出血率。结果治疗组有效率为91．7％（33／36），止血时间为（15．3±5．8）h，再出血率为8．3％（3／36），对照组有效率为58．3％（21／36），止血时间为（40．7±12．1）h，再出血率为33．3％（12／36），两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论生长抑素治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血疗效优于垂体后叶素。     

肾移植术后细菌性肺部感染

肾移植术后细菌感染是常见和棘手的问题,而肺部感染是引起肾移植术后患者死亡的主要原因之一［１］。国外报导肾移植后肺部感染主要是卡氏肺囊虫肺炎（ＰＣＰ）、巨细胞病毒肺炎（ＣＭＶ）、肺结核、肺霉菌病等机会性感染,对于肺部细菌感染报导较少。总结我院１９７８年至１９９６年肾移植手术１０５６例患者中细菌性肺炎或细菌性肺炎合并霉菌,细菌性肺炎合并结核,合并巨细胞病毒感染等患者５１例,报告如下。１临床资料１．１一般资料：５１例患者,男性３３例,女性１８例,年龄１６～６２岁,平均４１．２７±１１．１４岁。其中慢性…     

Fever in renal transplant recipients: causes, prognostic significance and changing patterns at the University of Minnesota Hospital

During a three year period in which 433 renal transplants were performed, 194 episodes of fever were documented in allograft recipients hospitalized at the University of Minnesota. Viral infections were responsible for over half of the febrile episodes, and 98 (51 percent) of the fevers were associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV), either occurring alone or in conjunction with allograft rejection or another systemic infection. Bacterial infections, fungal infections and rejection were other important causes of fever, accounting for 14 percent, 5 percent and 13 percent of the febrile episodes, respectively. Most fevers occurred in the first four months after transplantation; although about two thirds of these fevers were due to CMV, only 17 percent of fevers that occurred more than one year after the renal transplant were due to CMV. Bacterial and fungal infections and malignancy were important causes of these fevers. Of the febrile illnesses associated with transplant nephrectomy or death, a majority occurred in patients with CMV disease. Secondary bacterial and/or fungal infections were observed in a large majority of patients with lethal CMV disease. During the third year of this study there was a significant decrease in the proportion of febrile episodes due to CMV.     

伊曲康唑与氟康唑预防肝移植术后侵袭性真菌感染疗效比较

目的 比较伊曲康唑口服液和氟康唑胶囊预防肝移植术后侵袭性真菌感染的有效性和安全性。方法 本试验为随机、对照、开放的临床试验。入选的60例肝移植术后患者随机分为两组。试验组（30例）使用伊曲康唑口服液预防肝移植术后真菌感染,20ml,1次／d,空腹服用;对照组（30例）使用口服氟康唑胶囊预防肝移植术后真菌感染,0．15g,1次/d;两组均常规使用15d,在服药期间观察两组患者真菌感染的发生情况和药物敏感情况。结果 伊曲康唑口服液组服药期间有3例发生真菌感染,感染率为10．0％,其中确诊1例,临床诊断2例。氟康唑胶囊组10例发生真菌感染,感染率为33．3％,其中确诊2例,临床诊断6例,拟诊2例。两组患者真菌感染率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,用药前及用药后两组患者肝肾功能指标差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 伊曲康唑口服液较氟康唑胶囊能更有效地预防肝移植术后侵袭性真菌感染,且两者的安全性相当。     

Infections developing in patients undergoing liver transplantation: Recipients of living donors may be more prone to bacterial/fungal infections

Background/AimsDespite surgical advances in liver transplantation and effective prophylactic strategies, posttransplant infections are the most important cause of morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis and management of infections because of developing immunosuppression is difficult and adversely affects mortality. This study aimed to review bacterial and fungal infections in patients after liver transplantation and to reveal the resistance rates.Materials and MethodsA total of 107 patients who underwent liver transplantation between January 2017 and February 2018 were evaluated retrospectively with regard to demographic characteristics, causes of transplantation, conditions that may lead to infection, postoperative infections, pathogens, and resistance patterns.ResultsOf the 107 patients who underwent liver transplantation, 48 (44.8%) had an infection. Bacterial infections were detected in 41% of the patients, and fungal infections were found in 13%. When we compared living and cadaveric transplants in terms of infection development, these rates were found to be 53% and 33%, respectively (p=0.034). No statistically significant results could be obtained when evaluating conditions such as sex, presence of underlying primary disease, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease MELD score, diabetes status, total parenteral nutrition, and risk factors for infection.ConclusionAfter liver transplantation, infections are often seen in the first month of the postoperative period. Knowing the most common pathogens and resistance states in this process reduces infection-related deaths by providing appropriate treatment regimens at the right time.     

