野生麦角调查研究

1957年作者等在华北盛产野生麦角的地区张北及沽源进行了生态因子的调查,并在东北搜集了不同寄主上野生麦角的样本作含硷量的此较分析.张北及沽源禾本科植物对麦角病感染程度由重至轻的顺序为碱草、赖草、大麦草、紫穗大麦草、黑麦、偏穗冰草及披碱草,其平均感染百分数分别为68.48、60.97、60.00、50.00、42.00、14.00及6.59.此外拂子茅亦有轻度感染.大麦、小麦、燕麦及无芒雀麦均未发现感染.野生寄主植物中以赖草和碱草分布最广,其大片单独群落的密度每平方米平均分别为61茎和79茎,披碱草亦有大片羣落,平均密度每平方米为38茎,其他禾草的分布极为零星.估计张北及沽源麦角的年产量至少有12万市斤。张北及沽源盛产野生麦角的生态因子为:(1)有大量的感染寄主,(2)每年积累大量菌源,(3)长期寒冷的冬季,及6、7、8月阴雨气候.麦角形成最盛期为7月下旬至8月上旬,采收最合宜的时期为8月中旬.华北及东北地区各种寄主植物所产麦角含硷量差别很大,由高至低的顺序为:拂子茅(麦角总硷计0.577%),老芒麦(0.44%),披碱草(0.30-0.34%),赖草(0.13-0.15%),碱草(0.115%),黑麦(0.061-0.065%);同一寄主植物在不同地区所产麦角的含硷量差异很少.含硷量的高低与菌核的大小,颜色等关系亦不大.寄生于赖草、碱草、披碱草、老芒麦及黑麦的麦角菌经鉴定均为Clavicepspurpurea,寄生于拂子茅的麦角菌为C.microcephala。     

麦角单菌核中麦角生物碱的薄层分离及荧光光密度法测定

本文介绍了麦角单菌核中麦角新碱、麦角酰胺、麦角胺及麦角克碱的薄层分离及荧光光密度法定量的分析方法。本法快速、灵敏,检出限度为1×10^-8g,四种生物碱的平均变异系数为6.10%,层离后的薄层斑点避光保存可稳定24小时。本法为探索麦角单个菌核问含麦角生物碱的质和量的变化以及为定向选育菌种提供了可能性。     

麦角菌在寄主植物上的接种栽培 Ⅰ.麦角菌 Claviceps microcephala(Wallr.)Tul.及 C.purpurea(Fr.)Tul.不同菌系在麦类上的接种栽培

1957—1959年以麦角菌Claviceps microcephala (Walir.)Tul.的Ce5,Ce5-29-1及Ce5-35-1等3个优良菌系分別在大麦、小麦及黑麦等的23个品种上进行了接种栽培。Ce5菌系在不同麦类上有很强的寄生力,在三种麦类上的穗寄生率,黑麦类較大麦及小麦高,且感染力也强,在黑麦类中冬黑麦又比春黑麦易于感染,三种麦类所产麦角千粒重以黑麦类为高,大麦类及小麦类为低。其麦角千粒重分别为37—76克,25—44克及21—34克。Ce5菌系在不同麦类上所产麦角的含碱量为0.078—0.4%,其中以裸大麦麦角含碱量最高,达0.4%。Ce5-29-1及Ce5-35-3菌系,无論从寄生性或是产碱能力方面来看均不次于原菌系Ce5。白麦角变异菌系Ce5-W亦有較强的寄生性,并可产生一定量的麦角碱。經分析証实Ce5及Ce5-29-1 2个菌系在不同黑麦品种上所形成的麦角中含有极有价值的麦角新碱,其含量分別为0.029—0.036%及0.042%。黑麦麦角菌Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.的Sc-2-4,Sc-6-2及Sc9-5 3个菌系分別接种在张北等5种黑麦上,其穗寄生率达48—98%;其麦角碱含量最高者不超过0.015%或不含麦角碱。     

野生麦角调查研究(续)

