Large bilateral lateral rectus recession in large angle divergence excess exotropia

PURPOSE: Classic teaching suggests that surgery for intermittent exotropia should be based on distance/near differences. True divergence excess exotropia should be treated with symmetric lateral rectus recession. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of large bilateral lateral rectus (LR) recession in large-angle intermittent exotropia. METHODS: Thirty-three consecutive patients with large-angle divergence excess exotropia ranging from 50 to 65 (mean 56.7 +/- 6.3) prism diopters were treated with 8.0 to 9.5 mm (mean 8.8 +/- 0.7 mm) recession of both LR muscles. RESULTS: Successful alignment was achieved in 25 cases (76%) while residual exotropia was seen in eight patients (24%) within the limit of 15 prism diopters. Mean follow-up time was 28.5 +/- 8.4 (range 13 to 38) months. Abduction deficit due to this procedure was not seen in any case. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that large bilateral LR recession is an appropriate surgical method for large-angle divergence excess exotropia.     

The effect of unilateral medial rectus muscle resection in patients with recurrent exotropia

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of unilateral medial rectus muscle resection for recurrent exotropia after bilateral lateral rectus muscle recession for intermittent exotropia METHODS: A retrospective analysis was made of thirtypatients who underwent unilateral medial rectus resection for recurrent exotropia. All had prior bilateral lateral rectus recession for intermittent exotropia. Data were collected for age, the preoperative deviation, the postoperative deviation at 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and the last visit, and the amount of medial rectus resection performed. RESULTS: The average preoperative deviation was 27.0+/-3.6 PD. After unilateral medial rectus resection, average deviation at distance was 2.8 PD at postoperative 2 weeks, 4.5 PD at 3 months, 5.1 PD at 6 months and 5.8 PD at last visit. The average deviation corrected per millimeter of medial rectus resection was 3.53+/-0.17 PD/mm. CONCLUSIONS: Considering that deviation angles of recurrent exotropia is smaller than those of primary surgery and the possibility of saving the other medial rectus muscle, unilateral rectus muscle resection could be effective surgical method for recurrent exotropia.     

Intermittent exotropia: bilateral lateral rectus recession treatment and long term results

PurposeTo describe the long-term surgical outcomes of bilateral lateral rectus recession in patients with intermittent exotropia.MethodsRetrospective review of 18 patients diagnosed with intermittent exotropia between 1995 and 2005 who underwent surgical treatment in the Ramon y Cajal Hospital.ResultsOf the 18 patients with intermittent exotropia, 50% were basic subtype. All of them underwent bilateral lateral rectus recession, associated with a previous failed botulinum toxin injection in 8 of them. Satisfactory results (less than 10 PD orthophoria) were obtained in 68.2% of the patients after a 4.5-year follow-up period.ConclusionsBilateral lateral rectus recession is an effective and stable surgical procedure in the long-term motor control of intermittent exotropia, especially in basic subtype. Previous injection of botulinum toxin did not affect the results.     

Botulinum toxin augmented bilateral lateral rectus recession versus three muscles surgery in large-angle intermittent exotropia

AIM: To report the surgical outcomes of correcting large angle intermittent exotropia in adult patients by bilateral lateral rectus muscle recession with intraoperative use of botulinum toxin and to compare the results with those of bilateral lateral rectus muscle recession and unilateral medial rectus resection. METHODS: The medical records of patients who underwent surgical correction of large angle intermittent exotropia [exotropia >50 prism dioptre (PD)] were retrospectively reviewed. Two groups of patients were identified; Group I (21 patients) had bilateral lateral recti recession augmented with intraoperative botulinum toxin A (BTA) injection into the recessed muscles and group II (30 patients) were treated by bilateral lateral recti recession with unilateral medial rectus muscle resection. Preoperative data were extracted for age, gender, refraction, type of exotropia, angle of stereopsis and angle of deviation. The main outcome measures were the postoperative angle of deviation and stereoacuity angle by Titmus test measured at the end of one year of postoperative follow up. RESULTS: By the end of the first postoperative year, 10 patients in group I (47.6%) and 20 patients in group II (66.7%) achieved esotropia/esophoria <5 PD or exotropia/exophoria <10 PD. The difference in surgical success rate was not statistically significant (P=0.1) but there was a statistically significant higher rate of undercorrection in group I (P=0.03). On the other hand, 3 patients in group I (14.3%) and 5 patients in group II (16.7%) had improved stereopsis; this difference in the sensory outcome was not statistically significant (P=0.8). In the BTA augmented surgery group, good stereoacuity and smaller preoperative angle of deviation were associated with significantly higher surgical success rate (P=0.004, 0.01 respectively). CONCLUSION: BTA augmented bilateral lateral recti recession is associated with higher rate of undercorrection as compared to bilateral lateral recti recession with unilateral medial rectus resection in the correction of large angle intermittent exotropia. The surgical success rate in BTA augmented surgery group is observed to be higher in patients with preoperative smaller angle of deviation and in patients with good stereoacuity.     

