模拟失重雄性大鼠L4椎骨黏弹性实验研究

目的 研究失重对大鼠承重骨流变特性的影响,为航天医学研究失重对动物椎骨流变学参数改变提供实验依据.方法 30只雄性大鼠,随机分为正常对照组15只和头低位30°尾吊组(模型组)15只.实验第42天时取两组动物L<,4>椎骨进行压缩应力松弛、蠕变实验,得出大鼠L<,4>椎骨压缩应力松弛、蠕变数据和曲线,以一元线性回归分析方法 计算回归系数和归一化应力松弛函数及蠕变函数表达式.结果 模型组大鼠L<,4>椎骨应力松弛、蠕变量低于正常对照组(P<0.05).     

去势大鼠所致骨质疏松对骨的黏弹性力学性质影响

目的 研究了正常大鼠和去势所致大鼠骨质疏松大鼠骨的应力松弛、蠕变力学性质,为临床提供生物力学参数.方法 选用280～320g,4～5月龄Wistar雌性大鼠50只,随机分为正常对照组25只,模型组25只.对模型组大鼠于0周摘除其卵巢.对正常对照组和模型组大鼠饲养14周后,以腹主动脉放血法处死大鼠,取大鼠股骨进行压缩试验,取大鼠胫骨进行冲击试验,还取大鼠股骨进行压缩应力松弛、蠕变实验.结果 得出了大鼠股骨压缩力学性能指标和大鼠胫骨冲击力学性能指标,得出了正常组和模型组大鼠股骨应力松弛、蠕变实验数据和曲线,对应力松弛、蠕变实验数据进行归一化处理,得出了归一化应力松弛函数,归一化蠕变函数及曲线.对实验数据进行同归分析,得出了同归系数和G(t)、J(t)表达式.结论 模型组压缩和冲击力学性能指标和7200s应力松弛量、蠕变量均小于正常组.     

模拟失重雌性大鼠L_5椎骨蠕变特性的研究

研究模拟失重对雌性大鼠承重骨流变特性的影响,为航天医学提供模拟失重动物椎骨流变学参数.30只雌性大鼠,随机分为正常对照组15只和头低位300尾吊组(模型组)15只.实验第42 d时取两组动物L5椎骨进行压缩蠕变实验.得出了正常对照组和失重组(模型组)大鼠L5椎骨压缩蠕变数据和曲线.以三参数模型处理实验数据,得出了正常对照组和失重组大鼠L5椎骨应力松弛方程和蠕变方程.还得出了2组大鼠股骨蠕变与时间的变化规律.失重组大鼠L5椎骨7 200 s蠕变量低于正常对照组(P<0.05).结果表明,失重骨质疏松对大鼠椎骨的流变特性具有一定影响.     

骨质疏松对骨的粘弹性性质影响的实验研究

目的研究正常大鼠股骨和维甲酸所致大鼠骨质疏松股骨的压缩粘弹性性质,为临床提供生物粘弹性力学参数。方法选用175～245g,6月龄Wistar大鼠30只,随机分为正常对照组15只,模型组15只。对模型组大鼠每日灌服维甲酸(70mg·kg-1·d-1),实验动物于第12周末处死。取股骨进行压缩应力松弛、蠕变实验。结果得出了正常对照组和模型组股骨应力松弛,蠕变数据和曲线。对应力松弛蠕变实验数据进行归一化处理,得出归一化应力松弛函数、蠕变函数及曲线。结论模型组的7200s应力松弛、蠕变量指标显著低于正常对照组(P<0.05)。     

去势大鼠所致骨质疏松对骨生物力学性质影响的实验研究

研究了正常大鼠和去势(摘除卵巢)所致大鼠骨质疏松大鼠骨的弯曲、拉伸实验和应力松弛、蠕变实验。选用280～320g,4～5月龄wistar雌性大鼠50只,随机分为正常对照组25只,模型组25只。对模型组大鼠于0周摘除其卵巢。对正常对照组和模型组大鼠饲养14周,以腹主动脉放血法处死大鼠。取大鼠股骨进行弯曲实验,取肱骨进行拉伸实验,还对大鼠股骨进行应力松弛蠕变实验。得出了正常对照组和模型组大鼠肱骨拉伸力学性能指标,正常组和对照组大鼠肱骨弯曲力学性能指标,还得出了正常组和模型组大鼠股骨应力松弛、蠕变实验数据和典线。对应力松弛、蠕变实验数据进行归一化处理,得出了归一化应力松弛函数,归一化蠕变函数及曲线。对实验数据进行回归分析,得出了回归系数和G(t)、J(t)表达式。实验结果表明:模型组各项力学性能指标均显著低于正常对照组。     

