快速认知筛查测验识别老年轻度认知功能障碍的效果

目的评价老年人快速认知筛查测验识别轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)和早期痴呆(AD)的效能。方法 60岁及以上的轻度AD患者84例、MCI患者112例、正常老人(NC)196例,采用老年人快速认知筛查测验(QCST-E)、简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、日常生活能力(ADL)量表、临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)、华文认知能力量表(CCAS)进行认知功能评估。QCST-E分别测量12个认知领域:即刻记忆、实物命名、视觉空间、言语流畅性、数字广度、抽象能力、听觉模仿、视觉模仿、动作指令、延迟记忆、简单计算、时空定向,最高总分83分,得分越低,认知功能损害越严重。结果轻度AD组、MCI组、NC组QCST-E总分分别为(51.47±3.91)分、(61.47±2.96)分、(72.60±3.01)分,差异显著(P<0.01)。QCST-E各领域和总分与年龄、受教育年限及MMSE、ADL、CCAS得分显著相关(均P<0.01)。根据不同文化程度制定QCST-E的划界分,其中QCST-E总分识别MCI与正常老人的总体敏感度为89.6%、特异度为94.5%,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.903(95%CI:0.857~0.963);识别MCI与轻度AD的总体敏感度为81.7%、特异度为88.6%,AUC值为0.898(95%CI:0.845~0.940)。结论老年人快速认知筛查测验内容全面、简便易行,识别MCI的敏感度和特异度良好。     

轻度认知障碍的记忆特点及海马体积和^1 H—MRS相关研究

目的 探讨轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)和轻度Alzheimer病(AD)的记忆特点及记忆功能评定、海马体积测定及质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)对MCI和轻度AD的诊断和鉴别诊断的作用.方法 用韦氏记忆测验修订版(WMS-R)和听觉词语学习测验(AVLT)分别对各30例MCI患者、轻度AD患者和健康对照行记忆功能评分,并对海马体积和内侧颞叶1H-MRS进行分析.比较各组问记忆功能评分、海马体积和各代谢物比值的差别,并进行相关分析.结果 MCI和轻度AD组WMS-R的因子分和记忆商均低于对照组(P<0.05),MCI和轻度AD组的视觉、听觉、触觉短期记忆和记忆商有显著差异(P<0.05).MCI和轻度AD组的7次回忆正确数均低于对照组(P<0.05),延迟回忆降幅最大;MCI和轻度AD组7次回忆均有显著差异(P<0.05),延迟回忆差异最大.MCI和轻度AD组的海马体积显著小于对照组(P<0.05),但MCI组和轻度AD组之间无显著差异(P>0.05).轻度AD组和MCI组的NAA/Cr、NAA/MI显著低于对照组,但MI/Cr显著高于对照组(P<0.05).MCI组和轻度AD组的左侧MI/Cr、NAA/MI有显著差异(P<0.05).MCI和/或轻度AD组的.AVLT的第3次回忆及延迟回忆与海马体积及NAA/Cr、NAA/MI明显正相关(P<0.05).结论 MCI有和轻度AD相似的情景记忆的全面损害,但不同于正常老化.WMS-R和AVLT能很好地区分正常老化、MCI和AD.海马体积和内侧颞叶1H-MRS是MCI和轻度AD诊断和鉴别的重要工具.     

阿尔茨海默病与遗忘型轻度认知功能障碍患者的记忆损害

目的分析阿尔茨海默病(AD)及遗忘型轻度认知功能障碍(a MCI)患者的记忆损害。方法对25例AD患者和28例遗忘型轻度认知功能障碍患者和25例健康对照者进行多项神经心理学检查,包括简明精神状态量(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)、WMS-RC(韦氏记忆量表中文修订版)。结果 AD组MMSE、Mo CA总分明显低于a MCI组(P0.05),a MCI组MMSE、Mo CA评分明显低于正常对照组(P0.05);AD组与a MCI组及正常对照组相比,记忆商降低(P0.05)。除经历、定向外,各分测验分数降低;a MCI与对照组相比记忆商降低,短时记忆中(视觉再生、联想学习)分数明显降低,长时记忆和瞬间记忆无明显差异。结论 AD患者与a MCI患者均出现不同程度记忆损害,AD患者瞬时记忆、短时记忆、长时记忆损害明显,a MCI患者短时记忆出现损害,瞬时记忆、长时记忆无显著变化。     