Relation between early postoperative deviation and long-term outcome after unilateral lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection for adult exotropia

AIM: To evaluate the relationship between early postoperative deviation and long-term outcome after unilateral recession and resection surgery for adult exotropia, and to evaluate exotropic shift after surgery. METHODS: This was a retroprospective study involving adult patients with exotropia who underwent unilateral recession and resection surgery and were followed up for at least 2y. The results were evaluated at 2y and the final visit. Factors influencing a successful outcome were analyzed. Early postoperative deviation at 1wk was used to evaluate relationship with long-term outcome. The long-term outcome was classified into 3 groups: successful, acceptable, and poor. Successful outcome was defined as a distance deviation between esodeviation 8 prism diopters (PD) and exodeviation 10 PD. RESULTS: Forty-two patients were enrolled. The mean age at surgery was 26y (range, 15-49y). The median follow-up period was 30mo (range, 24-108mo). Successful outcome was found in 81% of patients at 2y and in 71% at the final visit. Overcorrection at 1wk postoperatively was associated with a successful outcome at 2y. Initial postoperative alignment between orthotropia and esodeviation of 8 PD had the highest chance of a successful outcome (RR=2.2). The mean postoperative exotropic drift was 4.7 PD at the first month and 9.3 PD at 2y. CONCLUSION: Initial postoperative deviation can predict long-term outcome after unilateral recession and resection surgery for adult exotropia. The most desirable outcome at 1wk post-operatively was orthotropia to small esodeviation. Most patients have exotropic drift at a subsequent follow-up, especially in the first month after surgery.     

The Comparison of outcomes between lateral rectus muscles re-recession and medial rectus muscles resection in recurrent exotropia

PURPOSE: To compare the surgical outcomes between bilateral lateral rectus muscles (BLR) re-recession and bilateral medial rectus muscles (BMR) resection in recurrent exotropia. METHODS: The medical records of patients with recurrent exotropia who underwent surgery for intermittent exotropia during the 6 years from January 2001 to December 2006 and followed up for more than 6 months were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: In group A, BLR recessions was performed at the first surgery and BLR re-recession was performed at the second surgery. In group B, BLR recession was performed at the first surgery and BMR resection at the second surgery. Success rates at the last follow-up after the second operation were 81.9% in Group A and 83.3% in Group B, showing no statistical difference between the two groups. In group A, no significant underaction of the BLR was noted. Success rates were not statistically different between the 2 mm re-recessed subgroup and 3 mm re-recessed subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the notion that BLR re-recession successfully corrects recurrent exotropia without producing significant limitation of abduction.     

Unilateral recession-resection in children with exotropia of the convergence insufficiency type

PURPOSE: The surgical success rates for intermittent exotropia of the convergence insufficiency type have been reported to be variable, and most were studied retrospectively in adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the long-term surgical results of unilateral lateral rectus (LR) muscle recession and medial rectus (MR) muscle resection in children with intermittent exotropia of the convergence insufficiency type. METHODS: A total of 14 children with intermittent exotropia greater at near than at distance by 10 prism diopters (PD) or more were included in this prospective study. The amounts of resection and recession were based on near and distance deviation, respectively. Minimum follow-up was 1 year (mean 26.6 months; range, 12-68 months) after surgery. The paired t-test was used to compare preoperative and postoperative measurements of the angle of deviation at distance and near, near-distance difference. RESULTS: Significant postoperative reduction was achieved in terms of mean distance exodeviation, from 22.5 PD to 9.1 PD (P=0.000), and mean near exodeviation from 33.8 PD to 13.6 PD (P=0.000). Mean near-distance difference reduced from 11.3 PD preoperatively to 4.6 PD postoperatively (P=0.000). Fresnel prism was used temporarily to treat postoperative esotropia in only one patient for postoperative 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral surgery biased to MR strengthening more than LR weakening in children with intermittent exotropia of the convergence insufficiency type, was found to successfully reduce both distance and near deviation and to collapse near-distance differences with a low risk of long-term postoperative esotropia.     