维甲酸中毒骨质疏松动物模型椎骨流变特性的研究

研究正常大鼠椎骨和维甲酸所致大鼠骨质疏松L4椎骨的粘弹性性质,为临床提供生物粘弹性力学参数.选用175～245 g,6月龄wistar大鼠30只,随机分为正常对照组15只,模型组15只.对模型组大鼠每日灌服维甲酸(70mg·kg-1·d-1),实验动物于第12周末处死大鼠.取L4椎骨进行压缩应力松弛、蠕变实验.得出了正常对照组和模型组L4椎骨应力松弛,蠕变数据和曲线.对应力松弛蠕变实验数据进行归一化处理,得出归一化应力松弛函数、蠕变函数及曲线.模型组的7 200 s应力松弛、蠕变量指标显著低于正常对照组(P＜0.05).     

骨质疏松对骨生物力学性质影响实验研究

研究了正常大鼠股骨和维甲酸所致大鼠骨质疏松股骨的生物力学性质。选用了 175 g～ 2 4 5 g ,3月龄～ 4月龄Wistar大鼠 6 0只 ,随机分为正常对照组 30只 ,模型组 30只。对模型组大鼠灌服维甲酸 (70mg·kg-1·d-1) 2周 ,实验第 12周末处死大鼠 ,测定股骨骨密度。取胫骨制作脱钙切片 ,进行骨组织形态观察。取股骨进行拉伸、冲击实验和应力松弛、蠕变实验。测定股骨生物力学性能指标 ,得出了正常对照组和模型组股骨的拉伸应力、应变数据等。还得出冲击功、冲击韧性、应力松弛 ,蠕变数据和曲线。对应力松弛蠕变实验数据进行归一化处理 ,得出归一化应力松弛函数、蠕变函数及曲线。实验结果表明模型组的各项力学性能指标显著低于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。对骨质疏松对力学性能指标的影响进行分析讨论。     

模拟股骨置入人工关节股骨黏弹性实验研究

目的测量正常对照组股骨和以生物学和骨水泥固定置入人工关节组股骨标本压缩载荷一位移数据,为临床提供生物力学参数.方法利用电子万能试验机对正常对照组、股骨置入人工关节骨水泥固定组、股骨置入人工关节生物学固定组标本进行压缩和黏弹性实验研究.结果得出了在压缩状态下各组标本应力松弛、蠕变数据和曲线,并得出了各组标本的归一化应力松弛函数,归一化蠕变函数及曲线.结论骨水泥固定组纵向压缩位移比生物学固定小,说明骨水泥固定有较好的稳定性.人工关节置入股骨后,应力松弛、蠕变量均降低.骨水泥固定组较生物学固定组应力松弛、蠕变量大,其应力松弛、蠕变量丢失小,有利于稳定.     

模拟股骨置入人工关节扭转与应力松弛蠕变的实验研究

研究了在相同扭矩作用下,正常组股骨和以生物学和骨水泥固定置入人工关节组股骨标本扭转角度,还对正常股骨、生物学固定股骨和骨水泥固定股骨进行应力松弛、蠕变实验,为临床提供生物力学参数。以电子万能试验机对正常对照组、股骨置入人工关节骨水泥固定组、股骨置入人工关节生物学固定组标本进行扭转和粘弹性实验研究。得出了各组标本在相同扭矩下的扭转角度及悬臂弯曲状态下,正常组和置入人工关节组标本应力松弛、蠕变数据和曲线。对实验数据进行归一化处理,得出了正常组和置入人工关节组标本的归一化应力松弛函数,归一化蠕变函数及曲线。表明:骨水泥固定组扭转角比生物学固定组小,说明骨水泥固定有较好的稳定性,其应力松弛、蠕变量丢失小。骨水泥固定组较生物学固定组3600s应力松弛、蠕变量大。     

骨质疏松动物模型治疗的黏弹性实验研究

研究了正常大鼠去势所致骨质疏松大鼠和以电针、灸法、雌激素、电针加雌激素、灸法加雌激素治疗组大鼠骨的压缩、应力松弛、蠕变等力学性质.选用280～320g,4～5月龄Wistar雌性大鼠50只,随机分为正常对照组8只,骨质疏松模型组7只,电针治疗组7只,灸法治疗组7只,雌激素治疗组7只,电针加雌激素治疗组7只,灸法加雌激素治疗组7只,对实验组大鼠于0周摘除其卵巢.各组大鼠饲养40周后,以腹主动脉放血法处死大鼠.取大鼠胫骨进行压缩应力松弛、蠕变实验,得出各组大鼠胫骨应力松弛、蠕变数据和曲线,以三参数模型进行处理,拟合应力松弛、蠕变曲线,得出了各组应力松弛、蠕变方程.结果表明,正常组和治疗组7200s应力松弛量和蠕变量大于模型组(P＜0.05).     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.