词语记忆量表在老年人认知功能损害中的应用

目的评估词语记忆量表在区分正常老年人、轻度认知功能损害(MCI)及轻度阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者中的应用。方法选择认知功能正常者108例(对照组),MCI患者105例(MCI组)及轻度AD患者57例(轻度AD组),进行简易智能状态检查量表及词语记忆量表检查,量表内容包括词语即刻回忆、延迟回忆、原词再认和新词再认,并分析各组的词语记忆得分及组间比较。结果与对照组比较,MCI组及轻度AD组的词语记忆量表各项得分均降低,且延迟回忆得分降低显著,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);3组间各项得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000),MCI组与轻度AD组比较,延迟回忆、原词再认和新词再认差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素分析对年龄和教育程度进行调整后,年龄影响第1次即刻回忆、第2次即刻回忆、延迟回忆;临床诊断影响词语记忆量表的各项得分,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。结论词语记忆量表中的延迟回忆及延迟再认有助于MCI的早期识别以及MCI与轻度AD的鉴别。     

多奈哌齐和石杉碱甲对轻度认知功能损害的影响

目的 观察可逆性胆碱酯酶抑制剂对轻度认知功能损害(MCI)患者认知功能的影响.方法 MCI患者100例,随机分为治疗组和对照组(各50例),在既往用药的基础上,治疗组根据患者意向给予多奈哌齐(5mg/d)或石杉碱甲(300 μg,/d)治疗.采用简易精神状态量表、词语延迟回忆、本顿视觉保持、数字符号替换及数字广度倒数分、连线A、言语流畅性、画钟等测验评价用药3个月、6个月、1年时两组患者的认知功能,比较1年随访时两组患者进展为痴呆的病例数.结果 治疗组的词语延迟回忆测验、本顿视觉保持测验、数字符号替换及数字广度倒数分测验、连线A测验以及MMSE得分持续改善,1年后进展为痴呆的病例数较对照组显著降低(P＜0.05).结论 可逆性胆碱酯酶抑制剂可改善MCI患者的认知功能,延迟痴呆的发生.     

阿尔茨海默病和轻度认知功能障碍的神经心理学研究

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)与轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的神经心理学特点。方法52例AD、26例MCI患者及24例正常认知者分别接受临床评估和多项神经心理学检查,包括简易精神状态检查法(MMSE)、临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)、临床记忆量表(CMS)。结果AD组、MCI组、正常认知组总成绩MMSE分别为(18．9±5．1)分、(26．9±2．1)分、(29．0±1．1)分;ADL分别为(48．3±17．7)分、(26．7±9．3)分、(22．1±4．1)分;MQ分别为(52．5±26．7)分、(811．3±10．8)分、(101．8±11．6)分;CMS分别为(52．5±26．7)分、(81．3±10．8)分、(101．8±11．6)分。与正常认知组比较,MCI除ADL成绩外,其余各量表值均显著降低;与AD组比较,MCI组MMSE、ADL、记忆商(MQ)和CMS中各项成绩均优于AD(P<0．05)。CMS测验中的图像自由回忆分随痴呆程度加重而明显下降,各组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0．05)。结论以本研究设立的诊断标准所确立的MCI,其认知功能介于痴呆和正常认知老年人之间,并与早期AD具有相似的认知功能改变。神经心理学检查对于MCI、痴呆的早期诊断和客观反映痴呆严重程度具有重要价值,图像自由回忆是筛选MCI、早期诊断痴呆、评定痴呆程度的敏感指标。     

主观认知下降与轻度认知障碍记忆力及执行功能损害特征比较

目的 探索主观认知下降(SCD)与轻度认知障碍(MCI)人群记忆力、执行功能不同维度的改变。方法 招募福建省福州市6个社区符合要求的SCD与MCI为研究对象，以蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)量表、Stroop色词测验(SCWT)与中文修订版韦氏成人记忆量表(WMS-CR)第二版作为主要的认知研究工具。结果 MCI组与SCD组MoCA总分及分测验评分、SCWT卡片C正确数、SIE(C-B)正确数、WMS-CR记忆商及分测验心智和、背数因子分比较，差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 SCD与MCI在记忆力领域的差异主要体现在短期记忆(包括瞬时记忆)子维度；在执行功能领域，差异主要体现在工作记忆、抑制控制功能子维度。未来临床上对于AD临床前期的预防和治疗可集中在以上记忆力及执行功能子维度。     

