Comparison of Surgically Resected Polypoid Lesions of the Gallbladder to their Pre-operative Ultrasound Characteristics

Background  Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder (PLG) have been a common finding on ultrasound examinations of the abdomen and are more prevalent since our use of equipment incorporating pulse shaping increased bandwidth, and enhanced phase use for image reconstruction began in 1996. Our study correlates the pre-operative ultrasonographic findings of these lesions to the surgically resected specimen with specific regard to identifying neoplastic polyps. Methods  A retrospective review was performed of 130 patients who had a pre-operative ultrasound of the gallbladder and subsequently underwent cholecystectomy between August 1996 and July 2007 at the Mayo Clinic Rochester. Results  Seventy-nine pseudopolyps (cholesterol polyps, inflammatory polyps, and adenomyomas) and 15 neoplastic polyps were identified on histopathologic analysis. However, 36 patients (27%) did not have a PLG upon histopathologic analysis. Thirty-one polyps had suspicious ultrasonographic characteristics for neoplastic changes. Twenty-nine were ≥10 mm, 12 had vascularity, and one demonstrated invasion. Of these, there were 23 pseudopolyps and six true polyps with neoplastic changes on final pathology (four dysplastic adenomas and two adenocarcinomas). Three asymptomatic polyps ≤10 mm (4%) in maximum diameter based on pre-operative ultrasound imaging (US) had neoplastic changes at pathology (two dysplastic adenomas and one adenocarcinoma). Several statistically significant risk factors were identified that increased the likelihood for malignancy in a PLG: history of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), local invasion, vascularity, and ≥6 mm maximum diameter based on pre-operative US. Of PLGs ≤10 mm, 7.4% were neoplastic. Twenty-five patients were followed up with at least two serial ultrasound examinations. Of these, seven demonstrated polyp growth. None of these specimens demonstrated neoplastic changes. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for ultrasound diagnosing neoplastic changes based on current criteria was 28.5% and 93.1%, respectively, with a false negative rate of 5.0%. Expanding the criteria to include cholecystectomy for PLGs ≥ 6 mm changes the positive predictive value and negative predictive value to 18.5% and 100%, respectively, with a false negative rate of 0%. Conclusion  Histopathologic analysis of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder continues to be the gold standard to identify malignancy. Ultrasound has been used extensively in the pre-operative management of these lesions, but modern ultrasound techniques are unable to differentiate between benign and malignant PLGs with any certainty. We recommend that strong consideration be given to surgical resection of PLGs ≥ 6 mm based on pre-operative US due to the significant risk of neoplasm. Additionally, PLGs in all patients with PSC, any patient in whom diligent long-term follow-up cannot be completed, and lesions that demonstrate growth, vascularity, invasion, or are symptomatic require cholecystectomy. Presented at SSAT at the DDW     

胆囊小细胞癌五例报告

目的 总结胆囊小细胞癌(gallbladder small cell carcinoma,GSCC)的临床病理特点,探讨其诊断及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院2000-2012年收治的5例GSCC患者的临床及病理资料.结果 5例患者中男1例,女4例,初次就诊年龄在42 ～ 67岁(中位年龄57岁),均以非典型的右上腹疼痛、不适为初始主诉;肿瘤位于胆囊底部3例,胆囊体部2例;4例患者伴有胆石症.2例行根治性胆囊切除术,术后辅以EP(依托泊苷+顺铂)方案化疗6个周期,1例行放射治疗1次,2例患者分别随访至术后45和32个月,生存良好;3例行姑息性胆囊切除术,术后行辅助性化放疗,分别于术后8、11及30个月死于肿瘤广泛播散转移.结论 GSCC为临床少见的恶性肿瘤,初期症状不典型,确诊率低,病情进展迅速且预后相对较差;肿瘤根治切除可以显著延长患者的生存期,以手术为主的综合治疗仍是GSCC的主要治疗手段.     

