骨原发恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的影像分析（附8例报道）

目的：分析骨原发恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(MFH)的影像学表现，评价其影像学诊断价值。方法：回顾分析8例经过手术证实的骨原发恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的X线平片、CT及MRI表现。结果：病变发生于股骨上端6例。胫骨上端2例。病变在X线平片上呈溶冰样破坏，．边界不清，部分有轻度硬化边，在CT上其内可见软组织密度影，CT值在34-45HU左右，而MRI图象上则可见明显软组织肿块影，周围软组织改变更清楚。结论：骨原发恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的影像表现缺乏特异性，但通过各种影像资料的综合分析，可以明显提高对本病的诊断水平。     

骨骼和软组织肿瘤^18F—FDG PET的应用进展

^18F—FDG(1^18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖)PET在肿瘤学领域已经得到了深入研究和广泛应用，尽管有关骨与软组织肿瘤的研究报告相对较少，但是近年来陆续发表的有关文献内容已涉及骨与软组织肿瘤病变良恶性鉴别、肿瘤恶性程度判断、治疗反应监测、肿瘤复发评价和骨转移肿瘤探测等诸多方面。     

恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的影像学诊断

目的探讨原发性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤影像学特征。材料和方法回顾性分析5例原发性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的X线、CT或MRI影像表现特点。结果5例均经病理证实,分别发生于小腿软组织、胫骨干及腰椎各1例,髂骨2例。原发于骨者影像学主要表现为骨质破坏、软组织肿胀或巨大肿块、患骨膨胀,骨膜反应少见,病损部位可见钙化。发生于软组织者表现为非特异性肿块,邻近骨正常或受累。结论原发性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的X线、CT或MRI均有特征性表现,CT或MRI在确定肿瘤侵犯范围与软组织肿块方面明显优于X线。     

数字下肢静脉顺行造影的临床应用价值

目的:探讨数字成像结合下肢静脉造影对下肢静脉疾病的X线表现,评价其对临床的应用价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析87例(100侧肢体)下肢深静脉顺行造影的表现.结果:造影表现正常19侧肢体(19%)、单纯性下肢浅静脉瓣膜功能不全6侧肢体(7.4%)、交通静脉瓣膜功能不全9侧肢体(11%)、深静脉瓣膜功能不全49侧肢体(60.5%)、继发性静脉瓣膜功能不全6侧肢体(7.4%)、静脉瘤样改变6侧肢体(7.4%)、深静脉血栓形成6侧肢体(7.4%)和先天性静脉发育异常3侧肢体(3.7%).结论:下肢静脉顺行造影能较清晰地显示下肢静脉病变位置和范围及下肢静脉解剖变异.对明确诊断、选择合适的治疗方法以及疗效的观察等具有重要的临床意义和实用价值.     

原发性骨恶性淋巴瘤的X线诊断

目的　研究原发性骨恶性淋巴瘤的X线、CT表现。方法　总结经手术、病理证实的 2 7例原发性骨恶性淋巴瘤的X线、CT表现 ,并联系临床表现、手术、病理所见进行观察。结果　发病部位 :椎骨 5 1.9% ,管状骨 3 3 .3 % ;骨质改变 :骨质破坏为主85 .7% ,骨质硬化为主 7% ;骨膜反应仅见 4例且轻微 ;病灶多发 1例。结论　X线及CT发现椎骨与管状骨骨干的溶骨性恶性病变及软组织肿块应考虑骨淋巴瘤的可能 ,但病变缺乏特征性。     

骨原发恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的影像诊断(附8例报告)

目的分析骨原发恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(MFH)的影像学表现,评价其影像学诊断价值。方法回顾分析8例经过手术证实的骨原发恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的X线平片、CT及MR I表现。结果病变发生于股骨上端6例,胫骨上端2例。病变在X线平片上呈溶冰样破坏,边界不清,部分有轻度硬化边。在CT上其内可见软组织密度影,CT值在34~45 HU左右,而MR I图像上则可见明显软组织肿块影,周围软组织改变更清楚。结论骨原发恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的影像表现缺乏特异性,但通过各种影像资料的综合分析,可以明显提高对本病的诊断水平。     

