Clinical features of posterior microphthalmic and nanophthalmic eyes

AIM: To clinically differentiate nanophthalmos (NO) and posterior microphthalmos (PM) and to explore the mechanisms related to papillomacular folds (PMF). METHODS: Medical records of 34 unrelated patients with microphthalmos (54 eyes) from April 2009 to October 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Fourteen eyes of 7 unrelated patients with NO and PM were included in the study. The presenting age of the NO cohort was significantly higher compared with the PM cohort (NO: 27±16y; PM: 3.7±0.6y). PMF was more likely to occur in cases with PM than in NO (25% in NO, 100% in PM). The anatomic features of PMF from optical coherence tomography (OCT) included: ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer and outer nuclear layer. In eyes without an apparent PMF (these were all NO eyes), rudimentary fovea without a foveal pit was noted. Four eyes that were NO developed angle closure glaucoma. Three NO eyes developed exudative retinal detachment and were successfully treated with lamellar sclerectomy. CONCLUSION: Posterior segment changes are pervasive both in PM and NO. Complications like angle closure glaucoma and exudative retinal detachment are likely to occur in eyes with NO but not with PM. Detailed OCT analysis found that PMF was partially a neural retinal issue, suggesting that redundancy of retinal issues involved only inner retinal layers.     

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography finding in posterior microphthalmos

An eight‐year‐old boy presented with decreased vision in both eyes. At presentation, the visual acuity was 6/60 in both eyes with high plus spheres. Anterior segment examination was normal. Fundus examination and spectral domain optical coherence tomography were consistent with posterior microphthalmos and showed an elevated foveal contour and fold in the outer plexiform layer. External limiting membrane, photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium were not involved in the fold. To the best of our knowledge this is the first such case report with optical coherence tomography imaging of the retinal layer involved in a case of posterior microphthalmos.     

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Findings in Deficiency Optic Neuropathy

ABSTRACT

A 44-year-old man was evaluated for bilateral progressive visual loss and diagnosed with vitamin B₁₂ deficiency optic neuropathy. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography features of optic nerve and macula showed a decrease in peripapillary and macular vessel density that correlated well with the areas of retinal nerve fibre layer thinning seen on OCT. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of this new technology in the evaluation of toxic and metabolic optic neuropathy.     

Relationship between peripapillary vessel density and visual function based on Garway-Heath sectorization in open-angle glaucoma

Purpose:To investigate the relationship between peripapillary vessel density (pVD) and visual field sensitivity (VFS) and between peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFLT) and VFS, based on Garway-Heath sectorization in open-angle glaucoma patients.Methods:Sixty-six eyes of healthy subjects and 84 eyes of glaucoma subjects were included. All subjects underwent several eye examinations, including standard automated perimetry and optical coherence tomography angiography. Sectoral structure-function relationships based on the Garway-Heath sectorization were compared among normal subjects, the ‘mild glaucoma,’ and ‘moderate-to-severe glaucoma’ group. Multivariate analyses were performed for each sector to determine the factors related to VFS. The diagnostic abilities of vessel density parameters and RNFLT were evaluated by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC).Results:The correlation between pVD-VFS and pRNFLT-VFS was statistically significant in the glaucoma group independent of the VFS sector. In the glaucoma group, VFS in the temportal sector was statistically related in a multivariate model to pVD, pRNFLT and age (R² = 0.721; P = 0.007, < 0.001, .15, respectively). We found pRNFLT and age were significantly associated with VFS in glaucoma. The AUROC values of pVD in the inferotemporal sector of the total, mild, and moderate-to-severe glaucoma (0.843, 0.714, and 0.972, respectively) were comparable to pRNFLT in this sector (0.833, 0.718, 0.948, respectively).Conclusion:Since the relationship between pVD and VFS in the papillomacular area was significant, measuring pVD and RNFLT in the corresponding area will be valuable in expanding our pathophysiologic knowledge of the paracentral field defects in glaucoma.     