胆囊息肉病变的手术适应证

由于B超技术的进步和推广 ,近年来发现胆囊息肉病变(polypoidlesionsofthegallbladder,PLGs)明显增多 ,已成为门诊胆道外科的常见病。对其治疗 ,意见尚有分歧 ,甚至有些混乱。有的医生总是告诫患者 :“赶快切除胆囊 ,否则将发生癌变” ,经常有患者带着恐惧、疑虑来门诊咨询。果真如此严重 ?答案应该是否定的。现对上述问题谈谈个人对本病的认识。1　PLGs的实质及恶变倾向性PLGs是胆囊粘膜凸起性病变的总称 ,它包含着不同的病变 ,临床医生多采纳实用的分类系统 ,将病变分为两大类 :①真性肿瘤 ,主要是来自上皮的腺瘤或腺癌 ,还有罕见的来…     

胆囊息肉样病变的处理

目的 讨论胆囊息肉样病变(GPL)的诊断和处理.方法 回顾性分析2002年至2011年10年间经超声检查处理的GPL病例.结果 使用腹部超声检查方法确认GPL共591例,其中349例为女性,占59.1％;年龄范围20～73岁.有395例出现腹痛等症状,39.9％是单发息肉,9.8％同存胆囊结石.使用超声检查GPL的特异性为92.5％.136例使用腹腔镜胆囊切除术,对涉及胆囊癌的病例拟施行开腹胆囊扫除术.结论 多数小的GPL为良性,可静止多年.但具有年龄＞50岁,息肉直径＞10 mm的这两条主要危险因素的患者,应预测可能为恶变的GPL.其余恶变的危险因素尚有同存胆囊结石、单发性息肉、有临床症状的息肉等.     

Gallbladder Dyskinesia in Children

Background and Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to describe clinico-pathological characteristics in a group of children with motility disorders of the gallbladder and correlate the findings with cases receiving surgical treatment for gallstone during the same period.

Methods:

Retrospective chart analysis of all cholecystectomies from January, 1990 to June, 1995. Analysis of demographics, symptoms and duration, associated illnesses, diagnostic studies, pathological stratification, length of stay, complications, follow-up and patient satisfaction. Statistical comparison of clinical variables between gallstone and dyskinesia patients was analyzed using chi-square, and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results:

Twelve children (14%) of 85 underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy during a 66-month period for gallbladder dyskinesia. Their mean age was 14 ± 3 years (range 7 to 18). Ten patients were female and two were males for a 5:1 ratio. Classic biliary symptoms (RUQ abdominal pain and FFI) predominated for a mean of 48 weeks. A predisposing factor was previous family history of gallstones in five cases (42%). The diagnosis was obtained after gallbladder non-visualization in one child and low ejection fractions after CCK stimulated hepatobiliary scan studies in the remainder. Mean ejection fraction was 16.8%. Ten cases (83%) had mild to moderate chronic cholecystitis, and two children had unremarkable pathologic changes. These changes correlated with the mean duration of symptoms, not with ejection fraction volumes. After a mean follow-up of 17 months, 11 children are free of symptoms, and one continues with intermittent diarrhea. Comparison between calculous and dyskinesia patients showed that biliary dyskinesia children suffer more dyspepsia, undergo more diagnostic studies and have a significant family history of gallstones.

Conclusions:

Gallbladder dyskinesia (GD) is a motility disorder causing symptoms similar to those of gallstones, although the clinical picture is more protracted. Diagnosis is confirmed using CCK stimulated hepatobiliary scan ejection fractions after thorough diagnostic work-up for other gastrointestinal causes. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice. Most children present with mild to moderate changes of chronic cholecystitis depending on duration of symptoms. Clinical improvement is seen in most cases after surgery.     

胆囊息肉样病变的诊断与治疗

本文报告我院自１９８４年经手术治疗病理确诊的胆囊息肉样病变５２例，发病年龄１０～７０岁，平均年龄４３．５岁，３０～４９岁占８０．５％，２１例合并胆结石。非肿瘤病变３４例占６５．４％，真性肿瘤１８例占３４．６％，炎性息肉癌变１例，Ｂ超诊断率高而且可动态观察。合并胆囊结石及胆囊颈部息肉应是手术治疗，无症状的胆囊息肉应定期观察择期手术。     