轻度认知损害和阿尔茨海默病患者的血脂变化

目的探讨轻度认知损害(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)和阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)患者血脂代谢改变。方法受试者来自北京中医药大学东直门医院老年病科记忆门诊及附近社区居民。依据中文版简易精神状态检查(mini-mental state examination-Chinese revised,MMSE-CR)测试成绩、临床记忆量表(clinical memory scale,CMS)之记忆商(MQ)、Petersen等MCI标准、NINCDS-ADRDA很可能AD标准以及Hachinski缺血评分(HIS)将129名受试者分为4组遗忘型轻度认知损害(amnestic-mild cognitive impairment,aMCI)患者37例、年龄相关的记忆损害(age-associated memory mpairment,AAMI)患者48例、AD患者15例和认知正常(normal cognitive state,NCS)者29名。4组患者的血脂指标由OLYM-PUSAU640全自动生化仪直接测定。结果AD组、aMCI组与认知正常组比较,血清脂蛋白(a)〔LP(a)〕水平存在显著性差异(分别为P<0.01和P<0.05);AD组与AAMI组比较,LP(a)水平存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。以LP(a)>300mg/L为高水平,高LP(a)组之MMSE总分和定向分测验分显著低于LP(a)正常组(P<0.01)。LP(a)水平随认知损害程度的加重而呈现出逐渐上升趋势。相关分析结果提示LP(a)水平与MMSE总分、MQ等存在一定相关关系(分别为r=-0.2937,P=0.001;r=-0.2718,P=0.005)。而总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)在4组中均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论血清高LP(a)水平可能是aMCI和AD患者的危险因素之一。     

血清睾酮对老年男性轻度认知损伤和轻度痴呆患者认知功能的影响

目的　探讨认知损伤的老年男性患者中血清睾酮水平与认知功能的关系。方法　对 15例轻度认知损伤(MCI组 )、17例轻度阿尔茨海默病 (AD组 )、7例轻度血管性痴呆 (VaD组 )患者进行详细的认知功能检查。应用放射免疫法检测血清睾酮浓度。应用多元线性回归分析各项认知功能成绩与血清睾酮的关系 ,对年龄和文化水平进行调整。结果　MCI组睾酮与结构性检查的成绩呈正相关。轻度AD组睾酮与词表学习 3、复杂图形回忆和延迟回忆、领悟力、词语流畅性均呈正相关。轻度VaD组睾酮与词表学习 1的成绩呈负相关。当轻度AD和轻度VaD合并后 ,睾酮与词表学习 3、复杂图形复制和回忆及延迟回忆、领悟力、词语流畅性、简易智力状态检查表、地点定向、符号数字呈正相关关系 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　血清睾酮水平与MCI和轻度痴呆患者的视空间技能有选择性关系 ,并可能与词语和图形记忆以及执行功能有关 ,这对于雄激素替代治疗痴呆的研究有重要意义。     

轻度认知损害患者的神经心理学特征

目的探讨轻度认知损害(MCI)患者认知功能改变的特征。方法选择37例MCI患者为MCI组,同期选择40例年龄、性别等相匹配的志愿者为对照组,采用成套神经心理学测验评定两组被试者的认知功能。结果MCI组各项神经心理学测验成绩均较对照组差,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论MCI个体最主要的神经心理学特征为记忆障碍,涉及多种记忆类型的各项记忆加工过程,具有与早期阿尔茨海默病患者相似的特征。     

序列位置效应联合延迟回忆识别不同认知障碍水平患者的研究

目的 探索序列位置效应联合延迟回忆在区分不同认知障碍水平人群的诊断价值.方法 共纳入310例受试,其中认知正常(NC)组128例,轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)组133例,轻度阿尔茨海默病(AD)组49例.3组性别、年龄、受教育程度无显著性差异.所有受试进行成套神经心理学测验,使用听觉词语学习测验量表华山版(AVLT-H)...     