外直肌超常量后徙在某些大角度外斜视矫正术中的应用

目的:观察外直肌超常量后徙在某些类型大角度外斜视矫正术中的应用和效果。方法:回顾性分析了我院2006-01/2008-07在外斜视矫正术中行外直肌超常量后徙的临床病例48例,其中分开过强型外斜视29例,知觉性外斜视16例,麻痹性外斜视3例。所有病例外斜视度数均>40△。手术原则是尽量在2条肌肉上完成斜视度的矫正。分开过强型外斜视先行双外直肌超常量后徙(8.0~9.5mm),残余度数再行一眼内直肌缩短术。知觉性外斜视手术首选视力较差的斜视眼行外直肌超常量后徙(8.0~12mm)加内直肌缩短(6~8mm),若矫正不足再行对侧眼外直肌后徙术。动眼神经不全麻痹者行麻痹眼外直肌超常量后徙(12~13mm)加内直肌大量截除(10mm)。结果:末次随访时所有患者外观良好,29例分开过强型外斜视中,23例正位,6例欠矫;16例知觉性外斜视中13例正位,2例欠矫,1例过矫;3例麻痹性外斜视中,1例正位,2例欠矫。所有欠矫或过矫均在±8~±15△,均不需要二次手术。所有病例中3例分开过强型外斜视和2例知觉性外斜视出现轻度外转不足,外转时角膜缘距外眦角约2~3mm;3例麻痹性外斜视外转不足均在3~4mm。结论:外直肌超常量后徙术对大度数的分开过强型外斜视,知觉性外斜视及麻痹性外斜视效果满意,避免了损伤过多的眼外肌,增加了外斜视矫正术的一次成功率。     

Long-Term Results of Bilateral Medial Rectus Muscle Recession in Children with Developmental Delay

Purpose: To assess the long-term results of a reduced amount of medial rectus recession in children with esotropia and developmental delay.

Methods: A retrospective chart analysis of 42 children with developmental delay who had undergone surgery for esotropia during a 20-year period in a large referral center was performed. The pre- and postoperative angle of deviation was calculated for each subject as the mean of distant and near angles measured by a cover test or the Krimsky measurement. Surgical success was categorized as esotropia or exotropia of ≤10 prism diopters (PD). The main outcome measure was a stable surgical result after several years of follow-up.

Results: The chart review identified 42 children who met inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 2.9 years (range, 0.8-10 years). The mean angle of esotropia prior to surgery was 44.29 ± 13.9 PD (range 20-80 PD). All patients had bilateral medial rectus muscle recessions, with a mean surgical dosage of 5.04 ± 0.62 mm per muscle, on average 0.66 mm less than the standard amount. The average postoperative follow-up was 4.6 years (median 3.67 years, range 8 months-15 years). Twenty-four children (57%) achieved surgical success, 13 (31%) were undercorrected, and 5 (12%) were overcorrected. Ten of the 18 with an unsuccessful surgical outcome underwent a second procedure. The overall surgical success rate for all patients after all procedures was 71%.

Conclusions: The main reason for surgical failure after bilateral medial rectus muscle recession (BMR) in developmentally delayed children remains residual esotropia. However, with time, more patients demonstrated consecutive exotropia. Although it is difficult to achieve a stable long-term ocular alignment in children with developmental delay, satisfactory results may be achieved with additional surgical procedures. The optimal amount of primary recession and whether to perform the surgical schedules according to the Parks tables or to reduce the amount of the recession when operating on children with developmental delay is still debatable.     