骨与软组织恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的MRI表现

目的探讨原发性骨与软组织恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的MRI表现。方法回顾性分析18例经手术病理及免疫组化证实的骨与软组织恶性纤维组织细胞瘤患者的临床、MRI及病理资料。其中10例原发于软组织,8例原发于骨骼。结果原发性软组织恶性纤维组织细胞瘤好发于深部软组织,其MRI表现为：T1WI多呈稍低信号或等信号,T2WI均呈混杂高信号,部分可见分隔征（6/10）、假包膜（4/10）及瘤周水肿（2/10）,增强扫描肿瘤实性部分多明显强化;骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤好发于长骨骨端,其MRI表现为：T1WI多呈等低信号,T2WI均呈混杂高信号,内可见斑片状等低信号,病灶周围常见不完整的低信号环（6/8）,增强扫描病变呈不均匀强化;骨质破坏周围多伴有软组织肿块（6/8）,部分伴有病理性骨折（3/8）。结论 MRI对骨与软组织恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的诊断缺乏特异性,确诊需依靠病理检查。     

下肢静脉造影的临床应用

目的评价下肢静脉造影在诊断及治疗下肢静脉疾病中的价值。材料与方法对临床疑诊为下肢静脉疾病的263例患者的327条肢体行顺行性下肢静脉造影检查。结果发现静脉倒流性疾病148例,201条肢体;静脉阻塞性疾病110例,121条肢体;静脉畸形4例,4条肢体;血管瘤1例,1条肢体。结论下肢静脉造影检查是诊断下肢静脉疾病的简捷、直观的诊断手段,为临床手术及药物治疗的选择提供了可靠的依据。     

下肢地雷炸伤84例治疗体会

1979～ 1990年 ,我们收治下肢地雷炸伤 84例 ,按伤情分类 ,并采用不同方法治疗 ,效果满意。1　临床资料1 1　一般情况　 84例均为男性军人 ,年龄 18～ 2 5岁。共伤及 130个肢体 ,其中双下肢炸伤 4 6例 ,单下肢炸伤 38例。合并休克 4 6例 ,下肢筋膜间隙综合征 5例。1 2　分类[1] 及治疗　 (1)局部损伤 (轻伤 ) 16例(19% ) :足或小腿伤口小 ,无明显软组织缺损 ,无骨关节、神经及肌腱损伤。尽早清创 ,抗感染 ,延期缝合。创面一般 2～ 3周愈合 ,功能恢复 ,痊愈出院。(2 )广泛损伤 (中等伤 ) 2 8例 (33% ) :足或小腿软组织有大量缺损 ,肌腱、神经…     

骨与软组织肿瘤的磁共振氢质子波谱分析

目的探讨磁共振氢质子波谱(1H-MRS)是否有助于四肢骨与软组织良恶性肿瘤的诊断及鉴别。方法对5例肢体正常骨与肌肉组织、23例四肢肿瘤进行1H-MRS检查,应用8通道相控阵线圈,并采用单体素波谱(SVS)的点分辨表面定位序列(PRESS):TE35、144ms和288ms。结果四肢骨与软组织良、恶性肿瘤和正常组织的1H-MRS波谱明显不同,恶性肿瘤的胆碱(Cho)含量明显升高。结论应用1H-MRS可以在骨与软组织恶性肿瘤中检测到明显升高的胆碱,可以作为临床良恶性肿瘤诊断、鉴别及指导治疗的重要手段。     

