Quantitative heel ultrasound in a population-based study in Italy and its relationship with fracture history: the ESOPO study

We assessed the clinical usefulness of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in defining the prevalence rates of osteoporosis and osteopenia and their association with fractures of the forearm, vertebrae, and hip. The ESOPO study was conducted in 2001 and assessed a random sample of 11,011 women and 4,981 men, in 83 centers spread all over Italy. A large array of risk factors was investigated, and self-reported history of fractures was collected in a questionnaire. After the patient had undergone interview and a brief physical examination, QUS of the heel was performed, using the Achilles apparatus (GE-Lunar, Madison, USA). The prevalence rate of osteoporosis in women 40–79 years old was approximately 18.5%, while the rate of osteopenia was about 44.7%; in men 60–79 years of age the rates were 10% and 36%, respectively. A strong association with fractures was found for osteoporosis and osteopenia in both men and women, independently of all traditional risk factors, including age. These results confirm the suitability of US measurements as a tool for detecting individuals at risk of fractures.The authors wrote this article on behalf of the ESOPO Study Group     

Methodological index for non-randomized studies (minors): development and validation of a new instrument

Background: Because of specific methodological difficulties in conducting randomized trials, surgical research remains dependent predominantly on observational or non-randomized studies. Few validated instruments are available to determine the methodological quality of such studies either from the reader's perspective or for the purpose of meta-analysis. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate such an instrument. Methods: After an initial conceptualization phase of a methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS), a list of 12 potential items was sent to 100 experts from different surgical specialities for evaluation and was also assessed by 10 clinical methodologists. Subsequent testing involved the assessment of inter-reviewer agreement, test-retest reliability at 2 months, internal consistency reliability and external validity. Results: The final version of MINORS contained 12 items, the first eight being specifically for non-comparative studies. Reliability was established on the basis of good inter-reviewer agreement, high test-retest reliability by the κ-coefficient and good internal consistency by a high Cronbach's α-coefficient. External validity was established in terms of the ability of MINORS to identify excellent trials. Conclusions: MINORS is a valid instrument designed to assess the methodological quality of non-randomized surgical studies, whether comparative or non-comparative. The next step will be to determine its external validity when used in a large number of studies and to compare it with other existing instruments.     

儿科护士离职原因的质性研究

目的了解儿科护士离职的真正原因,为采取针对性措施稳定护士队伍提供参考。方法对14名从事儿科护理且自愿离职护士进行深度访谈,采用现象学分析法分析资料。结果儿科护士离职原因主要有3个主题:不能缓解的压力,包括不满意的工作环境、不完善的管理体系、不认可的工作性质和不稳定的专业思想;社会家庭的支持;获取外部工作的机会。结论儿科护士承受着来自各个方面的压力,护理管理者应关心员工的工作状态,使其更好地应对压力,减少离职行为。     

黄芪润肠丸治疗慢传输型便秘的临床与实验研究

为探索黄芪润肠丸治疗慢传输型便秘（STC）的机理,进行了临床与实验研究。结果显示,黄芪润肠丸（治疗组）治疗STC有效率达92．5％,优于西沙必利（对照组）（P〈0．05）。动物实验表明,小鼠排便颗粒数和炭末推进百分率治疗组均优于对照组和生理盐水组（空白组）;家兔结肠电波波幅和频率均高于正常组;治疗组小鼠结肠P物质（SP）和血管活性肠肽（VIP）物质含量均高于对照组。结果表明,由于黄芪润肠丸能通过提高结肠内SP和VIP物质含量,激活结肠电活动,加快结肠肠蠕动,故对STC有明显治疗作用。     

The use of fluoride cement: preliminary experimental study and clinical application

One of the most common complications of cemented prostheses is aseptic loosening of the implant, which is often due to mechanical breakdown at the bone-cement interface. To improve the characteristics of PMMA, the addition of fluoride has been proposed, which, without jeopardising its mechanical qualities, should provide better integration with the surrounding bone. An experimental study was performed in 4 sheep. A cylinder of cement (with and without fluoride) was inserted in the meta-epiphysis of the distal femur. A clinical study followed 7 patients. The cement with added fluoride was used as a filler after the curettage of a benign tumour located in the meta-epiphysis around the knee. Histological results in animals combined with long-term radiographic results in humans have shown the positive influence of fluoride in the cement, as it allows better integration of the cement with the surrounding bone.     

