Distance to Cannabis Shops and Age of Onset of Cannabis Use

In the Netherlands, cannabis use is quasi‐legalized. Small quantities of cannabis can be bought in cannabis shops. We investigate how the distance to the nearest cannabis shop affects the age of onset of cannabis use. We use a mixed proportional hazard rate framework to take account of observable as well as unobservable characteristics that influence the uptake of cannabis. We find that distance matters. Individuals who grow up within 20km of a cannabis shop have a lower age of onset. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Associations of Momentary Mindfulness With Affect and Cannabis Desire in a Trial of Cannabis Use Interventions With and Without Momentary Assessment

PurposeMindfulness, awareness resulting from attending to the present without judgment, has been associated with improved health. When considered as a time-varying momentary state, mindfulness is associated with other momentary states such as affect. We examined whether momentary mindfulness, specifically mindful attention and awareness (MAA), changed after counseling interventions to reduce cannabis use that included ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and explored associations with negative affect, positive affect, and cannabis desire.MethodsOutpatients 15–24 years using cannabis ≥3x/week were randomized to one of the three interventions, each including two motivational enhancement therapy (MET) sessions. For two interventions, MET was followed by 2 weeks of EMA (with/without messaging). Momentary MAA, negative affect, positive affect, and cannabis desire were assessed over 1 week of EMA at baseline and 3-month follow-up (N = 1,971 reports, 68 participants). We examined changes in momentary MAA from baseline to follow-up overall and by group (MET + EMA, MET-only) using generalized linear mixed effects models. We tested associations of momentary MAA with momentary affect and cannabis desire using generalized estimating equations.ResultsMomentary MAA increased from baseline to follow-up after MET counseling plus EMA (β = 0.237), but did not change with MET counseling alone. Higher momentary MAA was associated with lower negative affect (β = ?0.526) and cannabis desire (β = ?0.521), but not with positive affect.DiscussionAmong youth using cannabis frequently, momentary MAA was increased 3 months after interventions with EMA after counseling and was inversely associated with momentary negative affect and momentary cannabis desire. Mindfulness may be a useful target for momentary intervention.     

Alcohol and Drug Use Before and During Pregnancy: An Examination of Use Patterns and Predictors of Cessation

Objectives This study examines alcohol and nonmedical drug use before and during pregnancy and identifies the predictors of use cessation before the first prenatal visit. Methods Data analyses were based on the Prenatal Risk Overview (PRO), a structured interview that screens for psychosocial risk factors associated with poor birth outcomes. The study sample includes 1,492 consecutive prenatal care patients from four urban clinics between November 2005 and June 2007. Results Reported alcohol and drug use pre-pregnancy was much higher among U.S.-born women than immigrants, and among unmarried women than married women. American Indians had the highest rates among racial/ethnic groups. Since learning of their pregnancy, 5.6% of patients reported alcohol use and 10.7% reported drug use, reflecting cessation rates of 87.0% for alcohol and 55.6% for drugs. In logistic regression analyses, older age, current smoking, and lack of transportation predicted both alcohol and drug use continuation. Alcohol use continuation was also predicted by pre-pregnancy alcohol use frequency, depression, and physical/sexual abuse by someone other than an intimate partner. Drug use continuation was also predicted by race (higher for American Indians and African Americans), and pre-pregnancy drug use frequency. Conclusions Women who continued to use alcohol or drugs after learning they were pregnant were more frequent users than spontaneous quitters, more likely to smoke cigarettes, and had more psychosocial stressors. Achieving higher rates of cessation may require approaches that simultaneously address substance use and impediments to quitting. Higher continuation rates among some cultural groups require further investigation.     