3.0 T MRI上深筋膜完整性对于下肢软组织肿瘤良、恶性鉴别的价值

目的 分析3.0 T MRI上深筋膜形态改变对于鉴别下肢软组织肿瘤良、恶性的价值.方法 回顾分析40例患者共41个经病理证实的下肢软组织肿瘤的3.0 T MRI表现.将肿瘤按主体与深筋膜的关系分为位于皮下浅层深筋膜外侧、深筋膜内侧、筋膜鞘间隙内、肌肉内的4组肿瘤,分析肿瘤与深筋膜的关系及深筋膜的形态学改变.将深筋膜外侧及内侧组肿瘤归为浅在肿瘤,筋膜鞘间隙及肌肉内肿瘤归为深部肿瘤,分别对其筋膜完整及筋膜破坏肿瘤的最大径进行Mann-Whitney U检验.结果 深筋膜外侧肿瘤7个,深筋膜内侧肿瘤8个,筋膜鞘间隙内肿瘤10个,肌肉内肿瘤16个.良性肿瘤16个,MRI显示深筋膜均完整,筋膜鞘间脂肪间隙存在;恶性肿瘤25个,其中23个见深筋膜破坏征象,包括筋膜中断处被肿瘤取代,肿瘤穿透筋膜生长;筋膜鞘间结构破坏,肌肉层次模糊,2例恶性肿瘤深筋膜完整.浅在肿瘤中,深筋膜完整者及破坏者肿瘤最大径的中位数±四分位数区间分别为(5.0±3.8)cm和(5.7±6.9)cm,两者差异无统计学意义(T=47.5,P>0.05).深部肿瘤中,深筋膜完整者及破坏者最大径的中位数±四分位数区间分别为(4.6±1.9)cm和(13.6±6.5)cm,两者差异有统计学意义(T=62.5,P<0.01).以深筋膜破坏指征诊断恶性软组织肿瘤,敏感度为92.0%(23/25),特异度为100%(16/16),准确度为95.1%(39/41).结论 在3.0 T MRI上显示深筋膜的破坏征象有助于恶性软组织肿瘤的诊断.     

Thallium-201 scintigraphy in bone and soft-tissue tumors: a comparison of dynamic, early and delayed scans

OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that delayed scan of thallium-201 (201Tl) scintigraphy is useful for differentiating malignant tumors from benign lesions and for evaluating treatment response. However, physiological muscle uptake which usually increases in delayed scans, often makes it difficult to evaluate 201Tl uptake and its washout in bone and soft-tissue tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the delayed scan is necessary and whether a dynamic scan is useful in the evaluation of bone and soft-tissue tumors. METHODS: We studied 175 cases of bone and soft-tissue tumors (malignant 45, benign 130). Dynamic scans were acquired every 5 seconds for 10 minutes after 201Tl injection, and time activity curves (TACs) were generated by adaptive smoothing methods. Early and delayed scans were acquired at 10-15 minutes and 2 hours after injection. 201Tl images were visually interpreted and the radioactivity count ratio (T/N) of tumors to normal tissues and washout rate [WR = (early T/N - delayed T/N)/early T/N] were defined. RESULTS: When there were no 201Tl uptake in dynamic (n = 67) and early scans (n = 68), no tumor uptake was also appreciated in delayed scans, and all but two cases of negative scans were benign. In 107 lesions, although there were significant differences in T/Ns between malignant and benign lesions both on early scans (2.84 +/- 1.45 vs. 2.05 +/- 1.13, p < 0.05) and delayed scans (2.17 +/- 1.03 vs. 1.58 +/- 0.64, p < 0.05), there was a substantial overlap. The T/Ns decreased in delayed scans (i.e., WR > 0) in 100 of 107 cases due to increase of surrounding muscle uptake, and there was no difference in WR between malignant tumors and benign lesions (0.21 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.19 +/- 0.14). CONCLUSIONS: For evaluating bone and soft-tissue tumors, delayed scan had little clinical usefulness and it may be time consuming. Dynamic scan would be useful for demonstrating the differences between tumor blood flow and 201Tl uptake in tumors.     

