大疱性类天疱疮自身反应性IgG抗体亚型研究进展

大疱性类天疱疮（BP）是一种自身免疫性表皮下大疱性皮肤病,以c3和（或）IgG在基底膜带线状沉积为特征。研究提示,抗BP180IgG抗体通过激活补体,可能是诱发大疱形成的主要原因,而自身抗体结合的抗原表位多数包括BP180NC16A结构域。由于不同IgG抗体亚型含量以及激活补体的能力不同,其致病性也不同。免疫荧光和酶联免疫吸附试验提示,IgG1和IgG4为主要的自身反应抗体亚型。体外实验和动物模型均证实,IgG1为主要的致病抗体,其含量与BP的严重程度平行;IgG4具有较弱的活化炎症细胞的致病作用和封闭抗原表位的保护作用。最近的研究提示,抗BP180IgG抗体可以不依赖激活补体和炎症细胞这两种方式诱导表皮真皮分离。因而关于各IgG亚型的致病能力,特别是IgG4的作用现在仍然不清楚。     

天疱疮和类天疱疮患者唾液与血液中自身抗体的检测

本研究应用大疱性类天疱疮(BP)和寻常型天疱疮(PV)患者口腔中的唾液进行自身抗体检测,并与其在血清中的滴度相比较,以确定这些患者唾液与血清抗体的相关性及在疾病诊断中的意义^[1-3]。     

大疱性类天疱疮患者治疗前后血清抗BP180自身抗体检测

我们应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）的方法检测BP患者血清内抗BP180自身抗体，并对治疗前后的抗体滴度变化进行了比较。研究表明，大疱性类天疱疮抗原1（BPAG1，BP230）和BPAG2（BP180）是BP患者血清自身抗体所针对的主要靶抗原。BP230系胞浆蛋白表达在角质形成细胞的胞浆内，BP180暴露在细胞外的部分是自身抗体结合的主要位点，多数抗原表位位于非胶原编码区NC16a结构域内，因而针对BP180的自身抗体被认为是主要的致病性自身抗体，对BP180及其自身抗体的研究在探讨BP发病机制和治疗对策以及临床诊断和判断疾病严重程度等方面具有重要意义。     

自身免疫性大疱病IgA型基底膜带抗体的分析

大疱性类天疱疮(BP)、线状IgA大疱病(LABD)、获得性大疱性表皮松解症(EBA)和大疱性系统性红斑狼疮(BSLE)等疾病是一组自身免疫性表皮下大疱病.目前普遍认为,IgA型抗体线状沉积于基底膜带(BMZ)是LABD的特征.近来研究发现BP、EBA和BSLE等亦存在IgA型基底膜带抗体(BMZ-Ah)^[1],因此我们应用免疫印迹法对这组疾病的IgA型和IgG型BMZ-An进行分析.     

免疫球蛋白在自身免疫性大疱病的研究进展

免疫球蛋白作为人体内具有活性的免疫效应分子,在自身免疫性大疱病的发病、诊断及治疗中发挥着重要的作用。人免疫球蛋白可以分为IgG、IgA、IgM、IgD、IgE5大类,除IgD外其他都在自身免疫性大疱病的发病过程中存在并发挥不同的作用。IgG可通过激活补体、活化白细胞、释放蛋白水解酶等诱发水疱形成,其不同亚型也有所区别。IgA可引起粒细胞迁移从而导致水疱脓疱的发生。IgE与荨麻疹样红斑、嗜酸性粒细胞浸润相关。IgM多见于巴西落叶型天疱疮。这些都为自身免疫性大疱病的诊断和治疗提供了新的思路。     

BP180相关自身免疫性水疱病的研究进展

BP180相关自身免疫性水疱病包括大疱性类天疱疮、扁平苔藓样类天疱疮、线状IgA大疱性皮病、妊娠类天疱疮和瘢痕性类天疱疮。BP180胞外区含有多个自身抗体反应的位点,目前研究显示,BP180上相关自身免疫性水疱病靶位呈现出异质性,并且同一种疾病不同临床表现也与靶位异质性有关,然而异质性机制仍有待于进一步研究和探讨。     