A New Methodology for Laboratory Evaluation of Neurosurgical Approaches Based on the Volume and Shape of the Surgical Space with a Mathematical Model to Quantify the Surgical Maneuverability in Laboratory Settings

We conducted this study to validate the volume/shape of the surgical exposure and to introduce a mathematical model to quantify the maneuverability in a surgical space. We executed the pterional and lateral supraorbital approach four times in fresh cadavers in skull base laboratory. The surgical volumes were filled with a computed tomography (CT)-imageable mixture; CT scans were obtained to evaluate the volume and shape of the surgical space. The volume of the surgical space was 23.60 and 32.90 mL for the lateral supraorbital and pterional approach, respectively, (p < 0.05). The three-dimensional shape of the lateral supraorbital approach was cylindrical and that of the pterional approach pyramidal. The volume of the surgical approach can be used to define, together with other variables, the maneuverability (maneuvering in a surgical volume) by using the following formula where M, A, V, and L represent the maneuverability, the degree of the surgical freedom, the volume of the surgical exposure, and the surgical depth, respectively. Volume and shape of the surgical exposure are two objective parameters that can be used to define and contrast different microsurgical approaches in a laboratory setting. The volume of the surgical exposure may be integrated into a mathematical formula defining maneuverability.     

Japanese study of FK 506 on kidney transplantation: 2. Follow-up study of FK 506-treated patients

Thirty-seven primary renal transplant patients were enrolled in the early phase II study on kidney transplantation. All grafts survived during the follow-up period. However, 10 of the 37 patients were changed from FK 506 to conventional drugs, and 3 were treated concomitantly with azathioprine (AZA) or mizoribine (MZR) in the 3-month period of observation. After 3 months posttransplantation, an additional 10 patients were treated continuously with AZA or MZR. In addition, 3 were converted from FK 506 to conventional drugs. No additional conversion was observed after 4 months. Trough level monitoring was effective enough to regulate the FK 506 dosage. Nephrotoxicity and hyperglycemia were associated with a high trough level of FK 506 (whole blood, > 20 ng/ml).     

Urodynamically age-specific prevalence of urinary incontinence in women with urinary symptoms

AIMS: To determine the age-specific prevalence rates of different types of urinary incontinence in women with urinary symptoms using urodynamic studies (UDS). METHODS: One thousand five hundred women with urinary symptoms who underwent UDS in our department from January 1997 through December 1999 were enrolled. A detailed history, physical examination, and data of multi-channel UDS including uroflowmetry, filling and voiding cystometry, stress urethral pressure profile, and 20-minute pad test were obtained for each patient. The urodynamic findings of each patient were analyzed and correlated with age in decades. RESULTS: Of 1,500 women, 329 were excluded from analysis because they had undergone anti-incontinence surgery (n=27), had undergone treatment for cervical cancer (n=147), or were being followed-up after medication (n=155). Of the remaining 1,171 patients, 656 (56%) had genuine stress incontinence (GSI), 68 (5.8%) had detrusor instability (DI), 187 (16%) had mixed GSI/DI, 245 (20.9%) had either voiding or storing dysfunction without concomitant incontinence, and 15 (1.3%) had normal urodynamic findings. The 41-50- and 51-60-year age groups had the highest prevalence rates of urinary incontinence, accounting for 31% and 28% of GSI cases, 35% and 25% of DI cases, and 40% and 27% of mixed GSI/DI cases, respectively. The prevalence of GSI and mixed GSI/DI increased consistently with age, but the prevalence of DI decreased after age 66. Thus, the prevalence rates of GSI, DI, and mixed GSI/DI were 56%, 5.8%, and 16%, respectively, in women with urinary symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Female urinary incontinence had a biogenic peak prevalence in the 41-50-year and 51-60-year age groups.     