眼眶肿瘤的氢质子磁共振波谱的临床应用研究

目的:总结眼眶病变MRS特征,研究其生化指标,以及对诊断和鉴别诊断的意义。方法:全部病例共40例,均为单发病灶,行MRI和MRS检查。术后均得到病理证实。其中良性肿瘤和类肿瘤病变30例,恶性肿瘤10例。结果:对照组和肿瘤组比较,不同的眼眶肿瘤,各化合物的变化不同,同对照组比较,眼眶肿瘤NAA均有不同程度下降(P<0.05),海绵状血管瘤下降达52.5%,而小细胞性恶性肿瘤和腺样囊性癌升高明显。良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤的比较,Cho、Ace和Lac峰有明显差异,恶性肿瘤组明显高于良性肿瘤组。Cr峰相差不明显。Cho/Cr比值有明显增高。结论:肿瘤和正常脑组织的波谱有区别。表现在Lac、Ace的不同变化特征。良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤的MRS波峰有明显差异,表现为Cho,Cr峰值增高,尤其是Cho/Cr比值的增高,此外Lac和Ace在恶性肿瘤增高明显,提示可作为区别肿瘤与非肿瘤的标志之一。     

Diagnostic value of TI-201 and three-phase bone scintigraphy for bone and soft-tissue tumors

PURPOSE: Although TI-201 is highly sensitive for detecting bone and soft-tissue tumors, its uptake is not specific for malignant lesions. This study assessed the differentiation of malignant and benign lesions and evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of TI-201 imaging and three-phase bone scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty bone and soft-tissue tumors (16 malignant and 24 benign) were evaluated. TI-201 static images were acquired 10 minutes (early) and 2 hours (delayed) after injection of the radionuclide. Within 14 days, three-phase bone scintigraphy was performed using Tc-99m HMDP with the patient in the same position. The count ratio of the lesion compared with the normal contralateral or adjacent site (L:N ratio) was measured. RESULTS: With TI-201 scintigraphy, mean (+/- SD) values of early and delayed L:N ratios were 3.36 +/- 1.25 and 2.88 +/- 1.20, respectively, in malignant lesions; and 1.88 +/- 1.14 and 1.48 +/- 0.76, respectively, in benign lesions. TI-201 accumulation in benign lesions was significantly less than that of malignancies on early and delayed images. However, an overlap of both ratios between malignant and benign lesions was seen. No such significance was detected on three-phase bone scintigraphy (L:N ratios of malignant and benign tumors were 2.57 +/- 1.22 and 2.24 +/- 2.11, respectively, for blood flow imaging; 2.41 +/- 0.78 and 2.26 +/- 1.54, respectively, for blood pool imaging; and 2.80 +/- 2.10 and 2.89 +/- 4.55, respectively, for bone imaging). When we assumed that the tumor was malignant when the delayed TI-201 L:N ratio exceeded the blood pool phase L:N ratio with bone scintigraphy, the sensitivity rate was 81%, specificity rate was 100%, and accuracy rate was 93%. CONCLUSIONS: TI-201 imaging for bone and soft-tissue tumors was better than three-phase bone scintigraphy alone but was not good enough to clearly differentiate malignant lesions from benign ones. TI-201 scintigraphy, performed in combination with three-phase bone scintigraphy, may be superior to either one of the two imaging procedures alone for bone and soft-tissue tumor diagnosis.     

