Peer Influence on Marijuana Use in Different Types of Friendships

PurposeAlthough several social network studies have demonstrated peer influence effects on adolescent substance use, findings for marijuana use have been equivocal. This study examines whether structural features of friendships moderate friends' influence on adolescent marijuana use over time.MethodsUsing 1-year longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this article examines whether three structural features of friendships moderate friends' influence on adolescent marijuana use: whether the friendship is reciprocated, the popularity of the nominated friend, and the popularity/status difference between the nominated friend and the adolescent. The sample consists of students in grade 10/11 at wave I, who were in grade 11/12 at wave II, from two large schools with complete grade-based friendship network data (N = 1,612).ResultsIn one school, friends' influence on marijuana use was more likely to occur within mutual, reciprocated friendships compared with nonreciprocated relationships. In the other school, friends' influence was stronger when the friends were relatively popular within the school setting or much more popular than the adolescents themselves.ConclusionsFriends' influence on youth marijuana use may play out in different ways, depending on the school context. In one school, influence occurred predominantly within reciprocated relationships that are likely characterized by closeness and trust, whereas in the other school adopting friends' drug use behaviors appeared to be a strategy to attain social status. Further research is needed to better understand the conditions under which structural features of friendships moderate friends' influence on adolescent marijuana use.     

Peer Smoking, Other Peer Attributes, and Adolescent Cigarette Smoking: A Social Network Analysis

Peer attributes other than smoking have received little attention in the research on adolescent smoking, even though the developmental literature suggests the importance of multiple dimensions of adolescent friendships and peer relations. Social network analysis was used to measure the structure of peer relations (i.e., indicators of having friends, friendship quality, and status among peers) and peer smoking (i.e., friend and school smoking). We used three-level hierarchical growth models to examine the contribution of each time-varying peer variable to individual trajectories of smoking from age 11 to 17 while controlling for the other variables, and we tested interactions between the peer structure and peer smoking variables. Data were collected over five waves of assessment from a longitudinal sample of 6,579 students in three school districts. Findings suggest a greater complexity in the peer context of smoking than previously recognized.     

吸烟、饮酒与食管癌关系的Meta-分析

目的 探讨我国吸烟、饮酒与食管癌的关系。方法 应用Meta—分析方法对国内有关吸烟、饮酒与食管癌的关系7个研究结果进行定量综合分析。用随机效应模型(D—L法)计算合并比值比(0R)及其95％的可信区间(95％C1)。结果 吸烟、饮酒的合并OR分别为1．84〔95％CI：1．50一2．25)和1．50(1．22一1．85)，它们相应的归因危险度百分比分别为23．21％和16．41％。结论 吸烟、饮酒是我国食管癌的危险因素。     

Social Context of Sexual Minority Adolescents and Relationship to Alcohol Use

Purpose

Peer relationships are especially relevant during adolescence and may contribute to sexuality-based disparities in substance use. This study uses social network analysis to examine how social networks may serve as risk or protective factors for sexual minority youth in the context of alcohol use.

新疆3城市青少年吸烟和饮酒行为调查

目的了解青少年吸烟和饮酒状况,为开展健康教育提供参考依据。方法采用多阶段随机抽样,从新疆3个城市选取不同学校类型的初中、高中和大学学生8869名进行问卷调查。结果35.2%的学生有吸烟行为,其中5.0%在7岁以前开始吸烟;58.3%的学生有饮酒行为,其中7.5%在7岁以前开始饮酒。结论随着年龄的增长,学生开始吸烟和饮酒的比例增高。应对学生加强健康教育,控制吸烟和限制饮酒。     

天津市农村居民吸烟、饮酒现状分析

目的分析天津市农村居民的吸烟、饮酒行为,为制定降低农村居民吸烟、饮酒率的有效干预措施提供科学依据。方法应用2004年天津市农村居民健康体检数据,对2291906名18岁以上农村居民的吸烟情况和2283437名居民的饮酒情况进行调查,并进行多因素分析。结果被调查人群的总吸烟率为22.38/,其中男性吸烟率为37.54/,女性吸烟率为8.51/;饮酒率为11.21/,其中男性为22.56/,女性为0.83/。通过多因素分析,发现吸烟、饮酒的影响因素均为年龄、性别、地区、文化程度。结论天津市农村男性的吸烟率远远低于前几年的报道,说明健康促进可有效地降低男性吸烟率。中青年男性和女性的吸烟率仍较高,农村男性居民饮酒率较高。     