4590张门急诊处方书写及用药质量分析

目的调查本院在执行新的《处方管理办法》过程中的门急诊处方质量。方法随机抽查分析2007年5—10月本院门急诊处方4590张。结果我院处方合格率为90．9％，其中书写不合格处方占不合格处方90．43％，不合理用药处方占不合格处方9．57％。结论本院门急诊用药基本合理，但也存在一些问题，应组织全院医生认真学习《处方管理办法》，提高处方质量，保障患者的用药安全。     

An Evaluation of Coverage and Compliance of Mass Drug Administration 2006 for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis in Endemic Areas of Gujarat

Background:

Mass drug administration (MDA) means once-in-a-year administration of diethyl carbamazine (DEC) tablet to all people (excluding children under 2 years, pregnant women and severely ill persons) in identified endemic areas. It aims at cessation of transmission of lymphatic filariasis.

Objective:

What has been the coverage and compliance of MDA in Gujarat during the campaign in December 2006?

Study Design:

Cross-sectional population based house-to-house visit.

Setting:

Urban and rural areas in Gujarat identified as endemic for filariasis where MDA 2006 was undertaken.

Study Variables:

Exploratory - Rural and urban districts; Outcome - coverage, compliance, actual coverage, side effects.

Analysis:

Percentage and proportions.

Results:

Twenty-six clusters, each comprising 32 households from six endemic districts, yielded an eligible population of 4164. The coverage rate was 85.2% with variation across different areas. The compliance with drug ingestion was 89% with a gap of 11% to be targeted by intensive IEC. The effective coverage (75.8%) was much below the target (85%). Side effects of DEC were minimum, transient and drug-specific. Overall coverage was marginally better in rural areas. The causes of poor coverage and compliance have been discussed and relevant suggestions have been made.     

沈阳市某二级甲等医院妇产科围手术期抗菌药物不良事件的调查分析

目的 探讨沈阳市某二级甲等医院妇产科围手术期患者使用抗菌药物的不良事件,以促进妇产科围手术期患者抗菌药物的合理应用.方法 采用分层随机抽样法,选取2010年6月至2011年6月于沈阳市某二级甲等医院妇产科手术期患者300例的临床病历资料为研究对象,提取其中抗菌药物的使用信息,分析抗菌药物不良事件的发生情况（本研究遵循的程序得到参与单位的医学伦理委员会批准,并与研究对象签署临床研究知情同意书）.结果 300例妇产科围手术期患者中,103例出现抗菌药物不良事件,发生率为34.33%.以头孢菌素类药物（53.32%,201/377）发生抗菌药物不良反应为主,不良反应的类型以消化道反应（28.12%,106/377）多见,Ⅰ类,Ⅱ类手术切口的抗菌药物合理应用较不合理应用的不良事件发生率明显低.结论 促进沈阳市某二级甲等医院妇产科围手术期患者抗菌药物的合理使用可明显降低抗菌不良事件的发生率.     

门诊处方合理用药国际指标调研与分析

目的 根据合理用药国际指标和补充指标调研,分析门诊合理用药情况.方法 采用合理用药国际指标和补充指标,对白银市第一人民医院2010年1-12月门诊处方进行调研,并统计、分析.结果 平均每张处方用药品种数为3.04种,抗菌药物使用率为25.82％,注射剂使用率为22.11％,通用名使用率为98.47％,抗菌药物的金额占处方总金额的百分率为28.81％,处方平均金额为47.65元.结论 采用合理用药国际指标评价医院门诊用药基本合理.     

陕西省汉中地区基层医生高血压诊治知识及用药现状调查

目的了解陕西省汉中地区基层医生高血压诊治知识及用药情况。方法对汉中市汉台区所辖社区医院、乡镇卫生院和村卫生室医生进行问卷调查。结果调查医生对高血压诊断及治疗目标认识较好,对高血压患者可给予正确的生活行为方式指导,用药以利血平复方制剂为主(36.9%),其次为血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(21.2%)、利尿剂(13.7%)和钙拮抗剂(11.9%),这四类药占所用药物的83.6%。结论汉台区基层医生抗高血压用药单一,对高血压诊治知识有待提高。     

Alcohol Use and Implications for Public Health: Patterns of Use in Four Communities

Background:

Alcohol is one of the leading causes of death and disability globally and in India. Information on quantum and pattern of consumption is crucial to formulate intervention programs.