Characterization of bone and soft-tissue tumors with in vivo 1H MR spectroscopy: initial results

PURPOSE: To determine if in vivo detection of choline by using hydrogen 1 (1H) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy with dynamic contrast material-enhanced MR imaging can help differentiate between benign and malignant musculoskeletal tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR imaging was performed in 36 consecutive patients with bone and soft-tissue tumors larger than 1.5 cm in diameter. Examinations were performed at 1.5 T with a surface coil appropriate for the location of the lesions. Single-voxel 1H MR spectroscopy was performed by using a point-resolved spectroscopic sequence with echo times of 40, 135, and 270 msec. The volume of interest within lesions was positioned on the areas of early enhancement (<8 seconds after arterial enhancement) according to the findings of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging with subtraction. The criterion for determining whether choline was present in a lesion was a clearly identifiable peak at 3.2 ppm in at least two of the three spectra acquired at echo times. MR spectroscopic results and histopathologic findings were determined in blinded fashion and compared with kappa statistics. P <.001 was considered to indicate a significant difference. RESULTS: Choline was detected in 18 of 19 patients with malignant tumors and in three of 17 patients with benign lesions. The three benign lesions included one perineurioma, one giant cell tumor, and one abscess. Choline was not detected in 14 patients with benign lesions nor in one patient with a densely ossifying low-grade parosteal osteosarcoma. In vivo 1H MR spectroscopy characterized bone and soft-tissue tumors, resulting in a sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 82%, and accuracy of 89% (P <.001). CONCLUSION: Choline can be reliably detected in large malignant bone and soft-tissue tumors by using a multiecho point-resolved spectroscopic protocol. 1H MR spectroscopy can help differentiate malignant from benign musculoskeletal tumors by revealing the presence or absence of water-soluble choline metabolites.     

The role of MRS in the differentiation of benign and malignant soft tissue and bone tumors

Objective

The aim of our study was to investigate the value of choline in the discrimination of benign and malignant soft tissue and bone tumors.

Materials and methods

The study group consisted of thirty subjects with bone or soft tissue tumors larger than 1.5 cm in diameter. The experiments were performed in a 1.5 T MR scanner. Coils were selected according to specific locations. A single-voxel MRS was performed for three different TE (time to echo) (31, 136, 272 ms). The volume of interest was positioned on the brightest enhancement. The presence of a cholin peak on at least 2 of these spectrums was considered as the marker of malignancy. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the MRS in the detection and diagnosis of malignant lesions were calculated. The reproducibility of MRS and histopathological results were tested with kappa statistics.

Results

Histopathologically, 18 (60%) of the lesions were classed as malignant whereas 12 (40%) were classed as benign. With MRS, 15 (50%) of these lesions were classed as malignant and 15 (50%) as benign. Two patients who were found spectroscopically to have malignant tumors were shown histopathologically to have benign types. Five patients with an MRS showing a benign type were classed with malignant types in histopathological examinations. MRS had a sensitivity rate of 72.2%, specificity of 83.3%, and an accuracy rate of 76.6% in detecting malignant bone and soft tissue tumors. The interrater reliability of both techniques had a kappa value of 0.533.

Conclusions

MRS may help in the differentiation of benign and malignant soft tissue and bone tumors.     

The benefit of SPECT when added to planar scintigraphy in patients with bone metastases in the spine.

PURPOSE: This study compared the efficiency of SPECT with planar bone scans in differentiating malignant from benign lesions and in detecting metastases to the spine. METHODS: Planar scintigraphy and SPECT were performed in 37 patients with low back pain without known malignancy and in 38 patients with confirmed malignancy. The type, location, and intensity of tracer accumulation were compared on the planar and SPECT scans. The malignant or benign nature of lesions was proved by radiologic methods, histologic findings, 6 month follow-up, or all of these. RESULTS: More metastases were detected by SPECT (SPECT, 58 of 64; planar, 42 of 64; P < 0.01). In three of seven patients with known malignancy who had a normal result of planar scan, only SPECT detected metastases. Fifty-nine metastases were radiologically mainly osteolytic, one was osteoblastic and four were mixed. Most lesions showed increased radioactivity (40 of 42 on planar scans vs. 45 of 58 on SPECT) and 2 of 42 (5%) vs. 12 of 58 (21%) were cold with marginally increased uptake. One of 58 metastases was a cold lesion seen on SPECT only. Lesions were more often malignant than benign when seen on SPECT in a pedicle (n = 5; malignant = 3, benign = 2), in the body and pedicle (n = 22; malignant = 14, benign = 8), within the vertebral body (n = 5; malignant = 4, benign = 1) and in the whole vertebra (n = 6; malignant = 4, benign = 2). The lesion to background ratio was higher on SPECT than on planar scans (SPECT, 2.26; planar scans, 1.86; P < 0.05 in malignant lesions). CONCLUSIONS: SPECT of the spine improved the diagnostic accuracy of bone scans when added to a planar scan in patients with known malignancy and clinical suspicion of spinal metastases when the planar scan was borderline abnormal. It helps in differentiating between benign and malignant lesions of the spine.     

