正交试验法优选芩榆烧伤液提取工艺研究

目的研究芩榆烧伤液提取工艺,优选最佳工艺条件。方法以黄芩苷含量为检测指标,用正交法考察3种因素(乙醇浓度、加醇倍量、渗漉速度)对含量的影响。结果黄芩苷在10.36~51.8μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9993,n=5)。最佳提取工艺为A2B2C1,即30倍量60%乙醇,以7 ml/min的流速进行渗漉。结论该提取工艺设计合理,结果可靠,可用于芩榆烧伤液的制备。     

超声波提取土荆皮中土荆皮乙酸的工艺研究

目的优选土荆皮中土荆皮乙酸的超声波提取工艺。方法HPLC法测定含量,采用正交设计,以土荆皮乙酸的收率为判断指标,以提取液浓度、固液比、提取时间为考察因素,优选最佳提取工艺。结果确定最佳工艺为用90％乙醇按1：12的料液比超声提取20min,在最佳提取条件下土荆皮乙酸的提取率为0．49％。结论与传统的提取方法（浸渍法、渗漉法）相比,超声波提取方法提取具有省时、溶剂节约、高效等优势。     

正交设计优选超声萃取甘草酸的提取工艺

目的:研究超声波辅助萃取甘草中甘草酸的最佳提取工艺。方法:采用3因素4水平L_9(3~4)正交试验法,以甘草酸的含量和得率为考察指标,对超声波辅助萃取甘草中甘草酸的工艺优化。在优选出的超声波辅助萃取最佳工艺条件下,将该法与加热回流法、渗漉法进行比较。结果:优选的超声波辅助萃取工艺条件为:药材浸泡4小时,用相当于药材重量18倍量的水,超声提取3次。超声波萃取90分钟甘草酸综合提取率劣低于渗漉提取10小时,远高于加热回流6小时。结论:超声波辅助萃取具有快速、高效、节能的特点,可用于甘草中甘草酸的提取,值得推广。     

舒月调经胶囊提取工艺研究

目的 研究舒月调经胶囊提取工艺的最佳条件.方法 以延胡索乙素含量作为提取工艺的考察指标,采用L9(3)4正交设计优选提取工艺.结果 最佳工艺为加6倍量ψ=80%乙醇浸渍1h后,回流提取2次,每次1.5h.结论 该提取工艺稳定、可行.     

正交设计优选淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷提取工艺

目的优选淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷的提取工艺。方法以淫羊藿苷的含量为指标,应用正交试验设计筛选淫羊藿的最佳提取工艺条件。结果最佳提取工艺为A2B2C3D3,即浸泡12h,用8倍量的70%乙醇热回流提取2次,1.5h/次。结论优选得到的工艺稳定可行。     

正交法优选安宫牛黄微丸处方药材的醇提工艺

目的优选安宫牛黄微丸的最佳提取工艺。方法以干膏率和3种成分的含量（黄芩苷、栀子苷、盐酸小檗碱）为检测指标,以乙醇浓度、用量、提取时间、提取次数为考察因素,采用正交试验优选最佳提取工艺。结果最佳提取工艺为12倍量70%的乙醇溶液,回流提取3次,2h/次。结论该工艺简便,稳定,合理,可用于工业化生产。     

正交试验法优选麻黄提取工艺

目的 研究麻黄中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的最佳提取工艺.方法 考察提取溶剂的浓度、倍量、提取时间3个因素,每个因素取3个水平,采用L9(33)正交表安排试验,以盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的提取率为指标,优选出最佳提取工艺.结果 麻黄的最优提取工艺为A1 B3 C1,即以50%酸性乙醇14倍量回流提取0.5h,提取2次.结...     

正交试验优选复方沙棘胶囊回流提取工艺

目的优选复方沙棘胶囊回流提取工艺。方法以总黄酮含量为评价指标,采用L9（34）正交设计选择最佳回流提取工艺。结果复方沙棘胶囊最佳回流提取工艺为用60%的乙醇,每次回流乙醇用量（液料比）为4∶1,每次回流1.5 h,回流2次。结论该工艺是在模拟生产条件下优选出的,其有效成分提取率高,重现性好,稳定可行,可为复方沙棘胶囊大生产工艺提供参考。     

葛枳护肝胶囊提取工艺研究

葛枳护肝胶囊是由葛花、豆蔻等组方的中成药,具有解酒、醒酒、护肝、养胃等功效.其主要药效成分为葛根总黄酮.葛根总黄酮的提取方法很多,如乙醇回流提取法、醇渗漉法、超声提取法等[1].     