Bacterial infections post-living-donor liver transplantation in Egyptian hepatitis C virus-cirrhotic patients: A singlecenter study

AIM To determine risk factors, causative organisms and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial infections following living-donor liver transplantation(LDLT) in cirrhotic patients.METHODS This prospective study included 45 patients with hepatitis C virus-related end-stage liver disease who underwent LDLT at Ain Shams Center for Organ Transplant, Cairo, Egypt from January 2014 to November 2015. Patients were followed-up for the first 3 mo after LDLT for detection of bacterial infections. All patients were examined for the possible risk factors suggestive of acquiring infection pre-, intra-and post-operatively. Positive cultures based on clinical suspicion and patterns of antimicrobial resistance were identified. RESULTS Thirty-three patients(73.3%) suffered from bacterial infections; 21 of them had a single infection episode, and 12 had repeated infection episodes. Bile was the most common site for both single and repeated episodes of infection(28.6% and 27.8%, respectively). The most common isolated organisms were gramnegative bacteria. Acinetobacter baumannii was the most common organism isolated from both single and repeated infection episodes(19% and 33.3%, respectively), followed by Escherichia coli for repeated infections(11.1%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for single infections(19%). Levofloxacin showed high sensitivity against repeated infection episodes(P = 0.03). Klebsiella, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas were multi-drug resistant(MDR). Pre-transplant hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and duration of drain insertion(in days) were independent risk factors for the occurrence of repeated infection episodes(P = 0.024).CONCLUSION MDR gram-negative bacterial infections are common post-LDLT. Pre-transplant HCC and duration of drain insertion were independent risk factors for the occurrence of repeated infection episodes.     

Cytomegalovirus infection in heart-lung transplant recipients: risk factors, clinical associations, and response to treatment.

The risk factors, clinical associations, and response to treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia and infection were studied in 65 recipients of heart-lung transplantation. There were 29 episodes of CMV pneumonia in 22 patients. In 80% (20/25) of episodes of CMV pneumonia treated with intravenous ganciclovir, the histologic changes resolved and the patient survived. Among seronegative recipients, a seropositive donor was a significant risk factor for CMV pneumonia and infection in the first 90 days after heart-lung transplantation (P = .004 and .002, respectively). Among seropositive recipients, there was no additional risk associated with a sero-positive donor. Rates of CMV pneumonia and infection were significantly increased when treatment with augmented immunosuppression had been given in the preceding 30 days (P less than .001). A significant association was found between CMV pneumonia or infection and pulmonary bacterial infections occurring 30 days before or after such an episode (P less than .001).     

原位肝移植术后并发曲霉菌感染的临床诊治分析

目的回顾性分析原位肝移植术后曲霉菌感染的临床特点及诊治经过，探讨改善预后措施。方法回顾总结207例原位肝移植术患者的临床资料，分析术后曲霉菌感染的部位、影响因素、诊治经过及预后。结果207例原位肝移植患者中17例术后并发曲霉菌感染，发病率为8．21％。口腔黏膜感染5例，无死亡；深部曲霉菌感染12例，其中单一脏器曲霉菌感染8例：切口感染3例、无死亡，肺脏感染3例、2例死亡，肝脏感染2例、1例死亡；多脏器曲霉菌感染4例，全部死亡。死亡病例中重型肝炎5例，肝炎后肝硬化1例，原发性肝癌1例。结论长时间应用广谱抗菌素(≥3周)和免疫抑制剂是肝移植术后并发曲霉菌感染的主要原因；重型肝炎患者感染曲霉菌的风险更高。两性霉素B治疗深部曲霉菌感染有效；预防性应用抗真菌药物，常规监测、早期治疗将有助于改善曲霉菌感染的预后。     