In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of large focal hepatic lesions and metabolite change of hepatocellular carcinoma before and after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization using 3.0-T MR scanner

PURPOSE: To investigate the value of in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the assessment of large focal hepatic lesions and to measure the metabolite change of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) using 3.0-T scanner. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, 43 consecutive patients with large (not less than 3 cm in diameter) hepatic tumors and eight normal volunteer were included. MRS of the lesions in addition to uninvolved liver parenchyma was carried out using a whole-body 3.0-T scanner. Among the patients with proven HCC, eight lesions were evaluated before and two to five days after TACE. The choline-to-lipid (cho/lipid) ratio was measured by dividing the peak area of choline at 3.2 ppm by the peak area of lipid at 1.3 ppm. The sensitivity and specificity profiles of MRS in the diagnosis of malignant hepatic tumors were determined by plotting empirical receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The mean cho/lipid ratios in different groups before and after TACE were also measured. RESULTS: The technical success rate for MRS was 90% (53/59). The ROC curve showed proton MRS has moderate discriminating ability in diagnosing malignant hepatic tumors, although the sensitivity was less than 50% while 1-specificity was less than 20%. The area under the curve was 0.71 (P < 0.05). The mean +/- 1 standard error (SE) of cho/lipid ratios for uninvolved liver (N = 8), benign tumor (N = 8), and malignant tumor (N = 21; 19 HCC, one angiosarcoma, and one lymphoma) were 0.06 +/- 0.02, 0.02 +/- 0.02, and 0.17 +/- 0.05, respectively. A significantly statistical difference (ANOVA planned contrast test, P = 0.01 and Games-Howell procedure, P = 0.03) was achieved in the mean cho/lipid ratio between malignant and benign tumors. The mean cho/lipid ratios were significantly decreased from 0.23 +/- 0.11 before TACE to 0.01 +/- 0.00 after the treatment (t = 2.01, P < 0.05, one-tail paired t-test; z = -2.37, P < 0.05, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test). CONCLUSION: In vivo proton MRS is technically feasible for the evaluation of focal hepatic lesions. The technique has potential in the detection of early metabolite change in malignant liver tumors after TACE but limitation still exists in clear differentiation between normal liver and benign and malignant tumor.     

Bone and soft-tissue lesions: diagnosis with combined H-1 MR imaging and P-31 MR spectroscopy

The feasibility of combined magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and surface coil phosphorus-31 MR spectroscopy at 1.5 T was examined in a clinical study of 34 patients before biopsy of bone or soft-tissue lesions of the extremity and trunk. The results confirmed the inability of MR imaging alone to distinguish most benign lesions from malignant ones. Malignant lesions were distinguished from benign lesions on the basis of significantly higher mean peak ratios of phosphomonoester (PME) to beta-nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) and of phosphodiester to NTP, a significantly lower mean peak area ratio of phosphocreatine to NTP, and a higher mean pH. The diagnostic performance of the PME/NTP peak area ratio is characterized by a sensitivity (true-positive fraction) of 1.00 and a specificity (true-negative fraction) of 0.93. This study provided preliminary evidence that P-31 MR spectroscopy may be used to improve diagnostic specificity in bone and soft-tissue lesions.