根据国内现有资料统计,目前已发现的麦角菌有Claviceps purpurea(Er.)Tul.,C.microcephala(Wall.)Tul.,C.paspali Stev.er Hall.,C.miscanthi Saw.以及C.syntherismae Saw.等5个种;已发现的寄主植物有35属70种,分别属于禾本科及莎草科。总计禾本科植物内共有麦角菌寄主植物34属69种;莎草科仅有1属1种为Carex subpediformis(Kük)Suto et Suzuki。无论是在东北或是华北地区,寄生在拂子茅或披碱草上的麦角,其含碱量都是比较高的,两者的含碱量分别为0.405—0.56%及0.30—0.33%,相反地,寄生在黑麦上的麦角含碱量一致是低的,其麦角含碱量仅达0.06—0.065%。影响麦角碱含量高低的主要原因是麦角菌不同生态类型产碱能力的差异;寄主植物也有一定影响。历来麦角菌Claviceps purpurea及C.microcephala的分类标准,都是以子座头大小来区别的。但根据我们的观察,子座头的大小,并不是固定不变的特征。因此,以子座大小作为麦角菌分类的标准并不完全可靠。     

维生素B2和B6的同步荧光分析法及其在维生素复合制剂中的应用

本文建立了维生素B₂和B₆的同步荧光分析法。以△λ=58nm进行同步扫描所得的两个同步荧光峰(以发射波长表示,分别位于526nm和389nm)可用以同时分别定量维生素B₂和B₆。方法快速、灵敏。维生素B₂和B₆的工作曲线线性范围分别为0～1μg/ml和0～1.5μg/ml,检出限分别为0.5ng/ml和1ng/ml。方法已应用于三种复合维生素B制剂中维生素B₂和B₆的分析。     

HPLC法同时测定复方三维右旋泛酸钙糖浆中4中维生素的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱(HPLC)法同时测定复方三维右旋泛酸钙糖浆中维生素B₁、维生素B₂、维生素B₆和烟酰胺的含量。方法 采用外标法进行测定,色谱柱为Thermo Betasil C₁₈ Analytical(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm),流动相为乙腈-5 mmol·L^-1十二烷基硫酸钠（含0.05%甲酸）水溶液梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长260 nm,柱温30 ℃。分别测定10批复方三维右旋泛酸钙糖浆。结果 维生素B₁、维生素B₂、维生素B₆、烟酰胺4种成分的线性范围分别为5.76~115.2 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9)、1.16~23.20 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9)、1.72~34.4 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 6)和5.76~115.2 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为96.2%~98.4%(RSD为2.14%~3.42%)。不同批次复方三维右旋泛酸钙糖浆中维生素B₁、维生素B₂、维生素B₆、烟酰胺含量范围分别为0.133 7~0.155 9、0.027 86~0.030 71、0.039 05~0.047 7、0.138 7~0.148 2 mg·g^-1。结论 该方法为完善复方三维右旋泛酸钙糖浆的质量标准和加强质量控制提供了新的方法和依据。     

HPLC法测定复方吡拉西坦脑蛋白水解物片中维生素B1、B2和B6含量

摘 要 目的:建立HPLC法测定复方吡拉西坦脑蛋白水解物片中维生素B₁、维生素B₂和维生素B₆含量的方法。方法: 采用Insteril ODS-3色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：0.01 mol·L^-1庚烷磺酸钠（含0.25%三乙胺,用冰醋酸调节pH至3.8)-甲醇（75∶25）,柱温30℃,检测波长为280 nm,流速：1.0 ml·min^-1。结果: 维生素B₁、维生素B₂、维生素B₆分别在3.98～99.40 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 7）、4.08～101.91μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、2.08～52.00 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99.18%、99.53%、99.27%,RSD分别为0.60%、0.67%、0.71%(n=9)。结论:本法简便、快速、准确,可用于复方吡拉西坦脑蛋白水解物片中维生素B₁、维生素B₂和维生素B₆的含量测定     

国家食品药品监督管理局国家药品标准修订——复方氨基酸胶囊(8-11)

本品系由八种必需氨基酸、十一种维生素和5-羟基邻氨基苯甲酸盐酸盐组成的复方制剂,含各种氨基酸均应为标示量的80.0%~120.0%,含维生素C(C₆H₈O₆),烟酰胺(C₆H₆N₂O),维生素B₆(C₈H₁₁NO₃·HCl),维生素B₂(C₁₇H₂₀N₄O₆),硝酸硫胺(C₁₂H₁₇N₅O₄S)应为标示量的70.0%~130.0%。     

1-(1-取代苯基)-2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑或苯并三唑基)-O-(取代苄基)乙酮肟醚类化合物的合成及抗真菌活性