The clinical course of recurrent intermittent exotropia following one or two surgeries over 24 months postoperatively

Purpose

The aim of this study is to investigate the difference of the clinical course in recurrent intermittent exotropia after second surgery compared with both recurrent intermittent exotropia after its first of two surgeries and intermittent exotropia after only a single surgery.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with intermittent exotropia who underwent lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection (R&R) between January 1992 and January 2011 at Yeungnam University Hospital. Repeated measure ANOVA (rmANOVA) was used to compare the clinical course of recurrent intermittent exotropia before and after a second surgery with that of intermittent exotropia with a single surgery.

Results

A total of 352 intermittent exotropia patients who underwent one R&R procedure and 77 recurrent intermittent exotropia patients who underwent a second R&R in the contralateral eye were included in this study. Although exodrift of recurrent intermittent exotropia was observed at 24 months of follow-up even after a second surgery, it was significantly lower than both intermittent exotropia with a single surgery and after its first of two surgeries (P<0.001, rmANOVA).

Conclusion

The clinical course of recurrent intermittent exotropia after a second surgery was improved compared with both recurrent intermittent exotropia after its first of two surgeries and intermittent exotropia after a single surgery.     

单眼外直肌后徙术治疗儿童间歇性外斜视的疗效

目的探讨单眼外直肌后徙术对中、小度数儿童间歇性外斜视的疗效。方法回顾性系列病例研究。2009年4月至2010年3月期间行单眼外直肌后徙术治疗、斜视度为15^△-35^△的间歇性外斜视儿童69例。采用三棱镜加交替遮盖法测定患儿注视6m和33cm的斜视度,根据看远斜视度定量行7-10mm单眼外直肌后徙术。随访时间≥6个月。手术前后采用Worth四点灯检查中心和周边融合,采用Titmus立体视图测定立体视锐度。疗效评价标准以眼位-8^△-0^△为正位;第一眼位与侧向注视的斜视度相差≥10^△为非共同性阳性。采用X^2检验对数据进行分析。结果术后1-3d和≥6个月随访正位率分别为81％和62％,欠矫率分别为12％和36％。斜视度为30^△、35^△（外直肌后徙9．5-10mm）者欠矫率较高。术前与术后远期随访比较,具有正常中心融合和周边融合者比例的差异有统计学意义（X^2=21．9,P〈0．01;X^2=14．0,P〈0．01）,术后明显高于术前;具有正常立体视功能者比例的差异有统计学意义（X^2=15．0,P〈0．01）,术后明显高于术前。术后远期随访未见眼位非共同性阳性者。结论单眼外直肌后徙术治疗斜视度为15^△-25^△的儿童间歇性外斜视安全、有效。     

Distance stereoacuity in intermittent exotropia

BACKGROUND: Studies of distance stereoacuity in intermittent exotropia suggest that normal stereoacuity corresponds to good control of the deviation and that reduced or negative stereoacuity signifies poorer control. AIM: : To evaluate distance stereoacuity in intermittent exotropia using the Frisby Davis Distance stereo test (FD2). METHODS: Children with intermittent exotropia where the near angle was less than or equal to distance were eligible for recruitment. Standardised prospective data collection included FD2 distance stereoacuity. This was a longitudinal study in which outcomes are reported for baseline, last follow-up (> or =6 months before any surgery) or preoperative and last postoperative visits for those undergoing surgery. RESULTS: 110 children with intermittent exotropia had FD2 stereoacuity tested at baseline: 70 comprehended the test. Mean (standard deviation (SD)) age was 4.6 (1.7) years (range 2-10 years). 41/70 (59%) showed positive responses: mean (SD) stereoacuity 30 (12) s of arc. The mean follow-up period before any surgery was 13 months (range 6-27 months). At follow-up, mean (SD) stereoacuity was 24 (11) s of arc. Preoperative and postoperative stereoacuity were not significantly different from those not undergoing surgery. CONCLUSION: This study was the first to report distance stereoacuity in intermittent exotropia using the FD2 stereo test: patients with intermittent exotropia can achieve normal levels of distance stereoacuity, but a considerable proportion, despite comprehending, showed a negative response. This suggests that using the FD2, distance stereoacuity in intermittent exotropia is either absent or normal rather than reduced. Possible reasons for this and its implications are discussed.     

