Ki-67、p16在胃肠道平滑肌肿瘤中表达的相互关系

目的　探讨胃肠道平滑肌肿瘤（ Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ Ｍ Ｔ） 人抗增殖细胞核抗原 Ｋｉ６７ 、抑癌基因ｐ１６ 表达的临床病理意义及其相互关系。方法　采用微波修复抗原及免疫组化 Ｓ Ｐ 法检测人抗增殖细胞核抗原 Ｋｉ６７ ，免疫组化 Ｓ Ｐ 法检测抑癌基因ｐ１６ 在８６ 例 Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ Ｍ Ｔ 中的表达情况。结果　 Ｋｉ６７ 表达按平滑肌瘤，平滑肌肉瘤Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的顺序依次明显上升（ Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０１） ，而ｐ１６ 的表达却依次明显下降（ Ｐ ＜０ ．０５） 。同时， Ｋｉ６７ 、ｐ１６ 的表达与肿瘤的良恶性生长方式、肿瘤大小、中心有无坏死亦有明显的关系（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 。 Ｋｉ６７ 低表达组的５ 年生存率明显高于高表达组（ Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０５） ，ｐ１６ 阳性表达组的５ 年生存率明显高于阴性表达组（ Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０５） 。结论　 Ｋｉ６７ 、ｐ１６ 在 Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ Ｍ Ｔ 中表达呈相反趋势， Ｋｉ６７ 、ｐ１６ 可作为判断 Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ Ｍ Ｔ 良恶性、恶性程度、转换及预后的客观指标。     

胃肠道平滑肌肿瘤nm23表达与细胞增殖活性关系的研究

目的探讨ｎｍ２３表达与胃肠道平滑肌肿瘤（ＧＩＳＭＴ）良恶性、恶性程度、转移、预后及细胞增殖活性的关系。方法采用免疫组化法检测８６例ＧＩＳＭＴ患者ｎｍ２３的表达情况,采用胶银染色法及免疫组化法检测核仁组成区嗜银蛋白（ＡｇＮＯＲｓ）、增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）来反映细胞的增殖活性。结果ｎｍ２３的表达按平滑肌瘤、低度恶性平滑肌肉瘤、高度恶性平滑肌肉瘤的顺序依次明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ｎｍ２３表达与肿瘤的良恶性生长方式、大小、中心有无坏死亦有明显的关系（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５）。ｎｍ２３阳性表达组的５年生存率明显高于阴性表达组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ｎｍ２３阴性组的ＡｇＮＯＲｓ和ＰＣＮＡ表达明显高于ｎｍ２３阳性表达组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论ｎｍ２３是反映ＧＩＳＭＴ生物学特性的良好标志物,与ＡｇＮＯＲｓ、ＰＣＮＡ可互补作为判断ＧＩＳＭＴ良恶性、恶性程度、转移及预后的客观指标。     

TGF-β和α-SMA在瘢痕组织中的表达及相关性研究

目的 检测转化生长因子－β（ＴＧＦ－β１,ＴＧＦ－β２,ＴＧＦ－β３）在增生性瘢痕和表浅性瘢痕中的表达,探讨其对增生性瘢痕的形成及α－平滑肌肌动蛋白（α－ＳＭＡ表达的可能作用。方法 采用免疫组化法检测２８例增生性瘢痕,１９例表浅性瘢痕和１６例正常皮肤组织中ＴＧＦ－β和α－ＳＭＡ的表达水平,并按年龄,性别,病程分组进行比较及ＴＧＦ－β和α－ＳＭＡ相关性分析。     

抑癌基因P16与癌基因P21在膀胱肿瘤中的表达及意义

目的：探讨癌基因Ｐ２１和抑癌基因Ｐ１６的表达与膀胱癌生物学行为之间的关系。方法：采用免疫组织化学Ｓ－Ｐ法对４０例膀胱移行细胞癌癌基因Ｐ２１和抑癌基因Ｐ１６进行检测。结果：Ｐ２１和Ｐ１６阳性表达率为６７．５％和５２．５％;Ｐ２１阳性表达率与膀胱移行细胞癌的病理分级和临床分期呈正相关,而Ｐ１６阳性表达率与膀胱移行细胞癌的病理分级和临床分期呈负相关。结论：Ｐ２１、Ｐ１６基因蛋白的表达与膀胱肿瘤组织病理分     