国内吸烟、饮酒与缺血性脑卒中关系的Meta分析

目的探讨吸烟、饮酒与缺血性脑卒中的关系.方法应用Meta分析方法对检索到的国内10个吸烟、饮酒与缺血性脑卒中关系的研究结果进行定量综合分析,一致性检验后,应用随机效应模型(D-L法)计算,合并比值比(OR)及其95%的可信区间(95% CI).结果吸烟、饮酒的合并OR(95% CI)分别为2.01(1.41～2.85)和2.36(1.87～2.98).吸烟、饮酒高危人群缺血性脑卒中的病因分值为50.25%和57.63%,一般人群归因危险百分比为26.66%和34.83%.结论吸烟、饮酒是我国缺血性脑卒中的重要危险因素,开展人群戒烟限酒干预是缺血性脑卒中病因预防的一项重要措施.     

Social network influences on adolescent substance use: disentangling structural equivalence from cohesion

This study investigates two contagion mechanisms of peer influence based on direct communication (cohesion) versus comparison through peers who occupy similar network positions (structural equivalence) in the context of adolescents' drinking alcohol and smoking. To date, the two contagion mechanisms have been considered observationally inseparable, but this study attempts to disentangle structural equivalence from cohesion as a contagion mechanism by examining the extent to which the transmission of drinking and smoking behaviors attenuates as a function of social distance (i.e., from immediate friends to indirectly connected peers). Using the U.S. Add Health data consisting of a nationally representative sample of American adolescents (Grades 7-12), this study measured peer risk-taking up to four steps away from the adolescent (friends of friends of friends of friends) using a network exposure model. Peer influence was tested using a logistic regression model of alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking. Results indicate that influence based on structural equivalence tended to be stronger than influence based on cohesion in general, and that the magnitude of the effect decreased up to three steps away from the adolescent (friends of friends of friends). Further analysis indicated that structural equivalence acted as a mechanism of contagion for drinking and cohesion acted as one for smoking. These results indicate that the two transmission mechanisms with differing network proximities can differentially affect drinking and smoking behaviors in American adolescents.     

13岁前吸烟饮酒与中学生多种危害健康行为的关系

目的探讨13岁前吸烟、饮酒行为与中学时期多种危害健康行为的关系,以便为制定青少年危害健康行为的早期干预措施提供参考依据.方法采用修订的美国疾病控制中心(CDC)青少年危险行为监测问卷(YBBS)对3 127名合肥市城乡中学生进行无记名调查,问卷包括34项危害健康行为和9项社会人口统计学变量.结果中学生13岁以前吸烟率为9.7%,13岁以前的饮酒率为45.7%.13岁前吸烟的中学生,打架、自杀意念、每天吸烟、1 a内喝过酒、大量饮酒、上网时间过长、见过毒品、曾有性行为8项危害健康行为报告率高于对照组,差异有显著意义;13岁前饮酒中学生的打架、自杀意念、每天吸烟、1 a内喝过酒、大量饮酒、少食蔬菜、上网时间过长、见过毒品、曾有性行为等9项危害健康行为报告率高于对照组,差异有显著性.结论 13岁之前有吸烟或饮酒行为的中学生同时存在其他多种危害健康行为,避免儿童青少年早期接触烟酒对预防青少年时期多种危害健康行为有积极意义.     

Do Competence Skills Moderate the Impact of Social Influences to Drink and Perceived Social Benefits of Drinking on Alcohol Use Among Inner-City Adolescents?