护士心理素质概念和成分的质性与量性研究

目的 对护士心理素质的概念和成分进行质性与量性的分析、探讨和界定，以利于更好地指导选拔、培养和使用护理人才。方法 运用技术性文献分析、开放性译码、主轴译码等质性理论研究方法，结合问卷调查和因素分析等量性研究手段，对护士心理素质概念和成分进行探讨。结果 护士心理素质是个体在生理条件基础上，受护士职业角色化环境影响，逐渐形成的适应护理职业的比较稳定的、衍生的、效能的综合心理品质，包含心理能力、心理品格、心理动力、自我适应和环境适应5个维度，共19个成分。结论 培养护士应将心理能力培育、心理品格塑造、心理健康维护、心理动力的激发以及行为表现的引导统一起来全面实施。     

单中心维持性血液透析患者透析现状调查分析

目的对单中心维持性血液透析（MHD）患者进行现状调查分析，为透析质量持续改进提供参考依据。方法选择南京军区福州总医院血液净化科412名MHD患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果412例MHD患者中，高磷血症358人（86．99％），钙磷乘积大于55mga／dl。194人（47．15％），iPTH达标率为13．59％。首次透析使用血管通路为临时中心静脉留置导管者345人（83．74％），而以动静脉内瘘作为长期血管通路者395人（95．87％）。412例血红蛋白值为99．35±21．38g／L，其中女性95．50±23．66g／L，男性105．4±11．21g／L，两者均低于正常值（P〈0．05）；其中血红蛋白≥100g／L占46．8％，血红蛋白≥110g／L占26．70；乙型肝炎抗原标志物和丙型肝炎抗体的阳性率分别为14．08％和9．47％；尽管有服用降压药物，本组大于140／90mmHg的高血压患者仍有343人（83．25％），其中使用3种以上降压药物的为315人（76．45％）。全部患者中每周透析三次者仅为214人（51．94％），透析频次与医保种类密切相关，每周透析三次患者的构成比，省医保）市医保）居民医保）自费。结论本中心MHD患者中，仍有部分患者未能很好的控制血磷、PTH水平，贫血、高血压的发生率仍高且达标率低，而医保类型的报销额度一定程度上制约了透析充分性，透析质量有待持续改进。     

Histological and biomechanical study of impacted cancellous allografts with cement in the femur: a canine model

Introduction  An experimental canine model was used for quantitative histological study using bone morphometry and biomechanical study on impacted cancellous allografting with cement in revision total hip arthroplasty. Materials and methods  The prosthesis had a collarless polished titanium alloy tapered stem with a head diameter of 15 mm. Twelve Beagle dogs were used. Cancellous bone grafts were obtained aseptically from the femoral condyles of other beagles. Histological examinations were performed up to 1 year after surgery. Biomechanical examinations were performed at 8 weeks after surgery. Results  The new bone formation proceeded from the proximal part to the distal site of the femur in the long axis as well as from the host cortical bone to the cement layer. Bone morphometry showed that the mineral apposition rate was higher in the proximal site of the femur than in the distal site at 8 weeks after surgery, but no significant differences were observed at other times. The bone formation rate was higher in the proximal site of the femur at 8 weeks after surgery, while it increased in the distal site at 16 weeks postoperatively but had decreased at 1 year after surgery significantly. The load test at 8 weeks after surgery showed that there was no significant difference at all sites attached strain gauge between impacted cancellous allograft group and control group. Conclusion  We concluded that biological replacement of the grafted bone by new bone settled at 1 year after surgery in this experimental model. However, the process was not completed.     