报道了29个新的1-(1-取代苯基)-2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑或苯并三唑基)-O-(取代苄基)乙酮肟醚类化合物的合成与体外抗菌试验。结果表明,大多数化合物对大部分真菌有抑菌活性,化合物T₁,T₄,T₆,T₁₁,T₁₂,B₁,B₃,B₄和B₆对部分真菌抑菌活性优于或相当于奥昔康唑。     

电离辐射对维生素B12及其水溶液的作用

本文研究了钻-60的γ-射线(50～100,000伦)和14MeV快中子(累积中子通量1.4×10~(12)中子/cm²)对维生素B₁₂粉及其浓、稀水溶液的作用。结果表明:钴-60的γ-射线对稀维生素B₁₂水溶液的最低破坏剂量介于2000伦～3000伦之间;辐照100,000伦时,可使其破坏65%以上。钴-60的γ-射线对维生素B₁₂的破坏特点是:稀溶液最易,浓溶液次之,固体粉末不易破坏;破坏程度随辐射剂量的增大而加剧;278nm、361nm、550nm三处特征吸收峰随辐射剂量的增大而逐渐变低平,维生素B₁₂的含量随辐射剂量的增大逐渐降低;产生多种辐解产物。而快中子,在本试验条件下,对浓、稀维生素B₁₂水溶液无明显破坏作用。     

Ergot Alkaloids in Feed for Pekin Ducks: Toxic Effects,Metabolism and Carry Over into Edible Tissues

Hardened sclerotia (ergots) of Claviceps purpurea contaminate cereal grains and contain toxic ergot alkaloids (EA). Information on EA toxicity in ducks is scarce. Therefore, the aim of the growth experiment (Day 0–49, n = 54/group) was to titrate the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for total ergot alkaloids (TEA). A control diet was prepared without ergots, and the diets designated Ergot 1 to 4 contained 1, 10, 15 and 20 g ergot per kg diet, respectively, corresponding to TEA contents of 0.0, 0.6, 7.0, 11.4 and 16.4 mg/kg. Sensitivity of ducks to EA was most pronounced at the beginning of the experiment when feed intake decreased significantly by 9%, 28%, 41% and 47% in groups Ergot 1 to 4, respectively, compared to the control group. The experiment was terminated after two weeks for ducks exposed to Ergot 3 and 4 due to significant growth retardation. Ergot alkaloid residues in edible tissues were lower than 5 ng/g. Bile was tested positive for ergonovine (=ergometrine = ergobasine) with a mean concentration of 40 ng/g. Overall, the LOAEL amounted to 0.6 mg TA/kg diet suggesting that ducks are not protected by current European Union legislation (1 g ergot/kg unground cereal grains).     

麦角生物硷的层离研究 Ⅰ.我国野生麦角的成分鉴定及麦角新硷的定量

近年来国内发现几种野生麦角,本院药用植物系进行了调查研究,从分怖地区及麦角外部形态方面作了初步报导,为进一步了解和探讨其中生物硷成分及麦角新硷含量,我们用纸屑离法进行研究。一般化学测定法只能测定麦角总硷含量及水溶性生物硷含量,对于个别生物硷无法测定,自1949年Foster应用纸屑离法后,就大大方便了从事研究麦角复杂成分的方法。 Foster用正丁醇、醋酸、及水的混合液作扩展溶剂,把水溶性及水不溶性生物硷在     

麦角菌在寄主植物上的接种栽培 Ⅱ.人工接种栽培过程中影响麦角碱含量的因素

将麦角菌Claviceps microcephala(Wallr.)Tul.的Ce5,Ce5-5-1,Ce5-29-1及Ce10—4等4个菌系在寄主植物上进行了接种栽培,并对接种栽培过程中,影响麦角碱含量的若干环境因素进行了较为系统的研究。     

Validation of a New Sensitive Method for the Detection and Quantification of R and S-Epimers of Ergot Alkaloids in Canadian Spring Wheat Utilizing Deuterated Lysergic Acid Diethylamide as an Internal Standard

Ergot sclerotia effect cereal crops intended for consumption. Ergot alkaloids within ergot sclerotia are assessed to ensure contamination is below safety standards established for human and animal health. Ergot alkaloids exist in two configurations, the R and S-epimers. It is important to quantify both configurations. The objective of this study was to validate a new ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for quantification of six R and six S-epimers of ergot alkaloids in hard red spring wheat utilizing deuterated lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-D₃) as an internal standard. Validation parameters such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), matrix effects, recovery and precision were investigated. For the 12 epimers analyzed, low LOD and LOQ values were observed, allowing for the sensitive detection of ergot epimers. Matrix effects ranged between 101–113% in a representative wheat matrix. Recovery was 68.3–119.1% with an inter-day precision of <24% relative standard deviation (RSD). The validation parameters conform with previous studies and exhibit differences between the R and S-epimers which has been rarely documented. This new sensitive method allows for the use of a new internal standard and can be incorporated and applied to research or diagnostic laboratories.     