Only a few studies have found competence skills to be a protective factor against adolescent alcohol use; others did not find a direct effect on alcohol. A possible reason for this is that competence skills may moderate the effects of risk factors for alcohol use and that aspect has not been examined often or in a longitudinal design. This study tested whether several competence skills served either as direct protective factors against alcohol use or moderators of the impact of social risk factors on alcohol use. Participants (N = 1318) completed questionnaires that included measures of decision-making skills, refusal skill techniques, resisting media influences, friends’ drinking and perceived social benefits of drinking, as well as current drinking amount and future drinking at baseline, one-year follow-up and two-year follow-up. Data analyses were conducted using multi-level mixed effects generalized linear models with random intercept. All the competence skills and the risk factors predicted current and future drinking. Several significant interactions were found between (1) perceived social benefits of drinking and decision-making skills, (2) perceived social benefits of drinking and refusal skill techniques and (3) friends’ drinking and refusal skill techniques. Competence skills served as protective factors, as well as moderators. One possible reason that competence enhancement approaches to alcohol prevention are effective may be due to the inclusion of the competence skills component.     

Adolescent drinking,social identity,and parenting for safety: Perspectives from Australian adolescents and parents

We explored young people and parents' views on adolescent drinking and safety in the locations where drinking may occur. Focus groups with adolescents and parents showed that many believed adolescent drinking and drunkenness is normative. Younger adolescents had more negative views of adolescent drinkers than their older peers. Adolescent drinking occurred in private settings and parents made decisions about allowing their adolescent children to attend social events based on the level of safety attributed to the location. If adolescent drinking was likely then home was the preferred location as it provided scope for risk minimisation. Positive portrayals of non-drinking adolescents and information to assist parents' decision-making are needed.     

Bone Mass, Depressive, and Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescent Girls: Variation by Smoking and Alcohol Use

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to examine (a) the association between depressive and anxiety symptoms with bone health, (b) the association of smoking or alcohol use with bone health, and, in turn (c) whether the association between depressive and anxiety symptoms with bone health varied by smoking or alcohol use individually or by combined use. Bone health included total body bone mineral content (TB BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck. Previously published data have not examined these issues in adolescence, a period when more than 50% of bone mass is accrued.

Methods

An observational study enrolled 262 healthy adolescent girls by age cohort (11, 13, 15, and 17 years). Participants completed questionnaires and interviews on substance use, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. BMC and BMD were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Results

Higher depressive symptoms were associated with lower TB BMC and BMD (total hip, femoral neck). Those with the lowest level of smoking had higher BMD of the hip and femoral neck, whereas no main effect differences were noted by alcohol use. Regular users of both cigarettes and alcohol demonstrated a stronger negative association between depressive symptoms and TB BMC as compared with nonusers/experimental users and regular alcohol users. Findings were parallel for anxiety symptoms.

Conclusion

Depressive and anxiety symptoms may negatively influence bone health in adolescent girls. Consideration of multiple substances, rather than cigarettes or alcohol separately, may be particularly informative with respect to the association of depression with bone health.     

The Interplay of Friendship Networks and Social Networking Sites: Longitudinal Analysis of Selection and Influence Effects on Adolescent Smoking and Alcohol Use

Objectives. We examined the coevolution of adolescent friendships and peer influences with respect to their risk behaviors and social networking site use.Methods. Investigators of the Social Network Study collected longitudinal data during fall 2010 and spring 2011 from 10th-grade students in 5 Southern California high schools (n = 1434). We used meta-analyses of stochastic actor-based models to estimate changes in friendship ties and risk behaviors and the effects of Facebook and MySpace use.Results. Significant shifts in adolescent smoking and drinking occurred despite little change in overall prevalence rates. Students with higher levels of alcohol use were more likely to send and receive friendship nominations and become friends with other drinkers. They were also more likely to increase alcohol use if their friends drank more. Adolescents selected friends with similar Facebook and MySpace use habits. Exposure to friends’ risky online pictures increased smoking behaviors but had no significant effects on alcohol use.Conclusions. Our findings support a greater focus on friendship selection mechanisms in school-based alcohol use interventions. Social media platforms may help identify at-risk adolescent groups and foster positive norms about risk behaviors.It is well established that adolescents’ risk behaviors, such as smoking and alcohol use, are associated with their friends’ behaviors.1–6 Friendships have also been shown to be the most salient relationship through which these behavioral influences are transmitted, especially during adolescence,7 because of an increase in shared activities8 and opportunities for socialization.9 Furthermore, the desire for peer affirmation, social status, and group membership10,11 make adolescents particularly susceptible to normative influences.12,13 These influence processes play a significant role in the adoption of risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking and substance use.     