Cardiovascular disease risk in patients receiving organ transplantation: a national cohort study

Although organ transplantation is the definitive treatment for end‐stage organ failure, the post‐transplant outcomes can be substantially influenced by cardiovascular complications. A national cohort study was performed to estimate risks of cardiovascular diseases in those with heart, lung, kidney, and liver transplantation. This cohort study consisted of 5978 solid organ transplantations identified using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. Cardiovascular and mortality risks in transplant recipients were evaluated using standardized incidence ratios, excess absolute risks, and standardized mortality ratios as compared to those in the general population. In heart, kidney, and liver recipients, the standardized incidence ratios of overall cardiovascular diseases were 9.41 (7.75–11.44), 3.32 (2.29–3.77), and 1.4 (1.15–1.7) and the overall standardized mortality ratios were 5.23 (4.54–6.03), 1.48 (1.34–1.63), and 3.95 (3.64–4.28), respectively. Except for heart organ recipients who were at highest risk for coronary artery disease with a standardized incidence ratio of 13.12 (10.57–16.29), kidney and liver organ recipients had a ninefold increased risk in developing deep vein thrombosis post‐transplant. In conclusion, solid organ transplant patients are at risk of cardiovascular disease, in particular, deep vein thrombosis, which may warrant early identification of high‐risk patients in addition to prompt and adequate thromboprophylaxis perioperatively.     

脊柱转移瘤481例的流行病学分析

目的 :总结分析脊柱转移瘤的发病特点和临床特征。方法 :对国内3家医院(天津医院、河北医科大学附属第三医院、济南军区总医院)2007年1月~2016年12月所有脊柱转移瘤患者的人口学特征、原发灶来源、侵犯部位、临床症状及治疗方法进行回顾性分析。纳入标准:经临床、影像和病理检查确诊为脊柱转移瘤且医疗资料收录完整。排除标准:仅有临床、影像证据,无明确病理诊断者;不能明确排除脊柱原发肿瘤、结核、退行性病变可能的病例。对复发病例按单例计算。结果:481例脊柱转移瘤患者符合纳入标准,其中男287例(59.7%),女194例(40.3%);发病年龄18~86岁,中位年龄60.0岁,以50~69岁为高发年龄,平均59.2±11.1岁,男性平均发病年龄59.6±11.5岁,女性平均发病年龄58.5±10.5岁,差异无统计学意义(t=0.277,P0.05)。原发肿瘤为肺癌181例,肾癌40例,女性乳腺癌29例,肝癌25例,胃肠肿瘤23例,前列腺癌20例,甲状腺癌、食管癌等肿瘤病例数均小于20例(共70例),来源不明的肿瘤93例;单纯侵及颈椎37例,胸椎135例,腰椎130例,骶椎42例,跨节段(同时累及颈、胸、腰、骶两个及以上节段)的患者137例;就诊时,出现脊髓受压症状及脊柱转移部位局部疼痛的患者281例,单纯脊柱转移部位疼痛128例,只有脊髓受压症状33例,无转移部位症状而在体检中发现脊柱转移39例;有原发肿瘤病史者75例。手术治疗314例,其中266例行开放性手术,48例行经皮椎体成形术(PVP)或经皮球囊扩张椎体成形术(PKP);保守治疗167例,应用磷酸盐等抗骨质破坏药物、放射性核素治疗、放疗及止痛、全身营养支持等对症治疗。结论:脊柱转移瘤患者中男性多于女性,发病高峰为50~69岁。患者多因脊柱转移病变所致症状就诊,有明确原发肿瘤病史者较少。原发灶多为上皮或腺体来源的脏器肿瘤,尤以肺癌多见,间叶组织来源的肿瘤较少。常见侵袭部位为胸椎、腰椎,临床上以缓解症状、延缓病情发展等姑息性治疗方法为主。     

Changes in polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase concentrations and hemolysis parameters in patients transfused with different blood preparations,and in the blood preparations themselves