正交试验法优选F胶囊中人参总皂苷的提取工艺

 目的 优选F胶囊中人参总皂苷的提取工艺.方法 采用正交设计对人参总皂苷提取工艺进行优化,利用大孔吸附树脂分离方法,以比色法测定不同工艺提取物中人参总皂苷的含量.结果 人参总皂苷的最佳提取工艺为:60%乙醇,8倍量,提取3次,2 h/次.结论 此法简单、易行、方法重现性好,适用于工业化生产.     

A modeling analysis of monoclonal antibody percolation through tumors: a binding-site barrier

For successful use of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for diagnosis and therapy, it is helpful to understand both global and microscopic aspects of antibody biodistribution. In this study, antibody distribution in a tumor is simulated by splicing together information on global pharmacokinetics: transport across the capillary wall, diffusive penetration through the tumor interstitial space, and antigen-antibody interaction. The geometry simulated corresponds to spherical nodules of densely packed tumor cells. This modeling analysis demonstrates that: 1) antigen-antibody binding in tumors can retard antibody percolation; 2) high antibody affinity at a given dose tends to decrease antibody percolation because there are fewer free antibody molecules. The result is a more heterogeneous distribution; 3) the average antibody concentration in the tumor does not increase linearly with affinity; and 4) increasing antibody dose leads to better percolation and more uniform distribution. This mathematical model and the general principles developed here can be applied as well to other biologic ligands.     

Syringohydromyelia: radiological evaluation of 82 patients in a developing country

A series of 82 patients presenting with syringohydromyelia and confirmed at operation were studied by conventional radiological techniques and computed tomography (CT). Cord collapse was demonstrated in 71% of the patients with wide bony canals and only 11% of patients with normal bony canals. It was most reliably shown with high resolution CT. Intrathecal CT metrizamide myelography (CTMM) failed to demonstrate contrast percolation into many cavities shown in the plain scans. Obliteration of the subarachnoid space at C1-2 levels appreciated in the plain scans strongly indicated coexisting tonsillar herniation, making CTMM unnecessary. In almost all patients, CTMM was found to be non-contributory if the high resolution plain CT scan failed to reveal cord cavitation.     

经皮椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折

目的 探讨经皮椎体成形术（PVP）治疗老年骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折的临床效果。方法本组13例患者，男5例，女8例，年龄57岁-92岁，平均72岁，均为椎体后壁完整的疼痛性骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折，病变部位：胸椎6处，腰椎9处，在DSA监测下对15个椎体行PVP，术后行cT检查。随访4个月-36个月（平均16．5个月）。结果13例患者手术均顺利完成，在术后48h内疼痛均明显缓解，均未出现肺栓塞、骨髓泥渗漏、神经损伤等并发症。术后住院1d～4d（平均1．5d）。结论PVP为疼痛性骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折患者缓解疼痛症状和控制并发症提供了一种较好的微创治疗方法。     

Uranium series disequilibria in ground waters from a fractured bedrock aquifer (Morungaba Granitoids-Southern Brazil): Implications to the hydrochemical behavior of dissolved U and Ra.

Activity concentrations of dissolved (234)U, (238)U, (226)Ra and (228)Ra were determined in ground waters from two deep wells drilled in Morungaba Granitoids (Southern Brazil). Sampling was done monthly for little longer than 1 year. Significant disequilibrium between (238)U, (234)U and (226)Ra were observed in all samples. The variation of (238)U and (234)U activity concentrations and (234)U/(238)U activity ratios is related to seasonal changes. Although the distance between the two wells is short (about 900m), systematic differences of activity concentrations of U isotopes, as well as of (234)U/(238)U, (226)Ra/(234)U and (228)Ra/(226)Ra activity ratios were noticed, indicating distinct host rock-water interactions. Slightly acidic ground water percolation through heterogeneous host rock, associated with different recharge processes, may explain uranium and radium isotope behavior.     