外伤诱发自身免疫性大疱性皮肤病三例

目的 总结皮肤外伤诱发自身免疫性大疱性皮肤病的临床特点、组织病理学表现等,探讨其可能的发病机制.方法 分析3例由皮肤外伤所诱发的天疱疮或类天疱疮患者的临床表现、组织病理特点及治疗,结合国内外相关文献讨论与总结.结果 3例自身免疫性大疱性皮肤病患者,女1例,男2例,年龄分别为62、60、71岁,由外伤或手术诱发,与发病间隔时间分别为5周、5周和3d,分别确诊为大疱性类天疱疮(BP180抗体109 U/ml,BP230抗体阴性)、寻常型天疱疮(Dsg1抗体68.8 U/ml,Dsg3抗体219 U/ml)和落叶型天疱疮(Dsg1抗体143 U/ml,Dsg3抗体阴性).经糖皮质激素系统和(或)外用治疗后皮疹均明显好转.结论 外伤可能是自身免疫性大疱性皮肤病的1个诱发因素.对于外伤后伤口愈合不良或皮肤出现红斑、水疱、糜烂,用外伤或手术难以解释时,都应警惕自身免疫性大疱性皮肤病的可能,及时行组织病理或免疫病理检查.     

自身免疫性大疱性皮肤病患者血清中IgM抗体所识别的皮肤抗原的研究

目的:研究自身免疫性大疱性皮肤病患者血清中IgM抗体所识别的皮肤抗原成分.方法:该研究共纳入10例大疱性类天疱疮患者、15例天疱疮患者(包括7例红斑/落叶型和8例寻常型).首先通过直接免疫荧光法分析受试患者皮肤中所沉积的免疫球蛋白或补体,再通过免疫印迹方法分析患者血清中的IgM抗体所识别的皮肤抗原成分.结果:在10例大疱性类天疱疮患者的皮肤中,C3、IgG、IgM单独沉积的例数分别是4例、2例、1例,IgG和C3共同沉积的2例,IgG、C3和IgA三者共同沉积的1例;在15例天疱疮患者中,C3、IgG单独沉积的例数分别是4例和2例,IgG和C3共同沉积的6例,IgM和C3共同沉积的3例.免疫印迹研究发现9例(9/10)大疱性类天疱疮患者、11例(11/15)天疱疮患者血清中的IgM抗体可以识别皮肤中分子量约80 kD的蛋白质.结论:IgM在自身免疫性大疱性皮肤病患者的皮肤中沉积的几率很低,但大多数患者血清中的IgM抗体都能够识别分子量约80 kD的皮肤抗原.     

大疱性类天疱疮治疗的研究进展

系统应用糖皮质激素一直是治疗大疱性类天疱疮的主要方法，但大量长期使用糖皮质激素常产生较多不良反应。近年来出现了很多其他治疗方法，可部分替代糖皮质激素的作用，如免疫抑制剂、免疫调节剂、血浆置换疗法、静脉内注射免疫球蛋白等。最近，大规模随机多中心临床试验证实了外用强效糖皮质激素的有效性。     

大疱性类天疱疮患者血清抗BP180分子不同表位自身抗体定量分析及亲和力分析

目的 探讨大疱性类天疱疮（BP）患者血清抗BP180分子不同表位的自身抗体量。方法 制备BP180分子NC16A片段的不同抗原表位区NC16A-1、NC16A-2和NC16A-3,利用柱亲和层析的方法从10例BP患者血清中分别纯化抗不同表位区的自身抗体,定量,并用硫氰酸盐洗脱法测定抗NC16A-1、抗NC16A-2和抗NC16A-3自身抗体的相对亲和力。结果 经亲和层析纯化获得针对BP180-NC16A不同表位区的自身抗体,从20 mg总IgG中纯化抗NC16A-1、NC16A-2和NC16A-3自身抗体的产量分别为（49.0 ± 20.7） μg、（117.7 ± 22.4） μg和（39.5 ± 18.9） μg。抗NC16A-2自身抗体的量和亲和力水平均明显高于其他两个表位区的自身抗体。结论 BP致病性自身抗体所识别的主要抗原表位可能位于BP180分子的NC16A-2表位区（aa507-aa520）。     

自身免疫性表皮下大疱病诊疗共识（2022）

【摘要】 自身免疫性表皮下大疱病主要包括大疱性类天疱疮、黏膜类天疱疮、瘢痕性类天疱疮、妊娠类天疱疮、扁平苔藓类天疱疮、线状IgA大疱性皮病、获得性大疱性表皮松解症、抗p200/层黏连蛋白γ1类天疱疮及疱疹样皮炎,不同的疾病靶抗原和致病性自身抗体存在差异,临床表现有相似之处也有明显不同,诊断与鉴别诊断有赖临床、病理、免疫病理检查及血清抗体检测等。为规范此类疾病的临床诊疗,中华医学会皮肤性病学分会和中国医师协会皮肤科医师分会组织本领域专家,依据近年国内外临床研究数据和指南共识,制订本共识 。     

Immunofluorescence testing in the diagnosis of autoimmune blistering diseases: overview of 10-year experience

BACKGROUND

Immunofluorescence testing is an important tool for diagnosing blistering diseases.