Insuficiencia de convergencia con diplopía: tratamiento quirúrgico en adultos

ObjectiveTo study the outcomes of treatment with central mini-plication of the medial rectus (MR) muscles in adult convergence insufficiency with diplopia.MethodsThe study sample comprised 9 cases (7 women). The length of MR plication was collected. Other variables reported were postsurgical deviation, overcorrections in the early postoperative period and at the end of follow-up, final horizontal deviation at near and at distance vision, diplopia, and mean follow-up from surgery. Surgical outcome was considered to be favorable when diplopia and symptoms were resolved and final exotropia at near was ≤8 pd at the end of follow-up.ResultsA central mini-plication of the MR was performed in 9 patients (8 unilateral). Mean (± SD) age was 58.66 (21.39) years. Mean near preoperative deviation: 16.22 (± 2.9) pd and distance preoperative deviation: 6.88 (± 4) pd Overcorrection at distance vision was recorded in 5 cases; this resolved by 3 months postoperatively. There was not overcorrection at near vision except one case. None of the cases operated on had overcorrection at the end of follow-up The final horizontal deviation was ≤8 pd at near vision, except for 3 cases (mean: 6.22). Symptoms and diplopia resolved in 8 cases. The mean follow-up was 10.33 months.ConclusionCentral mini-plication of 1 or 2 medial rectus muscles can improve the symptoms and signs of exotropia associated with convergence insufficiency when exercises and the prisms are rejected by the patients and when these approaches have not solved the problem.     

双眼外直肌后徙与单眼一退一截两种术式治疗基本型间歇性外斜视疗效比较的Meta分析

目的：评价双眼外直肌后徙与单眼一退一截手术对基本型间歇性外斜视手术疗效。

方法：电子检索1970-01/2018-01的PubMed数据库、EMBASE、Cochrane library、Web of Science、Clinical Trial，中国生物医学文献数据库、万方医学网。纳入比较双眼外直肌后徙与单眼一退一截手术对基本型间歇性外斜视手术疗效的随机对照研究。由两名评价员独立收集数据并对所得数据及试验质量进行评价，采用STATA14版进行统计分析。

结果：共有5项试验、529例患者符合纳入标准。Meta分析结果提示：与单眼一退一截手术相比，双眼外直肌后徙术术后远期正位率(RR：0.85； 95% CI：0.72～0.99，P=0.043)、术后欠矫(RR：3.975； 95% CI：2.097～7.537， P<0.01)方面差异有统计学意义，远期术后正位率Meta分析的P值随着纳入文献增多逐渐接近0.05。而在术后过矫(RR：0.336； 95% CI：0.049～2.294， P=0.266)差异无统计学意义。

结论：双眼外直肌后徙术相比于单眼一退一截手术对基本型间歇性外斜视手术成功率略低，术后欠矫较明显。     

Surgical strategy for third nerve palsy with aberrant regeneration: Harnessing the aberrant power

Purpose:Our study aimed to evaluate the outcome of contralateral eye (CE) fixation duress squint surgery (FDSS) in third nerve palsy (3^rd NP) with aberrant regeneration and compare the postoperative ptosis correction with preoperative ptosis improvement on adduction.Methods:Patients of 3^rd NP with aberrant regeneration who underwent CE FDSS between December 2012-July 2015 in a tertiary-care eye hospital with a follow-up period of 1-year were retrospectively studied to analyze preoperative and postoperative details. Surgical success was defined as the correction of ptosis within 1 mm of preoperative ptosis improvement during maximal adduction of the affected eye, postoperative alignment ≤10Δ, and resolution of subjective diplopia in primary position.Results:A total of 14 eyes in 14 patients (mean age 23.6 ± 13.6 years) were included. Mean preoperative exotropia and ptosis in primary position in 14 patients was 53.4 ± 20pd and 4.89 ± 2.9 mm, respectively, and mean hypotropia in 6 patients was 23.67 ± 5.89pd. The mean improvement of ptosis on adduction and supraduction in all patients was 4.07 ± 2.64 mm and 2.89 ± 2.22 mm, respectively (P = 0.213). All patients underwent large recession of CE lateral rectus (mean 12.4 ± 2.7 mm), 9 patients underwent CE medial rectus resection/plication (mean 6.0 ± 0.9 mm) and 6 patients underwent CE superior rectus recession (mean 6.6 ± 0.67 mm). Postoperatively, mean ptosis and exotropia correction was 3.7 ± 2.4 mm (P = 0.000) and 15 ± 9.6pd (P = 0.000), respectively, and mean hypotropia was 2.17 ± 4.02pd (P = 0.000). Surgical success was achieved in 6 patients. Postoperative ptosis correction showed strong positive correlation with preoperative improvement of ptosis on adduction (r = 0.87; P = 0.00).Conclusion:Preoperative lid excursion on adduction in 3^rd NP can be regarded as a prognostic sign of the success of CE FDSS which can simultaneously correct both ptosis and squint.     