RELOCATION OF POSTERIOR CORNEAL RINGS IN CLINICAL WIDE FIELD SPECULAR MICROSCOPY

A clinical study of posterior corneal rings in human eyes was undertaken using the Pocklington (Keeler-Konan) contact wide field specular microscope designed by Sherrard.
The method used to reproduce identical posterior corneal rings in the same human cornea, in vivo, using the contact wide field specular microscope camera, without the aid of a contact lens, is described. The technique enables the clinician to relocate and evaluate a selected area of human endothelial cells in the same eye.     

硅油填充眼的光学相干断层扫描分析

目的观察玻璃体切割术后硅油眼的光学相干断层扫描（OCT）特点。方法对37例行玻璃体切割联合硅油填充术者分别于术后2周,1、2、3个月行OCT检查,分析其图像特点及其与视力的相关性。结果黄斑中心凹厚度和最佳矫正视力（BCVA）的负对数之间为正相关（r1=0．628,P1=0．000;r2=0．583,P2=0．000;0=0．591,P3=0．000）。随访的37例中OCT显示黄斑中心凹厚度正常5眼（13．51％）;黄斑视网膜变薄1服（2．70％）;黄斑水肿31眼（83．78％）。结论OCT的穿透深度不受玻璃体腔硅油的限制,是评价玻璃体切割术后硅油眼视网膜形态功能的必不可少的辅助检查手段。     

Quantitative Evaluations of Posterior Staphylomas in Highly Myopic Eyes by Ultra-Widefield Optical Coherence Tomography

PurposeTo determine the shape of posterior staphylomas using ultra-widefield optical coherence tomographic (UWF-OCT) images and to identify the factors contributing to the shape and grade of the staphylomas in eyes with pathologic myopia.MethodsThis was an observational case series study. Highly myopic patients who were ≥40 years old with wide or narrow type of macular staphylomas were studied. High myopia was defined as a myopic refractive error (spherical equivalent) greater than −8.0 diopters (D) or an axial length (AL) > 26.5 mm. The maximum diameter and depth of the staphylomas were measured in the 12 radial scans of UWF-OCT images by ImageJ software and were compared between the two types of staphylomas.ResultsWe studied 197 eyes of 138 patients with a mean age of 64.7 ± 10.4 years and mean AL of 30.0 ± 1.9 mm. The AL was significantly longer in the eyes with the narrow type than the wide type of staphyloma (P = 0.036). Multiple regression analyses showed that age was significantly correlated with the maximum depth/maximum diameter ratio (wide type, P < 0.001; narrow type, P = 0.003) of both types of staphylomas. The AL was significantly correlated with the depth/diameter ratio of only the narrow type of staphylomas (P = 0.005).ConclusionsThe significant correlations of age and AL with the wide and narrow types of posterior staphylomas indicate that the factors for their formations may be distinctly different. Quantitative analyses of UWF-OCT images are helpful in determining the shape of the staphylomas.     

Posterior Vitreous Detachment in Normal Healthy Subjects Younger Than Age Twenty

PurposeTo describe the initiation of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) in the eyes of normal individuals, under 20 years of age, using wide-angle optical coherence tomography (OCT).MethodsThis is an observational cross-sectional study. Montaged images of horizontal and vertical OCT scans were obtained in 63 healthy eyes of 35 consecutive subjects ranging in age from 4 to 17 years.ResultsForty-five eyes (71.4%) had obvious PVD, defined as a contiguous line of posterior cortical vitreous separated from the surface of the retina. Eighteen eyes (28.6%) had no PVD. The mean age of the individuals without PVD was significantly younger than those with PVD (P = 0.008). The spatial distribution of PVD initiation was highest in the superior quadrants, with the nasal, inferior, septum papillomaculae, and temporal quadrants following in descending order of frequency (P < 0.001). PVD was observed to begin anterior to the premacular liquefied lacuna, where the vitreous gel directly adheres to the vitreoretinal interface. In the majority of subjects (80.6%), PVD was initiated anterior to the vascular arcades.ConclusionsPVD can be observed by OCT to begin in the first and second decade of life. It begins in the mid-peripheral vitreous, most frequently in the superior quadrants anterior to the vascular arcades. In this study, all PVDs originated outside of the macular liquefied lacunae, where the vitreous gel adheres directly to the retina.     