OBJECTIVE

To characterize the immunofluorescence findings in patients diagnosed with autoimmune blistering skin diseases.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed immunofluorescence results encompassing a 10-year period.

RESULTS

421 patients were included and divided into 2 groups: group 1- intraepidermal blistering diseases (n=277) and 2- subepidermal blistering diseases (n=144). For group 1, positive DIF findings demonstrated: predominance of IgG intercellular staining (ICS) and C3 for pemphigus foliaceus-PF (94% and 73% respectively), pemphigus vulgaris-PV (91.5%-79.5%) and paraneoplastic pemphigus-PNP (66%-33%); ICS IgA in 100% of IgA pemphigus cases, and IgG deposits in the basement membrane zone (BMZ) along with ICS in one Hailey-Hailey patient. The IIF findings revealed mean titers of 1:2.560 for PV and 1:1.280 for PF. For paraneoplastic pemphigus, IIF was positive in 2 out of 3 cases with rat bladder substrate. In group 2, positive DIF findings included multiple deposits at basement membrane zone for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita-EBA (C3-89%,IgG-79%,IgA-47%,IgM-21%) mucous membrane pemphigoid-MMP (C3,IgG,IgA,IgM-80%) and bullous pemphigoid-BP (C3-91%,IgG-39%,IgA-11%,IgM-6%), and IgA at basement membrane zone for IgA linear disease (99%) and dermatitis herpetiformis-DH (dermal papillae in 84.6%). For lichen planus pemphigoides, there was C3 (100%) and IgG (50%) deposition at basement membrane zone. indirect immunofluorescence positive findings revealed basement membrane zone IgG deposits in 46% of BP patients, 50% for EBA, 15% for IgA linear dermatosis and 50% for LPP. Indirect immunofluorescence positive results were higher for BP and EBA with Salt-Split skin substrate.

CONCLUSION

Our results confirmed the importance of immunofluorescence assays in diagnosing autoimmune blistering diseases, and higher sensitivity for indirect immunofluorescence when Salt-split skin technique is performed.     

硫唑嘌呤治疗免疫相关性皮肤病专家建议

【摘要】 硫唑嘌呤系巯嘌呤的咪唑衍生物,广泛用于自身免疫性疾病的治疗。为了规范硫唑嘌呤在皮肤科的正确应用,中国医师协会皮肤科医师分会自身免疫病专业委员会相关专家在检索和研究国内外硫唑嘌呤治疗免疫相关性疾病相关文献（主要是随机对照临床试验、专家共识或专家建议）的基础上,经反复讨论,提出硫唑嘌呤在免疫性大疱性皮肤病、皮肤血管炎、系统性红斑狼疮、皮肌炎、硬皮病等免疫性皮肤病治疗中的建议,分析硫唑嘌呤与其他药物的相互作用以及使用中的注意事项。     

The autologous serum skin test: a screening test for autoantibodies in chronic idiopathic urticaria

One-third of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) have circulating functional autoantibodies against the high affinity IgE receptor FcepsilonRI, or IgE. The intradermal injection of autologous serum causes a weal and flare reaction in many patients with CIU, and this reaction forms the basis of the autologous serum skin test (ASST). We have determined the parameters of the ASST which define the optimal sensitivity and specificity for the identification of patients with autoantibodies. Two physicians (R.A. S. and C.E.H.G.) performed ASSTs in a total of 155 patients with CIU, 40 healthy control subjects, 15 patients with dermographism, nine with cholinergic urticaria and 10 with atopic eczema. Patients were classified as having functional autoantibodies by demonstrating in vitro serum-evoked histamine release from the basophils of two healthy donors. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) in the mean weal diameter, weal volume, weal redness and flare area of the intradermal serum-induced cutaneous responses at 30 min between patients with CIU with autoantibodies and either those without autoantibodies or control subjects. The optimum combined sensitivity and specificity of the ASST was obtained if a positive test was defined as a red serum-induced weal with a diameter of >/= 1.5 mm than the saline-induced response at 30 min. For R.A.S. and C.E.H.G., the ASST sensitivity was 65% and 71% and specificity was 81% and 78%, respectively. Using these criteria, the following subjects had positive ASSTs: none of 15 dermographics, none of 10 atopics, one of nine cholinergics and one of 40 controls.     