胆囊胆固醇结石与胆固醇息肉的关系研究

目的:探讨胆囊胆固醇结石与胆固醇息肉的关系.方法:抽样调查172例因胆囊结石和胆囊息肉行内镜保胆手术的患者(术后3年以上),其中胆囊结石119例,胆囊息肉39例,胆囊结石合并胆囊息肉14例,观察患者术后结石与息肉的复发情况.结果:119例胆囊结石患者中,术后结石复发22例,无新发息肉;39例胆囊息肉患者中,术后息肉复发3例,新发结石1例;14例胆囊结石合并胆囊息肉患者中,术后息肉复发2例,其中1例并结石复发;胆囊结石与胆囊息肉的复发率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:胆囊胆固醇结石与胆固醇息肉可能是发病机制各异的相互独立的疾病,但胆囊息肉可能通过影响胆囊内胆汁流体的状态而影响胆囊胆固醇结石的形成,导致较高的术后复发率,故对合并胆囊息肉的胆囊结石患者不推荐保胆手术.     

胆囊息肉样病变的自然病程及相关危险因素分析

目的调查分析某地区胆囊息肉样病变（PLG）的自然病程及相关危险因素对其病程变化的影响。 方法统计西南医科大学附属医院2010年3月至2016年1月经超声诊断为PLG并在肝胆外科门诊长期随访的510例患者临床资料,分析PLG直径增长情况以及危险因素。 结果510例中单发息肉293例（57.5%）,随访15（2~58）个月,300例（58.8%）息肉直径增大2（1~10）mm,年平均增长速度为0.4 mm;196例（38.4%）直径无变化;8例直径减小;6例消失。单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析显示,饮酒和睡眠质量差是PLG直径增大的危险因素（P<0.01）,饮酒者的PLG直径增大的风险是非饮酒者的2.615倍,睡眠质量差者的息肉增大风险是睡眠质量正常者的2.282倍。 结论泸州地区PLG患者的增长速度缓慢,饮酒、睡眠质量差可能是促进胆囊息肉增长的危险因素。     

Metastatic Melanoma in the Gallbladder: Report of a Case

Both primary and secondary gallbladder melanomas are rare and, when a solitary melanoma is found in the gallbladder, it is difficult to determine if it is primary or metastatic disease. We report the case of a young woman found to have a single metastatic gallbladder melanoma. Surgical removal of a solitary metastatic focus remains the treatment of choice for isolated metastasis of a malignant melanoma; however, the effectiveness of complementary chemotherapy and immunotherapy is still being examined. Received: October 15, 2001 / Accepted: July 2, 2002 Reprint requests to: D. Mantas     

意外胆囊癌的诊治进展

胆囊癌是最常见的胆道恶性肿瘤,早期诊断困难,手术切除率低,预后差.随着腹腔镜技术的普及,腹腔镜胆囊切除术中出现意外胆囊癌的几率逐渐增大.高龄、结石病史长等胆囊癌高危因素与意外胆囊癌相关.术中操作、人工气腹等原因可导致肿瘤的种植转移.不同分期的胆囊癌应采用不同的手术方式,肿瘤的分期是最重要的预后因子.本文综述了其临床特征、预后及诊断和治疗的最新进展.     

A Critical Analysis of the Surgical Management of Early-Stage Gallbladder Cancer in the United States

Background  Radical resection is recommended for selected patients with gallbladder (GB) cancer. We sought to determine whether radical resection improves survival for patients with early-stage cancer and to evaluate surgeon compliance with current treatment recommendations. Patients and methods  Patients with stage 0, I, or II GB cancer who underwent surgical resection were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) tumor registry from 1988 through 2004. Patients were classified by surgical procedure performed (simple vs. radical resection) and adjuvant treatment given (radiation therapy [RT] vs. no RT). Unadjusted and adjusted overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were compared. Results  Of the 4,631 patients who underwent surgery for early-stage GB cancer from 1988 through 2004, 4,188 (90.4%) underwent cholecystectomy alone and 443 (9.6%) underwent radical surgery including hepatic resection. The proportion of patients having radical surgery for T1b, T2, and T3 cancers was 4.5%, 5.6%, and 16.3%, respectively. For patients with T1b/T2 cancer, radical resection was associated with significant improvement in adjusted CSS (p = 0.01) and OS (p = 0.03). For patients with T3 cancers, we noted no improvement in CSS or OS. Survival for patients with node-positive disease (stage 2b) was universally poor and not improved by radical resection. For all patients who underwent radical resection, node negativity, female sex, age <70, low grade, and RT predicted improved CSS and OS. Conclusions  Despite a significant survival advantage for patients with T1b/T2 GB cancer who undergo radical resection, this treatment is significantly underutilized. Ensuring delivery of recommended surgical treatment is vital to improving outcomes for patients with this disease.     