增殖细胞核抗原在胃肠道平滑肌肿瘤中表达的临床意义

探讨增殖细胞核抗原表达与胃肠道平滑肌肿瘤的关系。方法 采用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法检测８６例ＧＩＳＭＴ中ＰＣＮＡ的表达情况。结果 ＰＣＮＡ表达按正常胃肠道平滑肌组织，平滑肌瘤，平滑肌肉瘤Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ级的依次明显递增，同时，ＰＣＮＡ的表达与肿瘤的性质，大小，中心有无坏死有明显关系。     

干扰素对骨肉瘤组织MMP—2和Cath—D表达的调节作用

目的 探讨干扰素（ＩＦＮｓ）对骨肉瘤组织表达基质金属蛋白酶－２（ＭＭＰ－２）和组织蛋白酶－Ｄ（Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ）的调控作用,并为临床上应用ＩＦＮｓ防治肿瘤转移提供一些实验基础。方法 采用ＩＦＮ－α及ＩＦＮ－γ对体外培养的ＯＳ－７３２骨肉瘤细胞ＭＭＰ－２和Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ表达进行诱导调节,并利用细胞－酶联免疫吸附试验（Ｃ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）方法对其表达水平的变化进行半定量检测。结果 ＩＦＮ－α及ＩＦＮ－γ对ＭＭＰ     

膀胱癌原癌基因c—erbB—2蛋白产物的表达

采用免疫组化ＰＡＰ方法对６３例膀胱癌癌基因ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２表达产物进行检测，２９例显示表达阳性，且阳性率在恶性度低、浅表性肿瘤中较高，Ⅰ与Ⅲ级、Ⅰ＋Ⅱ与Ⅲ级、Ｔｉｓ－Ｔ１与Ｔ２－Ｔ４比较均有显著性差异，表明ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２蛋白表达与膀胱癌细胞分化程度、浸润程度及预后关系不大。     

胰液细胞学检查与PCR-SSP诊断胰腺癌之比较

目的评价胰液细胞学检测与聚合酶链反应一顺序特异性引物（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＰ）检测Ｋ－ｒａｓ基因点突变诊断胰腺癌的价值。方法１．胰液离心沉淀物涂片,ＨＥ染色细胞学检查;２．采用针对胰腺癌Ｋ－ｒａｓ基因第１２位密码子点突变方式（ＯＧＴ、ＧＴＴ、ＧＡＴ）设计的顺序特异性引物（ＳＳＰ）,对胰液标本进行聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）,产物借助常规电泳和染色检测有无Ｋ－ｒａｓ基因突变及突变方式。结果胰液细胞学检查对胰腺癌的确诊率为２３．６％（４／１７）,ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＰ对胰腺癌的确诊率为９４．１％（１６／１７）。结论ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＰ检测胰液Ｋ－ｒａｓ基因突变诊断胰腺癌特异、敏感,其价值优于胰液细胞学检查。     

膀胱癌原癌基因c－erbB－2蛋白产物的表达

采用免疫组化ＰＡＰ方法对６３例膀胱癌癌基因ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２表达产物进行检测，２９例显示表达阳性，且阳性率在恶性度低、浅表性肿瘤中较高，Ⅰ与Ⅲ级、１＋Ⅱ与Ⅲ级、Ｔｉｓ－Ｔ１与Ｔ２～Ｔ４比较均有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５），表明ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２蛋白表达与膀胱癌细胞分化程度、浸润程度及预后关系不大。     

TGFβ1及其Ⅰ,Ⅱ型受体在肾癌中的表达

目的 探讨肾癌中转化生长因子β１（ＴＧＦβ１）及其Ⅰ、Ⅱ型受体（ＴＧＦβ－Ｒ－Ｉ、ＴＧＦβ－Ｒ－ＩＩ）表达及其意义。方法 采用免疫组化技术（ＳＰ法）对４６例肾癌例,１１例正常肾组织ＴＧＦβ１、ＴＧＦβ－Ｒ－Ｉ、Ｒ－ＩＩ进行检测,结合临床资料进行分析。结果 肾癌组ＴＧＦβ１表达量较正常肾组高（Ｐ〈０．０５）;ＴＧＦβ－Ｒ－ＩＩ在肾癌组及正常肾组均表达;ＴＧＦβ－Ｒ－Ｉ在肾癌中阳性率较正常肾阳性率低（     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.