Application of optical coherence tomography angiography in assessment of posterior scleral reinforcement for pathologic myopia

AIM: To investigate the effect of posterior scleral reinforcement (PSR) on circulation of pathologic myopia eyes with posterior staphyloma by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: The study included 30 pathologic myopia eyes with posterior staphyloma which underwent PSR (PSR group) for 6 to 18mo ago, and 30 age and myopia matched eyes without PSR surgery as control group. Macular, choriocapillaris and radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) flow density were measured by OCTA, and the measurements were compared between groups. RESULTS: OCTA found no significant differences in macular flow density between PSR and control groups. For the superficial flow, whole enface flow density (WED), fovea density (FD), and parafoveal density (PD) were 46.55%±5.19% vs 47.29%±4.12% (P=0.542), 31.45%±6.35% vs 31.17%±4.48% (P=0.841), and 48.82%±5.66% vs 49.21%±4.15% (P=0.756) in PSR and control groups, respectively. For the deep flow, WED, FD, and PD were 52.07%±5.78% vs 53.95%±4.62% (P=0.168), 29.62%±6.55% vs 29.50%±6.38% (P=0.940), and 56.93%±6.17% vs 58.15%±5.13% (P=0.407) in PSR and control groups, respectively. The choriocapillary flow density was 61.18±3.25% in PSR group vs 60.88%±2.56% in control group (P=0.692). Also, OCTA found no significant differences in RPCs flow density between PSR and control groups. The optic disc WED, inside disc flow density and peripapillary flow density were 48.47%±4.77% vs 48.11%±4.57% (P=0.813), 45.47%±11.44% vs 46.68%±9.02% (P=0.709), 54.32%±5.29% vs 52.47%±6.62% (P=0.349) in PSR and control groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: OCTA provides a non-invasive and quantitative approach for monitoring macular and papillary blood flow in pathologic myopia. PSR can not improve but may maintain the circulation of pathologic myopia eyes with posterior staphyloma.     

OCT在高度近视后巩膜葡萄肿视网膜劈裂中的应用

光学相干断层扫描（optical coherence tomography，OCT）是一种非损伤性、非接触性、对视网膜细微结构进行横截面扫描的新的影像学检查方法，能清晰显示视网膜不同层次的结构并能对视网膜的细微结构进行客观、定量的测量和分析。黄斑区是视觉最敏感的部位，发生在这一区域的病变，即使很微小，也会对视力造成严重的影响。利用OCT的高分辨性观察高度近视后巩膜葡萄肿视网膜劈裂的特征性表现，对监测高度近视黄斑区的病变有独到的价值，同时能指导临床诊断、预测手术方式。     

Longer Axial Length Potentiates Relationship of Intraocular Pressure and Peripapillary Vessel Density in Glaucoma Patients

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate how axial length (AL) changes the relationship of intraocular pressure (IOP) with peripapillary vessel density (pVD) in glaucoma versus non-glaucomatous eyes.MethodsA population-based, cross-sectional study of 2127 African Americans aged 40 years and older in Inglewood, California, were imaged with 6 × 6-mm optic disc optical coherence tomography angiography scans. There were 1028 healthy subjects (1539 eyes) and 65 subjects with glaucoma (86 eyes) who met inclusion criteria. A multivariable linear mixed effects regression model investigated the relationship of IOP on pVD after controlling for signal strength, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and age. These results were stratified by AL groups.ResultsHigher IOP was a significant predictor of lower pVD among subjects with glaucoma (P = 0.009), but not among healthy subjects (P = 0.26). After stratifying by the sample median AL (23.46 mm), higher IOP was associated with lower pVD among subjects with glaucoma with longer AL (≥ 23.46 mm, P = 0.005), but not among those in the shorter AL (< 23.46 mm, P = 0.45). IOP was not significantly associated with pVD among healthy subjects in either AL stratum.ConclusionsAmong subjects with glaucoma with longer AL, IOP was significantly associated with pVD. This relationship was not seen among subjects with glaucoma with shorter AL or non-glaucomatous subjects in either AL group. These findings support the hypothesis that disturbed retinal autoregulation may be present in subjects with glaucoma with longer AL. Longitudinal studies are needed to further investigate whether axial elongation increases glaucoma risk by compromising retinal autoregulation.     