Late Follow-Up of Polypoid Lesions of the Gallbladder Smaller Than 10 mm

OBJECTIVE: To determine the variation in number, size, and symptoms in patients with polypoid lesions of the gallbladder. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: A polypoid lesion is any elevated lesion of the gallbladder mucosa. Several studies have been reported in patients undergoing cholecystectomy, but little information exits regarding the natural history of these lesions in nonoperated patients. METHODS: A total of 111 patients with ultrasound diagnosis of polypoid lesions smaller than 10 mm were followed up by clinical evaluation and ultrasonography. Twenty-seven patients underwent cholecystectomy. RESULTS: There was no difference in terms of gender. Nearly 80% of the lesions were smaller than 5 mm; they were single in 74%. In nonoperated patients, 50% remained of similar size at the late follow-up, 26.5% increased in number and size, and 23.5% shrank or disappeared. Among the operated patients, 70% corresponded to cholesterol polyps. None of the patients developed symptoms of biliary disease or gallstones or adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound is useful in the follow-up of patients with polypoid lesions of the gallbladder. Lesions smaller than 10 mm do not progress to malignancy or to development of stones, and none produced symptoms or complications of biliary disease.     

Malignant Melanoma of the Gallbladder: A Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature

Melanoma metastatic to the gallbladder is rare. When present, it is often part of a widespread complex of metastases. Primary gallbladder melanomas are also extremely rare and can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from metastatic lesions. The optimal treatment for malignant melanoma of the gallbladder remains unclear, and prognosis is generally poor. We present here two cases of patients with metastatic lesions to the gallbladder. One patient presented with symptomatic cholelithiasis and was found incidentally to have a metastasis. Another patient had known a metastasis, but underwent curative resection of the only site of disease. We review the published literature for gallbladder melanoma, both primary and metastatic to determine the role of surgery in this disease.     

Gallbladder Cancer: Defining the Indications for Primary Radical Resection and Radical Re-resection

Background The role of radical resection for gallbladder cancer is an ongoing area of debate. In this review, we present our experience managing gallbladder cancer at a tertiary center by using an aggressive surgical approach for T2 or greater disease, reserving simple cholecystectomy only for T1 lesions. Methods Seventy-six patients with histologically confirmed gallbladder cancer were identified from our cancer registry. Estimated survival distributions were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and comparisons were made by using the log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the effect on survival of T stage, nodal status, age, and margins. Results Sixty-four patients were assessable for this study. Simple cholecystectomy was the only procedure performed in 10 T2 and 15 T3 cases. Radical cholecystectomy was performed as the primary procedure in two T2, two T3, and six T4 cases. Radical re-resection was accomplished in seven T2 and two T3 cases. Excluding the T4 group, there was a significant survival advantage (P = .007) for the radical resection group (n = 13; median survival not yet reached) compared with the simple cholecystectomy group (n = 25; median survival, 17 months; 95% confidence interval, 7–27 months). Analysis of the 13 T2 and T3 patients who underwent radical resections revealed that the radical re-resection group (n = 9) had an overall survival similar to that of the primarily resected group (n = 4). All T2N⁺ and T3N⁻ patients are still alive and disease free after 5 years of follow-up, whereas none of the T3N⁺ or T4 patients survived beyond 24 months. Increasing T stage and age (>65 years) were independent predictors of a poor prognosis. Conclusions Radical resection for T2 and T3 disease resulted in a significant survival advantage compared with simple cholecystectomy. Patients who undergo radical re-resection after an incidentally discovered gallbladder cancer experience the same survival benefit as primarily resected patients. Radical resection for T2N⁻, T2N⁺, and T3N0 cases can achieve long-term survival. Conversely, the prognosis for T3N⁺ and T4 patients is poor, and improved outcome for this group will likely depend on the development of multi-institutional neoadjuvant clinical trials that can identify effective systemic regimens. Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Society of Surgical Oncology, Atlanta, Georgia, March 3–6, 2005.     