Objectives:

To identify the extent and pattern of alcohol use in urban, rural, town and slum populations using a uniform methodology.

Materials and Methods:

Door-to-door survey was undertaken and simple random sampling methodology was adopted; households were the primary sampling unit. One respondent in each alcohol-user household was randomly chosen for detailed interview.

Results:

Overall, 13% of males and females consumed alcohol. Proportion of users was greater in town (15.7%) and among 26–45 years (67.4%). Whisky (49%) and arrack (35%) were the preferred types and the preferences differed between rural (arrack) and urban (beer) areas. Nearly half (45%) of rural population were very frequent users (consuming daily or every alternate-days) as against users in town (23%) or slum (20%). Two-thirds were long-term users and the proportions were greater in the rural and town areas. While, overall 17% of the users were heavy-users, frequent-heavy-drinking was more in slum and rural areas. Nearly two-thirds consumed alcohol in liquor-shops, restaurants, bars and pubs. Habituation and peer-pressure were the key reasons for alcohol use.

Conclusions:

The study documented alcohol use and patterns of use in four different communities particularly in transitional areas using similar methodology. Many of the patterns identified are detrimental to health both immediate and over the long period of time.     

直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式与HIV感染关系的研究

目的了解四川省凉山彝族自治州地区吸毒人群直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式与HIV感染的关系。方法于2004年5月至7月，从社区中招募吸毒人群调查其社会人口学特征、近3个月直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式、近6个月性行为情况。采集研究对象的血样进行HIV抗体检测。结果在调查的吸毒人群中HIV感染率为15．1％（68／451），其中静脉吸毒人群HIV感染率为17．8％（66／370）。多因素Logistic分析结果显示，民族（OR为2．40；95％CI为1．39～4．13）、近3个月共用针头和注射器（OR为2．02；95％CI为1．12～3．63）、近3个月共用洗针头或注射器用水（OR，4．00；95％；CI，1．28～12．54）与HIV感染关系有统计学意义。结论四川省凉山彝族自治州吸毒人群HIV感染率高，直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒行为以及高危性行为普遍，应加强对此类行为的干预。     

Etiologic Studies of Adolescent Drug Use: A Compendium of Data Resources and Their Implications for Prevention

Etiological studies canvassing five major domains of risk are reviewed. The five domains reflect unique facets of risk that are central to many current prevention approaches and include: peer social influences, family (parenting) processes, expectancies (cognitive motivations), social skills and personal self-management strategies, and personality factors. Each domain is discussed with regard to major theoretical issues, important studies that help to clarify risk mechanisms, and major findings. A sixth area covering studies of multi-ethnic youth and ethnic-specific risk mechanisms also is reviewed in the context of augmenting previous empirical findings. A final section addresses two important concerns: (1) the need for a comprehensive model of developmental vulnerability; and (2) utilization of information stemming from a long tradition of developmental etiology to enhance the efficacy of drug abuse prevention.     

重症药疹致敏药物及相关危险因素的临床分析

目的 对重症药疹患者的危险因素和致敏药物相关分析.方法 对医院2014年5月—2019年5月期间出现的30例重症药疹患者进行回顾性分析,观察患者出现药疹的危险因素和致敏药物.结果 本次回顾性分析发现,在危险因素上,患者年龄、药物使用时长、合并用药数量等相关因素都与药疹发生与治疗存在关系;在致敏药物上,抗生素类药物为主要...     

2011年住院病历不合理用药原因分析及解决途径

目的：分析本院不合理用药原因,提高本院合理用药水平。方法：抽取归档病历共1200份,对不合理医嘱进行点评、分析和总结。结果：不合理用药占抽查病历的30．5％,其中不符合用药经济学原则占18．6％,疗程不合理、选药不当各占16．7％,无指征用药占11．2％,使用中成药未辨证占10．2％。结论：要做到合理用药,应提高医、药、护三者的思想觉悟,树立以人为本的职业道德观念;还要努力学习医药知识,不断提高合理用药水平。