En-Face Optical Coherence Tomography of Acute Syphilitic Posterior Placoid Chorioretinopathy

Purpose: To report a unique case series of acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy (ASPPC) correlating en-face optical coherence tomography (OCT) with standard imaging modalities.

Methods: In this retrospective case series, multimodal imaging was performed in three ASPPC patients at the time of disease presentation.

Results: Clinical and laboratory findings were consistent with the diagnosis of ASPPC. In all the study patients, multiple hyperreflective dot-like lesions distributed in the macular area and observed with en-face OCT at the level of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) corresponded to the nodular RPE elevations on cross-sectional OCT and to the hyperauto?uorescent spots on fundus autofluorescence. In addition, the cross-sectional OCT scans showed disorganization of the outer retinal bands and punctate choroidal hyperre?ectivity.

Conclusion: By combining en-face OCT with multimodal imaging analysis, we propose that a primary inflammation at the level of the choroid may be the pathogenic mechanism for the occurrence of outer retinal band abnormalities.     

应用扫频源光学相干断层扫描成像分析后皮质前玻璃体囊袋的形态

目的：应用扫频源光学相干断层扫描成像(SS-OCT)观察并分析后皮质前玻璃体囊袋(PPVP)的形态学特点。

方法：前瞻性研究。纳入2019-03/06于河南省立眼科医院行SS-OCT检查发现PPVP的受检者91例138眼。观察PPVP的SS-OCT形态学特点,比较不同性别、年龄、等效球镜受检者的PPVP的宽度和高度的差异。

结果：纳入91例138眼中112眼(81.2%)PPVP形态为船形,19眼(13.8%)为椭圆形,7眼(5.1%)为对勾形。99眼(71.7%)PPVP与Martegiani区连通。138眼的PPVP的平均宽度为6248.82±1117.87μm,平均高度为562.12±476.94μm。不同性别受检者的PPVP的平均宽度和高度比较无差异(P>0.05),PPVP的宽度与年龄呈正相关(r=0.32,P<0.01),低度近视组受检者PPVP的高度低于非近视组和中度近视组(P=0.01、0.03)。

结论：PPVP多为黄斑前船形液体腔隙,多与玻璃体管(Cloquet管)连通,其宽度与年龄相关,PPVP的存在可能影响PVD的形成与进展。     

后巩膜加固术对变性近视并发症的治疗效果

目的评价后巩膜加固术对变性近视并发症的治疗效果。方法变性近视28例（31眼）,施行改进的后巩膜加固术联合后极部巩膜垫压术,观察其对后巩膜葡萄肿所引起的并发症的治疗效果。检查术前术后的裸眼视力、矫正视力、屈光度、眼球前后径、中心视野及视敏感度并做光相干断层成像术（OCT）检查。结果术后3～24月视力较术前提高,屈光度减低,眼前后径缩短,中心视野及视敏度改善,OCT显示并发症治愈或减轻。结论后巩膜加固术加固了向后延伸的呈葡萄肿的巩膜,缓解了对后极部各层和相关的牵拉,治愈或减轻了变性近视并发症,从而提高了视功能。是安全有效的手术方法。     

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Different Methods of Posterior Subtenon Injection