Prediction of cognitive decline in normal elderly subjects with 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose/poitron-emission tomography (FDG/PET)

Neuropathology studies show that patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease typically have lesions of the entorhinal cortex (EC), hippocampus (Hip), and temporal neocortex. Related observations with in vivo imaging have enabled the prediction of dementia from MCI. Although individuals with normal cognition may have focal EC lesions, this anatomy has not been studied as a predictor of cognitive decline and brain change. The objective of this MRI-guided 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose/positron-emission tomography (FDG/PET) study was to examine the hypothesis that among normal elderly subjects, EC METglu reductions predict decline and the involvement of the Hip and neocortex. In a 3-year longitudinal study of 48 healthy normal elderly, 12 individuals (mean age 72) demonstrated cognitive decline (11 to MCI and 1 to Alzheimer's disease). Nondeclining controls were matched on apolipoprotein E genotype, age, education, and gender. At baseline, metabolic reductions in the EC accurately predicted the conversion from normal to MCI. Among those who declined, the baseline EC predicted longitudinal memory and temporal neocortex metabolic reductions. At follow-up, those who declined showed memory impairment and hypometabolism in temporal lobe neocortex and Hip. Among those subjects who declined, apolipoprotein E E4 carriers showed marked longitudinal temporal neocortex reductions. In summary, these data suggest that an EC stage of brain involvement can be detected in normal elderly that predicts future cognitive and brain metabolism reductions. Progressive E4-related hypometabolism may underlie the known increased susceptibility for dementia. Further study is required to estimate individual risks and to determine the physiologic basis for METglu changes detected while cognition is normal.     

颈动脉斑块与老年广泛性脑萎缩并发认知功能障碍的相关性研究

目的探讨颈动脉斑块与老年广泛性脑萎缩并发认知功能障碍的相关性。方法选择连云港市第二人民医院就诊或体检发现的中、重度广泛性脑萎缩的老年患者45例,按认知功能分为:正常组15例、轻度认知功能损害(MCI)组15例和阿尔茨海默病(AD)组15例。所有受试者均接受颈动脉斑块检测,并分析颈动脉斑块与简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)评分的关系。结果与正常组比较,AD组和MCI组颈动脉内膜中层厚度[(IMT)(2.37±0.28)mm和(2.35±0.13)mmvs(1.76±0.09)mm]及高回声斑块[(17.71±2.30)mm2和(18.96±2.12)mm2 vs(14.25±2.29)mm2]明显增加(P<0.05),MMSE评分[(5.80±3.53)分和(17.40±3.92)分vs(25.73±3.08)分]明显降低(P<0.05);与MCI组比较,AD组MMSE评分明显降低(P<0.05)。3组低回声及混合回声斑块平均面积差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。线性回归分析显示,IMT与MMSE评分呈负相关(P=0.000)。结论脑萎缩伴IMT或高回声斑块平均面积增多的患者易发生认知功能损害,IMT越高认知功能越低;颈部超声检查可视为老年脑萎缩患者并发认知功能损害的随访指标之一。     

The delayed word recall task using ADAS-Jcog word booklet effectively divides patients with mild cognitive impairment from normal elderly people

AIM: A new screening test for detecting mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with higher sensitivity that can easily be administered at the bedside is necessary. In this study, we proposed the delayed recall task using the word booklet of Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive component-Japanese version (ADAS-Jcog) and compared the score of the task in patients with MCI with that of cognitive normal elderly (NE) and patients with AD. METHODS: Thirty six patients with MCI, 13 very mild AD, 104 mild AD, 13 moderate AD, and age- and education-matched 19 NE, recruited from the memory clinic of Nagoya University Hospital, were evaluated by the ADAS-Jcog word recall task which consisted of immediate recall (IR), a classical method on ADAS-Jcog, and delayed recall (DR) that has been newly introduced. RESULTS: Compared with controls, patients with MCI were significantly impaired on both IR and DR. On the other hand, DR is more sensitive than IR for distinguishing MCI from NE. The highest sensitivity (94.4%) and specificity (68.4%) were achieved when the results of IR were combined with those of DR. CONCLUSION: The result suggests that the delayed word recall task using the word booklet of ADAS-Jcog may be a useful tool as a screening method for the detection of MCI.     

遗忘型轻度认知损伤患者内隐和外显记忆的研究

目的　对遗忘型轻度认知损伤 (MCI)患者的内隐记忆和外显记忆进行研究。方法　为横断面研究 ,采用词语自由回忆、再认、自由联想和字根补笔的方法 ,分别测试 2 0例遗忘型MCI患者 (MCI组 )和 2 0例认知功能正常的老年人 (对照组 )的外显记忆和内隐记忆。结果　遗忘型MCI组存在语义性启动效应和知觉性启动效应 ,遗忘型MCI组较对照组外显记忆降低 ,而内隐记忆无显著差异。结论　遗忘型MCI患者的记忆功能呈外显记忆损害 ,内隐记忆保存的特点 ,这种记忆功能的双重性为MCI患者记忆功能康复训练提供了理论依据。     