Factors predisposing to consecutive esotropia after surgery to correct intermittent exotropia

Background

To investigate the incidence of and factors predisposing to consecutive esotropia after intermittent exotropia surgery, and to prevent the onset of consecutive esotropia.

Methods

We retrospectively surveyed 226 patients who had been followed up for more than 1?year after surgery for intermittent exotropia conducted between February 2005 and September 2010. Consecutive esotropia was defined as an esotropia of at least 10 prism diopters (PD) at distance or near at least once in 2?weeks after surgery. Presumed risk factors for consecutive esotropia were analyzed. Gender, age at surgery, average binocular spherical equivalent, anisometropia, high myopia, amblyopia, preoperative angle of deviation, vertical deviation, A-V pattern strabismus, exotropia type, type of surgery, stereopsis, and suppression were investigated to evaluate factors influencing the onset of consecutive esotropia.

Results

Consecutive esotropia occurred in 22 patients (9.7?%). Significant correlations with occurrence of the condition were found with high myopia (P?=?0.013), amblyopia (P?=?0.047), preoperative angle of deviation of 25–40 PD at distance (P?=?0.016), deviation at distance – deviation at near > 10 PD (P?=?0.041), lateral incomitance (P?=?0.007), tenacious proximal convergence fusion type (P?=?0.001), unilateral lateral rectus muscle recession and medial rectus muscle resection (P?=?0.001).

Conclusions

High myopia, amblyopia, and lateral incomitance were predisposing factors for consecutive esotropia. Furthermore, the preoperative angle of deviation at distance, differences between the angle of deviation at near and at distance, the type of intermittent exotropia, and the type of surgery affected the incidence of consecutive esotropia. More attention must be paid to patients with such factors.     

间歇性外斜视儿童矫正术后远期疗效

目的：探讨间歇性外斜视儿童斜视矫正术后的远期临床效果及其术后动态变化。方法：回顾性系列病例研究。收集2013年2月至2014年8月于温州医科大学附属眼视光医院斜弱视专科接受手术治疗且随诊时间超过12个月的间歇性外斜视儿童,分析患儿术前、术后1周、术后1个月和末次随访时的远、近斜视角及双眼视功能参数。采用独立样本t检验比较术前和术后各时期的远、近斜视角。采用卡方检验比较手术前后远、近知觉性融合及立体视功能。结果：共纳入患儿139例,手术年龄为7.4±2.6（4～14）岁。随访时间为21.0±10.5（12～51）个月。术前视远和视近的斜视度分别为-33.9 △ ±10.9 △ （-20 △ ～-75 △ ）和-38.2 △ ±10.2 △ （-20 △ ～-85 △ ）。末次随访时视远和视近的斜视度分别为-6.4 △ ±8.0 △ （+16 △ ～-35 △ ）和-7.7 △ ±9.6 △ （+20 △ ～-40 △ ）,103例（74.1%）保持成功,35例（25.2%）欠矫复发,1例（0.7%）保持过矫。末次随访时双眼视功能显著改善,远、近知觉性融合功能较术前均有显著改善（ χ 2 =26.88、26.24,均P < 0.001）,远、近立体视较术前均显著改善（ χ 2 =64.38,P < 0.001; χ 2 =14.63,P=0.002）。末次随访时复发的35例患儿其远知觉性融合功能较术前显著改善（ χ 2 =14.58,P=0.002）,远、近立体视水平均有所改善,但差异无统计学意义。结论：约3/4的间歇性外斜视儿童术后远期能维持正位,患者术后双眼视功能有显著改善。即便是术后复发患儿,其双眼视功能仍较术前有所改善。     