Purpose: To compare the safety and efficacy of different methods of posterior subtenon (PST) injection of corticosteroids in the treatment of cystoid macular edema secondary to intermediate uveitis. Design: Prospective comparative randomized interventional study. Participants: A total number of 30 eyes with cystoid macular edema secondary to intermediate uveitis were examined. Methods: Patients were randomized into 3 treatment groups of 10 eyes each. Each group received PST injection of triamcinolone acetonide 0.5 mL (20 mg) by one of three methods: cannula method (group 1), Smith and Nozik method (group 2), or orbital floor injection method (group 3). Patients underwent Snellen's and ETDRS visual acuity (VA) testing, clinical evaluation, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) at baseline and follow-up visits. Outcome measures: Changes in Snellen and ETDRS VA, OCT retinal thickness and assessments of safety were recorded in follow-up visits. Results: Postintervention patients were followed up at the 1st, 2nd, 6th, and 12th weeks. Statistically significant (p = .00) improvement in VA was present in group1 from 0.25 ± 0.08 (mean ± standard deviation) to 0.75 ± 0.24, in group 2 from 0.29 ± 0.12 to 0.78 ± 0.23, and in group 3 from 0.24 ± 0.10 to 0.72 ± 0.27. Statistically significant decrease in OCT central macular thickness (43.97% in group 1, 32.46% in group 2, and 29.75% in group 3) was noted at 12 weeks. However, the difference between individual groups at each visit did not reach statistical significance. Steroid-induced rise in intraocular pressure was observed in all the three groups with no statistical difference between individual groups. Conclusions: The different methods of PST injection are equally efficacious in terms of improving visual acuity. However, the cannula method achieves the greatest quantitative reduction in macular thickness. As the cannula method is as efficacious as Smith and Nozik method it may be a preferable method to deliver posterior subtenon injection of corticosteroids.     

A new strategy to interpret OCT posterior pole asymmetry analysis for glaucoma diagnosis

AIM: To detect early glaucoma by optical coherence tomography (OCT) posterior pole asymmetry analysis. METHODS: Totally 39 eyes from 39 healthy subjects, 40 eyes from 40 mild glaucoma patients, 33 eyes from 33 moderate glaucoma patients and 41 eyes from severe glaucoma patients were included in this study. All subjects underwent posterior pole asymmetry analysis (PPAA) of OCT and the posterior pole area was divided into three zones. Means, standard deviations and 95% confidence intervals of each zone asymmetry in control group were assessed. Retina thickness asymmetry (RTA) of different stage of glaucoma were compared for each zone, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were made to test the efficacy of strategies using different zones to discriminate glaucomatous eyes from the healthy ones. RESULTS: In a healthy population, RTA of the centre zone showed the minimal mean value (3.085 μm), standard deviation (1.756), and the narrowest 95% confidence interval (from 2.360 to 3.810 μm). It was only in the center zone that RTA exhibited significant difference between control and moderate glaucoma group (P<0.01), as well as control and severe glaucoma group (P<0.00001). The strategy utilized in the center zone had the strongest diagnostic capability (zone 3 AUROC=0.816, P=0.0016) in comparison to that of the periphery area (zone 1 AUROC=0.675, P=0.0016; zone 2 AUROC=0.623, P=0.0197), the whole posterior pole involved interpreting strategy showed inferior diagnostic power than the centre zone dependent strategy (z=2.851, P=0.0044). CONCLUSION: Utilizing the posterior pole centre zone to interpret OCT PPAA results are more effective than making use of the whole posterior pole map.     

【In Press】A new strategy to interpret OCT posterior pole asymmetry analysis for glaucoma diagnosis

AIM: To detect early glaucoma by optical coherence tomography (OCT) posterior pole asymmetry analysis. METHODS: Based on the previous literature reports, the OCT map was divided into three zones. Each zone included reciprocal regions from each hemifield. Retina thickness asymmetry (RTA) between corresponding pairs of locations was calculated. The RTA of different zones in the normal population were characterized, RTA performance at different stages of glaucoma was evaluated, the area under the ROC curve (AROC) of the defined zones was determined and finally the diagnostic capability of strategies included or excluded the periphery area were compared. RESULTS: RTA of the centre zone, shows the minimal mean value, standard deviation (s), and the narrowest 95% confidence interval (CI) in a healthy population. It is only in the center zone that RTA increases as significant as glaucomatous damage develops, however no difference was found between controls and the mild glaucomatous group. The strategy utilized in the center zone has a stronger diagnostic capability in comparison to that of the periphery area. The whole posterior pole map was analyzed while produced a lower diagnostic efficacy. CONCLUSION: New strategies exclude the periphery area which are necessary for the interpretation of PPAA printouts. We also suggest cautious attitudes towards normal PPAA reports.