PURPOSE: Massive blood transfusion induces hemolysis and increases polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase (PMNE) concentration. The purpose of this study was to compare hemolysis and PMNE concentrations in massive blood transfusions with three different preparations. METHODS: In an in vitro study, eight 2-day-old packs of concentrated red blood cells in mannitol, adenine, glucose, phosphate, and citrate solution (MAP-CRC); concentrated red blood cells in citrate, phosphate, and glucose solution (CPD-CRC); or whole blood in citrate, phosphate, and glucose solution (WB) were stored at 4 degrees C. Supernatant concentrations of total and free hemoglobin, total haptoglobin, and PMNE were measured. In an in vivo study, 24 surgical patients with expected bleeding exceeding 3000 ml were transfused with CPD-CRC or MAP-CRC with fresh frozen plasma, or with WB. Platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, serum total and free hemoglobin, and total haptoglobin and plasma PMNE concentrations were measured. RESULTS: In the in vitro study, total and free hemoglobin concentrations were significantly higher in CPD-CRC than in the other two preparations. Total haptoglobin concentration was highest in the order of WB > MAP-CRC > CPD-CRC. The PMNE concentration was significantly higher in WB than in the other two preparations. In the in vivo study, at 3000-ml transfusion, total and free hemoglobin concentrations were significantly lower and activated partial thromboplastin time was longer in the patients with MAP-CRC compared with values in the other two groups. The PMNE concentration was significantly higher in the order of the WB > CPD-CRC > MAP-CRC groups. CONCLUSION: During the storage of MAP-CRC, CPD-CRC, and WB, CPD-CRC had the greatest hemolysis and WB had the highest concentration of PMNE. Patients who received massive blood transfusion of MAP-CRC had the least hemolysis and the lowest concentration of PMNE.     

前康宁治疗慢性前列腺炎动物实验及临床疗效观察

目的 :观察前康宁颗粒治疗慢性前列腺炎的药理作用及临床疗效。 方法 :用Wistar大鼠造成慢性前列腺炎模型 ,通过解剖、透射电镜下观察用药前后其组织形态变化 ,通过相关抗炎实验观察实验用药的抗炎效果 ,并设对照组观察。在取得实验性疗效基础上 ,临床选择非特异性慢性前列腺炎治疗组 10 0例 ,前列康片对照组 30例进行疗效对比观察。 结果 :前康宁具有明显抗炎、改善局部血运作用 ,临床治疗慢性前列腺炎 (湿热瘀阻证 )疗效较好 ,治愈率 34% ,有效率 89% ,优于阳性对照组药前列康片 (P <0 0 5 )。 结论 :前康宁颗粒具有明显的抗炎作用 ,对慢性前列腺炎 (湿热瘀阻证 )治疗作用显著     

Études des glioblastomes incidents de mai 2006 à mai 2007, Angers–Nice

The present work is a retrospective study on glioblastomas treated in the Angers and Nice Hospital Departments of Neurosurgery between 2006 and 2007. This study was conducted 2 years after the audit on incident glioblastoma in France in 2004. New events that may modify the care or survival of glioblastoma have occurred since 2004, justifying the present study. The results show that the Karnowsky Index is more often included in the clinical files and that the rate of complete resection has increased, indicating that neurosurgeons are becoming aware of neuro-oncology. Patients with total resection still have the longest survival (14 months). Surprisingly, less than half the patients having surgery received concomitant radiochemotherapy according to the Stupp protocol. Median overall survival remains at 9 months with intention to treat. For patients treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy with temozolomide, the median survival is 12 months. For patients having a total resection, the median survival is 14 months, whatever adjuvant treatment is used. Median survival for patients having total resection and chemoradiotherapy with temozolomide is 18 months, with a 23.3% 2-year survival rate, less than the ORTC trial rate.     

胆石病临床研究20年：进展、问题与展望

在21世纪的第一个20年，我国胆石病的临床研究和实践在黄志强院士重要学术思想引领及其倡导的精准外科理念指引下，在微创外科、数字医学技术支撑下，取得了很大的发展。经验证明，目前，黄志强院士提出的“解除梗阻、去除病灶、通畅引流”仍是必须遵循的核心原则。在新的历史时期，胆石病诊治领域还有许多重要问题需要我们深入开展临床研究。