'Largest angle to target' in surgery for intermittent exotropia

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety of the approach based on the notion that the surgical dose for intermittent exotropia should be based on the largest angle ever measured. DESIGN: Prospective case series of 33 patients. METHODS: A total of 33 patients with intermittent exotropia, in whom angles of misalignment at distance or near showed a difference of 15 prism diopters (PD) or more among visits, were included. All the patients were treated by bilateral lateral rectus recession by the same surgeon (JMH), and all were followed up for a minimum of 6 months postoperatively. Short- and long-term surgical results after the initial procedure for intermittent exotropia were analysed. RESULTS: The short-term average result at a postoperative 1 week was 9.3 PD esotropia at distance (range 30 esotropia-16 exotropia). The long-term average results postoperative 6 or 9 months were 4.8 PD exotropia at distance (range 12 esotropia-30 exotropia). At the last follow-up, no overcorrection over 2 PD esophoria at distance was found, and 9 PD of intermittent esotropia and esophoria at near was observed in two patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The strategy of surgical dose for intermittent exotropia based on the largest angle ever measured did not result in overcorrections and is believed to be safe.     

The Stabilization of Postoperative Exo-drift in Intermittent Exotropia after Surgical Treatment

Purpose

To investigate the long-term clinical course of intermittent exotropia after surgical treatment to determine whether and when postoperative exo-drift stabilizes, and the required postsurgery follow-up duration in cases of intermittent exotropia.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with intermittent exotropia who underwent surgical treatment between January 1992 and January 2006 at Yeungnam University Hospital and postoperatively performed regular follow-up examinations for up to 7 years. We also analyzed the difference in exo-drift stabilization, according to surgical procedure.

Results

A total of 101 patients were enrolled in the study. Thirty-one patients underwent lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection (R&R) and 70 patients underwent bilateral lateral rectus recession (BLR). The postoperative angles of deviation increased significantly during the initial 36 months, but no subsequent significant changes were observed for up to 84 months. Follow-ups for 7 years revealed that more than 50% of the total amount of exo-drift was observed within the first postoperative year. In addition, the angles of deviation at 1 year correlated with those at 7 years postoperatively (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.517, p < 0.001). No significant exo-drift was observed after 36 months in patients who underwent BLR, whereas after 18 months in patients who underwent R&R.

Conclusions

The minimum postoperative follow-up required after surgical treatment to ensure stable results is 36 months. In particular, careful follow-up is necessary during the first postoperative year to detect rapid exo-drift. Patients who underwent BLR required a longer follow-up than those who underwent R&R to ensure stable postoperative alignment.     

单眼外直肌超常量后徙联合拮抗肌截短术治疗大角度知觉性外斜视的临床疗效分析

目的　观察单眼外直肌超常量后徙联合拮抗肌截短术治疗大角度知觉性外斜视的临床疗效。方法　回顾性分析２００９年１月至２０１４年７月在我院行斜视矫正术符合条件且资料齐全的知觉性外斜视患者１２例（１２眼）,男７例,女５例,手术年龄１７～４５岁,平均２９．３岁;术前平均偏斜度－８７．５Δ（－７５Δ ～－１１０Δ）。行主斜眼或视力差眼外直肌后退９～１０ｍｍ,剩余偏斜度行同眼内直肌截短５～８ｍｍ,三棱镜检查患者的斜视度,检测患者术前和术后眼位和单眼眼球运动情况,随访时间２～６０个月,平均随访时间１８．３个月。结果　１２例患者在术后末次随访时９例眼位正位,正位率为７５．０％;３例外斜视术前偏斜度为－９０Δ、－９０Δ、－１１０Δ,末次随访时残余外斜度为－２５Δ、－３５Δ、－３５Δ,术后眼位外观改善明显,无过矫现象。１２例患者术前内转均正常,外转均亢进,为＋１～＋３。术后末次随访内转均到位,９例外转不足－１,１例外转不足－２,２例患者的眼球运动在术后６周恢复正常。１２例患者单眼眼球运动末次随访与术后６周时情况一致,说明术后６周眼球运动已稳定。结论　单眼外直肌超常量后徙联合拮抗肌截短术可有效地矫正７５Δ及以上知觉性外斜视;但可引起部分患者外转轻度受限。