社会网络及其在新媒体环境下对青少年吸烟行为的影响研究

目的 探究青少年社会网络对吸烟行为的影响和机制及其在新媒体环境下的发展和变化,为制定更完善的控烟政策,降低青少年吸烟率提供参考.方法 检索国内外发表的社会网络对青少年吸烟行为影响的相关研究,提取关键资料,报告结果及结论.结果 青少年社会网络是影响其吸烟行为产生和发展的因素之一,主要机制为社会选择和社会影响过程.新媒体环...     

Peer Influence,Peer Selection and Adolescent Alcohol Use: a Simulation Study Using a Dynamic Network Model of Friendship Ties and Alcohol Use

While studies suggest that peer influence can in some cases encourage adolescent substance use, recent work demonstrates that peer influence may be on average protective for cigarette smoking, raising questions about whether this effect occurs for other substance use behaviors. Herein, we focus on adolescent drinking, which may follow different social dynamics than smoking. We use a data-calibrated Stochastic Actor-Based (SAB) Model of adolescent friendship tie choice and drinking behavior to explore the impact of manipulating the size of peer influence and selection effects on drinking in two school-based networks. We first fit a SAB Model to data on friendship tie choice and adolescent drinking behavior within two large schools (n = 2178 and n = 976) over three time points using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We then alter the size of the peer influence and selection parameters with all other effects fixed at their estimated values and simulate the social systems forward 1000 times under varying conditions. Whereas peer selection appears to contribute to drinking behavior similarity among adolescents, there is no evidence that it leads to higher levels of drinking at the school level. A stronger peer influence effect lowers the overall level of drinking in both schools. There are many similarities in the patterning of findings between this study of drinking and previous work on smoking, suggesting that peer influence and selection may function similarly with respect to these substances.     

The relative influence of smoking on drinking and drinking on smoking among high school students in a rural tobacco-growing county

Purpose: To construct and estimate a model that contains a reciprocal relationship between smoking and drinking and to test whether the gateway drug thesis or the cumulative risk behaviors thesis best fits the data.

Methods: Data (n = 630) are from a survey of all students (50% female; aged 16.2 years on average; 2.4 grade point average; and 57% residing in homes with both mother and father present) in a rural, tobacco-growing county’s two high schools, one public (85%) and one private, in 1993. The survey was conducted by the schools as part of their alcohol and other drugs (AOD) prevention programs and was coordinated by the county AOD Council. Students completed the questionnaires in their homerooms. Endogenous predictors of drinking and smoking include student’s perception of adult drug behavior, peer pressure to drink, degree to which their friends’ drink, and attitudes toward drinking and smoking. Path coefficients were estimated by using LISREL.

Results: The strong correlation between smoking and drinking resulted from shared causes, rather than from the effects of one type of drug use on the other. Approval of drinking had the strongest association with being a drinker (β = .57) and with being a smoker (β = .37). Those who found smoking offensive were less likely to be a smoker (β = −.25). However, attitude toward smoking was not associated with being a drinker. Having drinking friends increased both the likelihood of being a drinker (β = .29) and of being a smoker (β = .23). Peer pressure to drink increased the likelihood of being a smoker (β = .14) and of being a drinker (β = .12). Students with lower grade point averages, males, older students, students in public school, and students with family structures other than both parents living in the same household were more likely to be a drinker and were more likely to be a smoker.

Conclusions: Our results support the cumulative risk behaviors thesis. The link between both high-risk behaviors, smoking and drinking, results from common causes rather than from drinking leading to smoking.     