Biology,Genetics, and Management of Ergot (Claviceps spp.) in Rye,Sorghum, and Pearl Millet

Ergot is a disease of cereals and grasses caused by fungi in the genus Claviceps. Of particular concern are Claviceps purpurea in temperate regions, C. africana in sorghum (worldwide), and C. fusiformis in pearl millet (Africa, Asia). The fungi infect young, usually unfertilized ovaries, replacing the seeds by dark mycelial masses known as sclerotia. The percentage of sclerotia in marketable grain is strictly regulated in many countries. In winter rye, ergot has been known in Europe since the early Middle Ages. The alkaloids produced by the fungus severely affect the health of humans and warm-blooded animals. In sorghum and pearl millet, ergot became a problem when growers adopted hybrid technology, which increased host susceptibility. Plant traits reducing ergot infection include immediate pollination of receptive stigmas, closed flowering (cleistogamy), and physiological resistance. Genetic, nonpollen-mediated variation in ergot susceptibility could be demonstrated in all three affected cereals. Fungicides have limited efficacy and application is weather dependent. Sorting out the sclerotia from the harvest by photocells is expensive and time consuming. In conclusion, molecular-based hybrid rye breeding could improve pollen fertility by introgressing effective restorer genes thus bringing down the ergot infection level to that of conventional population cultivars. A further reduction might be feasible in the future by selecting more resistant germplasm.     

Reproductive toxicity of ergot alkaloids in mink

Ergot alkaloids are-synthesized by fungi of the Claviceps family that infect rye as well as other cereals and grains. Since a portion of the ranch mink diet is cereal, mink are at a risk of being exposed to ergot alkaloids. This study was performed to determine the reproductive toxicity of ergot alkaloids derived from ergot-contaminated oats in mink. Four groups of 12 female mink each were fed diets containing 0, 3, 6 or 12 ppm ergot alkaloids from 2w prior to the breeding season until the kits were approximately 33-d old (133 d). Females were mated with untreated males. Ergo talkaloids caused a transient decrease in feed consumption, but body weights were unaffected. The gestation period of the mink in the 6 ppm group was longer compared to controls. The number of mink whelping varied significantly with 9 mink whelping each in the control and 3 ppm groups compared to 4 mink in the 6 ppm group and 1 in the 12 ppm group. Ergot alkaloids had a significant effect on kit survivabilitywith no kits surviving in the 12 ppm group. Serum prolactin was significantly depressed in the 3 ergot alkaloid groups compared to the control group. This study indicated that ingestion of ergot alkaloids at 3 ppm or higher resulted in reproductive toxicity in mink.     

Influence of Prolonged Serotonin and Ergovaline Pre-Exposure on Vasoconstriction Ex Vivo

Ergot alkaloid mycotoxins interfere in many functions associated with serotonergic neurotransmitters. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate whether the association of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and ergot alkaloids during a 24 h pre-incubation could affect the vascular contractile response to ergot alkaloids. To evaluate the effects of 24 h exposure to 5-HT and ergot alkaloids (ergovaline, ERV), two assays were conducted. The first assay determined the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) following the 24 h pre-exposure period, while the second assay evaluated the effect of IC₅₀ concentrations of 5-HT and ERV either individually or in combination. There was an interaction between previous exposure to 5-HT and ERV. Previous exposure to 5-HT at the IC₅₀ concentration of 7.57 × 10⁻⁷ M reduced the contractile response by more than 50% of control, while the exposure to ERV at IC₅₀ dose of 1.57 × 10⁻¹⁰ M tended to decrease (p = 0.081) vessel contractility with a response higher than 50% of control. The 24 h previous exposure to both 5-HT and ERV did not potentiate the inhibitory response of blood vessels in comparison with incubation with each compound alone. These results suggest receptor competition between 5-HT and ERV. More studies are necessary to determine the potential of 5-HT to treat toxicosis caused by ergot alkaloids.