遗忘型轻度认知障碍和轻度阿尔茨海默病的认知损害特征研究

目的明确遗忘型轻度认知障碍（amnesia-mild cognitive impairment,a-MCI）患者和轻度阿尔茨海默病（alzheimer＇s disease,AD）患者的认知损害特征。方法对13例a-MCI患者、22例轻度AD患者和37例正常对照进行全面的认知测查,除简易精神状态检查（mini-mental state examination,MMSE）外,测验可覆盖4个认知域：记忆力、信息处理速度、执行功能、视空间结构能力,进行组间比较。结果 3组患者在年龄、受教育程度及性别组成上匹配。轻度AD组的所有认知测验成绩都差于正常对照组,而且多数测验较a-MCI组也有减退。a-MCI组的MMSE、记忆相关测验以及多个执行功能相关测验结果都差于正常对照组,信息处理速度和视空间结构能力相关测验与对照组间无统计学差异。结论轻度AD患者表现为全面的认知功能减退。a-MCI患者除存在显著的记忆障碍外,还存在执行功能的异常,信息处理速度和视空间结构能力尚正常。     

Mild cognitive impairment: epidemiology and dementia risk in an elderly Italian population

OBJECTIVES: To investigate prevalence and incidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its risk of progression to dementia in an elderly Italian population.
DESIGN: Longitudinal.
SETTING: Population-based cohort aged 65 and older resident in an Italian municipality.
PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,016 subjects underwent baseline evaluation in 1999/2000. In 2003/04, information about cognitive outcome was collected for 745 participants who were free of dementia at baseline.
MEASUREMENTS: MCI (classified as with or without impairment of the memory domain), dementia, Alzheimer's dementia (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD) diagnosed according to current international criteria.
RESULTS: Overall prevalence of MCI was 7.7% (95% confidence interval (CI)=6.1–9.7 %) and was greater with older age and poor education. During 4 years of follow-up, 155 incident MCI cases were diagnosed, with an incidence rate of 76.8 (95% CI=66.8–88.4) per 1,000 person-years. Approximately half of prevalent and incident MCI cases had memory impairment. Compared with normal cognition, multivariable-adjusted risk for progression from MCI with memory impairment to dementia was 4.78 (95% CI=2.78–8.07) for any dementia, 5.92 (95% CI=3.20–10.91) for AD, and 1.61 (95% CI=0.37–7.00) for VaD. No association with dementia risk was found for MCI without memory impairment. Approximately one-third of MCI cases with memory impairment did not progress to dementia.
CONCLUSION: MCI occurs often in this elderly Italian cohort and is associated with greater risk of AD, but only when the impairment involves the memory domain. However, a substantial proportion of MCI cases with memory impairment do not progress to dementia.     

2013年第1期中文目录

随着人口老龄化的到来,老年性相关疾病的发生越来越突出,轻度老年认知功能障碍是老年性痴呆的高危人群,是介于正常认知老化与轻度痴呆之间的一种临床状态。然而,在临床常规工作对轻度老年认知功能障碍认识严重不足,故加强对老年早期认知功能障碍的认识水平,提高对老年人早期认知功能障碍的评估与筛查,是尽早干预和预防老年性痴呆发生的重要保障。     

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment

OBJECTIVES: To develop a 10-minute cognitive screening tool (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA) to assist first-line physicians in detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a clinical state that often progresses to dementia. DESIGN: Validation study. SETTING: A community clinic and an academic center. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-four patients meeting MCI clinical criteria supported by psychometric measures, 93 patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score > or =17), and 90 healthy elderly controls (NC). MEASUREMENTS: The MoCA and MMSE were administered to all participants, and sensitivity and specificity of both measures were assessed for detection of MCI and mild AD. RESULTS: Using a cutoff score 26, the MMSE had a sensitivity of 18% to detect MCI, whereas the MoCA detected 90% of MCI subjects. In the mild AD group, the MMSE had a sensitivity of 78%, whereas the MoCA detected 100%. Specificity was excellent for both MMSE and MoCA (100% and 87%, respectively). CONCLUSION: MCI as an entity is evolving and somewhat controversial. The MoCA is a brief cognitive screening tool with high sensitivity and specificity for detecting MCI as currently conceptualized in patients performing in the normal range on the MMSE.