Infections after liver transplantation. An analysis of 101 consecutive cases

We studied infections in 101 consecutive patients who underwent liver transplantation between July 1984 and September 1985. The mean length of follow-up was 394 days. Eighty-three percent of population had 1 or more episodes of infection and 67% of the population had severe infections. The overall mortality was 26/101 (26%) and 23 of 26 deaths (88%) were associated with infection. Seventy percent of severe infections occurred in the first 2 months after transplantation. The most frequent severe infections were abdominal abscess, bacterial pneumonia, invasive candidiasis, Pneumocystis pneumonia, and symptomatic cytomegalovirus infection. Patients with more than 12 hours of cumulative surgical time had a higher rate of severe infections (P less than 0.001), particularly fungal (P less than 0.001) and bacterial (P less than 0.01) infections. Also, the use of choledocho-jejunostomy was associated with a higher rate of infection in patients who had more than 1 transplant operation (P less than 0.02). No increase in infection was found in patients who received azathioprine, or more than the median number of steroid boluses or "recycles"; but patients who received OKT3 therapy had a higher rate of protozoal infections (P less than 0.05). A result similar to that of our previous studies was a strong relation between the number of severe fungal infections and prolonged courses of antibiotics after transplant operation (P less than 0.001). Pretransplant manifestations of severe liver disease such as ascites, encephalopathy, and gastrointestinal bleeding were not associated with higher rates of infection after transplantation, but high serum levels of ALT were. Patients with lower ratios of T-helper to T-suppressor lymphocytes had more severe viral (P less than 0.02) and fungal (P less than 0.01) infections after transplantation.     

Infectious complications in the early postoperative period in liver transplant patients

Liver transplantation (LTx) is a technically well established procedure in acute and in end-stage liver diseases. However, opportunistic infections remain one of the important complications in short and long-term outcome of LTx patients. Bloodstream and pulmonary infections are the major cause of death in the first year following liver transplantation. Due to extended use of chinolons and third generation cephalosporines there is a shift towards multidrug-resistant bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and extended b-lactamase-producing gram negative rods. Fungal infections are mainly due to Candida spp. Viral infections, such as with cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, herpes simplex virus, and Epstein-Barr virus infections are another major cause of morbidity in patients receiving solid organ transplants, including liver transplant patients. Studies of infection following LTx are necessary to improve management and to provide a better outcome after LTx. This review focuses on the most important bacterial, fungal and viral infections in LTx patients.     

Incidence and risk factors for infections after liver transplant: single‐center experience at the University Hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia

A. Vera, F. Contreras, F. Guevara. Incidence and risk factors for infections after liver transplant: single‐center experience at the University Hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia.
Transpl Infect Dis 2011: 13: 608–615. All rights reserved Abstract: The incidence of infections in liver transplant patients is higher compared with recipients of other organs, and infections are one of the major complications after transplantation. The aim of our study was to evaluate the incidence, presentation and risk factors of infections in liver transplant recipients in a Latin‐American population, and to compare the results with data worldwide. We performed a retrospective analysis of 94 consecutive patients undergoing liver transplantation between 2004 and 2008 at the University Hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia. The patients contributed a total of 64.4 person years (PY). Fifty‐two patients (55.3%) developed one or more infections, in total 83 events (128.9 infections/100 PY). Bacterial infections represented the most frequent event (71.1%), followed by viral (19.3%) and fungal infections (8.4%). In 1%, no causative organism was identified. More than one‐third of infections (37%) occurred during the first 30 days, whereas 83% of all events were seen during the first 6 months. The most common site of pathogen localization was the bloodstream (25.3%), followed by the urinary tract (15.7%), liver with bile tract (14.5%), abdomen (10.8%), surgical site (7.2%), and lungs (9.6%). The overall mortality after 1 year was 14.9%, and 57.1% of the deaths were attributed to infections. We found that risk factors significantly associated with increased incidence rate ratio for infection were prolonged stay at the intensive care unit, the need for parenteral nutrition, and blood transfusion requirement. Our data provide additional information about etiology and epidemiology of infections after liver transplantation.     

肝移植患者医院内感染及其病原学特点

目的:研究肝移植患者医院内感染及其病原学特点。方法:对28例肝移植患者的临床资料及感染病原学资料进行回顾性分析。结果:28例肝移植患者医院内感染率为92.9%;感染例次为92例次,平均达3.29次。感染部位主要为腹腔、肺部和胆系,占84.8%。共分离各种病原菌132株,其中革兰氏阴性菌43株,占32.6%;革兰氏阳性菌58株,占43.9%;真菌31株,占23.5%。最常见的5种分离菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(28.0%)、铜绿假单胞菌(9.8%)、白色念珠菌(9.8%)、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(9.1%)、不动杆菌属(8.3%)。结论:肝移植患者医院内感染常见,影响患者预后,应注意预防。