Gallbladder cancer: surgical results after cholecystectomy in 25 patients with lamina propria invasion and 26 patients with muscular layer invasion

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: It has been stated that simple cholecystectomy is sufficient treatment for all patients with pT1 gallbladder cancer. However, other authors note the necessity of carrying out extended surgery when there is muscular-layer involvement. METHODS: A consecutive series of gallbladder carcinomas with lamina propria or muscular layer invasion were analyzed. Between July 1982 and December 2000, 51 patients with pT1 gallbladder carcinomas were treated with simple cholecystectomy (group A, 25 patients with lamina propria-invasion; group B, 26 patients with muscular-layer invasion). Patients with intraepithelial carcinomas were excluded from the study. RESULTS: There were no differences between the groups in average age, sex ratios, association with other tumors, histologic type, malignancy grade, cholecystitis type, macroscopic aspects, lymph node status, or treatment applied. After an average of 6 years' follow-up, no patients in group A and nine patients (34.6%) in group B died due to gallbladder carcinoma. Cystic lymph nodes could be studied in five of these nine patients who relapsed, and the results were negative for metastasis. Lymphatic or venous invasion was observed in five of these nine patients. CONCLUSIONS: According to these results, cholecystectomy is not sufficient treatment for gallbladder carcinoma with muscular-layer invasion.     

微创内镜保胆取息肉术与腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊息肉的对比研究

目的：比较内镜微创保胆取息肉术与腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊息肉的临床疗效。 方法：将2009年2月—2012年4月收治的196例符合条件的胆囊息肉患者,根据患者意愿分为内镜微创保胆取息肉术组（保胆组,103例）和腹腔镜胆囊切除术组（胆囊切除组,93例）,比较两组术中及术后的情况。 结果：两组在年龄、性别、合并症上差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,具有可比性。保胆组 2例因术中取息肉后胆囊壁出血明显,改行胆囊切除术。与胆囊切除组比较,保胆组平均手术时间、术中出血量减少[（50.3±12.9）min vs.（61.2±16.7）min;（10.2±2.7）mL vs.（15.1±3.9）mL];术后疼痛、消化道不良反应发生率减少、首次排气时间缩短[16.83% vs. 32.26%;18.81% vs. 3.33%;（18.5±4.1）h vs.（26.2±5.3）h];远期并发症发生率减少（10.89% vs. 22.58%）（均P<0.05）。 结论：内镜微创保胆取息肉术较腹腔镜胆囊切除术痛苦轻、康复快、手术并发症少,对符合适应症的患者是一种安全、有效的术式。     

B超在胆囊局限隆起病变的影像学诊断中地位

报告Ｂ超检查１３８例胆囊局限隆起病变，讨论其超声图象特点及类型，对Ｂ超在本病影像学诊断中的地位进行分析对比，认为Ｂ超显像诊断是本病首选检查方法。     

意外胆囊癌的临床处理与预后分析

目的 总结意外胆囊癌的临床病理特点、诊断与治疗方案的选择,分析与预后有关的因素,指导意外胆囊癌的规范化治疗.方法 回顾性分析北京协和医院1999年1月至2009年10月收住院治疗的27例意外胆囊癌的临床资料,应用Kaplan-Meier法对比单纯胆囊切除术组、胆囊癌根治术组以及NevinⅠ、Ⅱ期与Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ期患者的累积生存率,对意外胆囊癌的治疗方法与预后进行分析.结果 27例患者以胆囊良性疾病的术前诊断行胆囊切除术,术前诊断以急慢性胆囊炎、胆囊结石和胆囊息肉为主.术后病理学检查证实为胆囊癌,其中低分化腺癌9例,中分化腺癌9例,高分化腺癌4例,腺瘤癌变5例.按Nevin分期,Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期5例,Ⅲ期8例,Ⅳ期5例,Ⅴ期7例.胆囊癌根治术组患者累积生存率好于单纯胆囊切除术组(x2=4.450,P=0.035);Nevin Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者预后显著优于Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ期(x2=6.825,P=0.014).结论 意外胆囊癌临床表现缺乏特异性,容易导致误诊,术中快速病理切片检查是明确诊断的重要方法,确诊后首选根治性切除术.