Peer Standing and Substance Use in Early-Adolescent Grade-Level Networks: A Short-Term Longitudinal Study

Two competing hypotheses were tested concerning the associations between current alcohol and cigarette use and measures of individual, group and network peer standing in an ethnically-diverse sample of 156 male and female adolescents sampled at two time points in the seventh grade. Findings lent greater support to the person hypothesis, with early regular substance users enjoying elevated standing amongst their peers and maintaining this standing regardless of their maintenance of or desistance from current use later in the school year. In the fall semester, users (n=20, 13%) had greater social impact, were described by their peers as more popular, and were more central to the peer network than abstainers (i.e., those who did not report current use).Conversely, in the spring semester, there were no differences between users (n=22, 13%) and abstainers in peer ratings of popularity or social impact. Notably, the spring semester users group retained fewer than half of the users from the fall semester. Further, students who had reported current use in the fall, as a group, retained their positions of elevated peer standing in the spring, compared to all other students, and continued to be rated by their peers as more popular and as having greater social impact.We discuss the findings in terms of the benefit of employing simultaneous systemic and individual measures of peer standing or group prominence, which in the case of peer-based prevention programs, can help clarify the truly influential from the "pretenders" in the case of diffusion of risk-related behaviors.     

The Impact of Social Media Use and Gaming on Initiation of Smokeless Tobacco Use Among Rural Male Youth

PurposeSmokeless tobacco (SLT) use is more common among White male youth in rural locations than among other youth. Previous literature documents risk factors for SLT use (e.g., perceived harm). However, no research has examined whether SLT initiation is associated with the use of social media and video games, despite the high prevalence of those behaviors among adolescent males.MethodsAs part of the evaluation of “The Real Cost” smokeless prevention campaign, we conducted a baseline survey of a cohort of US males aged 11–16 in 2016 and four follow-up surveys conducted approximately every 8 months. We used discrete-time survival analysis to examine factors associated with SLT initiation. Logistic regression estimated the odds of initiation as a function of lagged values of key predictors (social media use in tertiles and frequency of gaming) and other baseline and lagged correlates. The model controlled for campaign exposure.ResultsRelative to the lowest tertile of social media use, moderate (odds ratio [OR] = 1.80) or high use (OR = 2.77) was associated with increased risk of SLT initiation at the subsequent survey wave. Relative to playing every few weeks or less, playing video games once a day (OR = 0.50) or several times a day (OR = 0.33) was associated with decreased risk of SLT initiation.DiscussionSLT initiation was positively associated with social media use and negatively associated with gaming. Future research should explore reasons for the protective nature of gaming (e.g., social support, improved mood) and whether parental supervision of social media use could mitigate its negative impact.     

蒙古族高血压与吸烟、饮酒关系的对应分析

目的探讨蒙古族不同类型的高血压与吸烟、饮酒的关系。方法采用对应分析方法对2589例蒙古族数据进行分析。结果每日吸烟超过10支或累积吸烟10年以上与所有类型的高血压均有关联;饮酒与单纯收缩压升高无关联;每日饮酒3～4两或饮酒5～9年与单纯舒张压升高有关联;饮酒5两/天以上或饮酒10年以上与收缩压舒张压均高关联。结论吸烟与饮酒对蒙古族高血压的影响是暴露剂量从小到大成为有暴露剂量累积的结果,对应分析应用于蒙古族高血压吸烟与饮酒关系的分析是有效直观的方法。     

The Association between Scholastic Measures,Alcohol Outcome Expectancies and Alcohol Use: A Cross-sectional Study in Northern Ireland

Alcohol use among adolescents is associated with both short-term (truancy, illness, trouble with police) and long-term (dependence, unemployment) negative consequences. Moreover, because of its developmental nature, adolescent drinking behaviour is difficult to accurately assess. Individual-level scholastic variables and alcohol outcome expectancies have been found to be associated with drinking behaviours. This study used a cross-sectional design to investigate: the relationship between alcohol use and individual-level scholastic variables, namely academic motivation and academic self-efficacy; and the relationship between alcohol use and alcohol outcome expectancies, while controlling for a wide range of other variables. Participants were post-primary (high) school pupils in the greater Belfast area of Northern Ireland. They completed a range of questionnaires including measures assessing academic self-efficacy, academic motivation, alcohol outcome expectancies, and a composite measure of alcohol use. Results showed that, controlling for the hierarchical nature of the data, socio-demographic variables and other possible confounders, lower reported scores on the individual-level scholastic measures, higher reported scores on positive alcohol outcome expectancies, and lower reported scores on negative alcohol outcome expectancies remained significantly associated with more problematic drinking. Results are discussed in the context of contemporaneous school-related research.