Management of autoimmune blistering diseases in pregnancy

Autoimmune blistering disease (AIBD) in pregnancy raises several complex management issues associated with underlying pathogenesis and treatment options. This article considers the effects of the disease as well as its treatment for both mother and fetus. All AIBDs can occur in pregnancy but are relatively rare. Pemphigoid gestationis is a rare AIBD that is specific to pregnancy. The article considers each AIBD in turn and then looks at treatment options for the group as a whole, as there are many issues common to all.     

【开放获取】环孢素治疗免疫相关性皮肤病专家建议

【摘要】 环孢素属于钙调磷酸酶抑制剂,是一种强效无细胞毒性的免疫抑制剂。主要作用于T细胞,通过抑制T细胞的增殖和细胞因子转录,发挥免疫抑制作用。皮肤科常用于银屑病、特应性皮炎等病的治疗,也有用于系统性红斑狼疮、皮肌炎、血管炎等病治疗的报道。国内有关专家在检索和研究国内外环孢素治疗免疫相关性皮肤病文献（主要是随机对照临床试验、专家共识或专家建议） 的基础上经反复讨论,提出的环孢素治疗常见免疫相关性皮肤病的专家建议。     

The use of intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune bullous diseases

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of autoimmune blistering diseases and may be an option if disease is refractory to conventional treatment. IVIG effectiveness appears to increase when administered concurrently with a cytotoxic drug and used in multiple treatment cycles (though a single cycle may give benefit). Tapering administration may improve the duration of remission and subcutaneous injections may be an option. This article provides an introduction to the make-up and use of IVIG, and reviews previous studies.     

Corticosteroid use in autoimmune blistering diseases

Corticosteroids, while providing rapid remission and ongoing control of symptoms of autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBD), have numerous potentially serious acute and long-term side effects. Evidence-based medicine has reevaluated the various types of corticosteroids and forms of corticosteroid delivery in AIBD to ascertain whether any advantages of specific delivery systems or regimens exist. Careful monitoring of patients and simple preventive measures are effective in minimizing the adverse outcomes associated with their use. This article outlines the current level of evidence for corticosteroid use in AIBDs, and discusses appropriate investigations and interventions to minimize or prevent the associated adverse effects.     

滤泡性辅助T淋巴细胞在系统性红斑狼疮发病机制中的作用

滤泡性辅助T淋巴细胞是近年发现的一种CD4+T细胞亚群,具有独立的细胞表型CD4+CD57+CXCR5+,表达细胞因子(白细胞介素6、21和27)及转录因子(B细胞淋巴瘤6、ICOS和程序性死亡受体1).滤泡性辅助T淋巴细胞表达的细胞因子不仅作为表面标志,且影响自身的分化及功能,与自身免疫性疾病相关,对B细胞活化和抗体产生具有重要作用,调控滤泡性辅助T淋巴细胞的平衡对促进免疫耐受和阻止自身免疫至关重要.滤泡性辅助T淋巴细胞的调节涉及细胞迁移、分化、成熟等过程,趋化因子受体5是B细胞归巢趋化因子受体,B细胞淋巴瘤6主导了滤泡性辅助T淋巴细胞的分化成熟,ICOS缺失将导致滤泡性辅助T淋巴细胞的过度增长,程序性死亡受体1信号的缺失促进滤泡性辅助T淋巴细胞的产生.研究显示,滤泡性辅助T淋巴细胞可能在参与SLE致病及维持自身免疫病理机制中起作用,无论是SLE患者或鼠SLE模型中滤泡性辅助T淋巴细胞比例均明显增多,并与疾病发展程度、自身抗体水平呈相关性.近期研究表明,SLE患者白细胞介素21水平升高,并与滤泡性辅助T淋巴细胞水平相关.滤泡性辅助T淋巴细胞可能是治疗或阻止SLE病情发展的靶点之一.