L''hémorhéologie permet-elle de comprendre le « paradoxe de l''hématocrite » lors de l’entraînement et du surentraînement ?Does hemorheology explain the paradox of hematocrit in training and overtraining?

Purpose. – Doping with EPO increases both hematocrit and performance. On the opposite, training reduces hematocrit due to plasma volume extension and overtraining both increases hematocrit and decreases performance. This apparent paradox seems to be explained by a new concept proposed interpreting the interactions between viscosity factors and blood flow.Facts. – Viscosity factors exert a non linear “all or none” effect that can be described according to the “ percolation theory”. Blood viscosity has no hemodynamic relevance by its own, but viscosity factors (hematocrit, red cell deformability and aggregability, plasma viscosity) can result according to flow conditions in self-potentiating phenomena of quick transition between a state of high fluidity and a state of red cell aggregate clumping. In muscle, this model predicts that: (a) during exercise the only viscosity factor that could influence flow is plasma viscosity; (b) at rest all viscosity factors (including high hematocrit) may induce a self-potentiating “viscidation” process.Conclusion. – According to these concepts, supraphysiologic hematocrit values are probably unable to disturb muscular perfusion at exercise, but are likely to promote self-potentiated stasis at rest and thus to increase the risk of thrombosis.     

18F氟代脱氧葡萄糖代谢过程的全身模拟与可视化

目的 对18F氟代脱氧葡萄糖(18F 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose,FDG)在体内的代谢分布过程进行比较完整的全身模拟,并将这一模拟结果用高分辨率的三维可视化方法直观显示出来.方法 通过临床实验估算出人体内多个组织的FDG代谢模型的参数,利用这些参数和血液输入函数模拟出FDG在人体组织内的代谢分布曲线,并基于高分辨率的解剖图像数据将这一代谢分布过程进行可视化.结果 模拟和可视化的结果直观、清晰地反映了FDG注射到人体以后在体内进行代谢分布的过程,模拟结果所反映出来的分布变化特性与实际临床实验所给出的特性一致.结论 本文给出了一种模拟人体代谢功能信息的有效方法,可以为临床核医学成像相关的教育和研究工作提供有用的工具.     

16层螺旋CT在茎突测量中的应用

目的探讨16层螺旋CT在茎突测量中的应用价值。方法对120例受检者进行16层螺旋CT扫描,在工作站上用VR,MIP及MPR法测量茎突长度、内倾角,并直接测量前倾角及通过测量茎突与颧弓夹角间接测量前倾角。结果VR图像上可以准确测量茎突前倾角（22．56±2．32°）,并间接测得前倾角23．11±2．56°,内倾角为21．89±4．82°。VR,MIP2D工具及3D工具均可测量茎突长度,2D工具与3D工具测量结果有显著差异。MPR图像测得茎突长度为22．98±2．83cm。VR及MIP3D工具与MPR测得茎突长度无显著性差异。结论16层螺旋CT扫描可以准确测量茎突长度及倾斜角度,测量茎突长度以VR3D工具最为实用,而间接法测量茎突前倾角更为简便。     

多层螺旋CT茎突测量方法的探讨

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT茎突测量方法。方法：对50例患者进行16层螺旋CT扫描,在工作站上用SSD、VR、MIP、MPR及CPR法测量茎突长度,在SSD、VR、MIP上分别使用3D工具及2D工具测量。测量茎突前倾角及内倾角分别使用SSD、VR、MIP测量。结果：使用MPR、CPR法及SSD、VR、MIP 2D及3D工具均可以测量茎突长度。VR、MIP、SSD 2D及3D工具测量结果无显著性差异,与MPR比较亦无明显差异。CPR测量值较MPR测量值大,差异显著。SSD、VR、M／P图像上可以准确测量茎突前倾角、内倾角,2D及3D工具测量结果有较大差异。结论：多层螺旋CT扫描可以准确测量茎突长度及倾斜角度,测量茎突长度MPR、SSD、VR、MIP均较准确;测量茎突倾斜角度以VR 2D工具更准确简便。VR操作简便快捷,且图像直观符合临床习惯,应成为常规应用。