Minimally invasive parathyroid surgery

Background: Minimally invasive access for the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism is becoming widespread, but several different approaches have been proposed in the literature. Methods: We describe the three main types of mini-invasive parathyroidectomy, with particular attention to the gasless video-assisted procedure, which is now routinely performed at our institution. Results: Eighty-nine patients with a preoperatively localized single adenoma were successfully treated. Operative time was 58 mins, and there were only five conversions. Discussion: After comparing the different approaches described in literature, we conclude that mini-invasive parathyroidectomy is feasible and can provide additional benefits not available with traditional surgery. At present, however, this operation can be recommended only for patients with sporadic disease, localized lesions, and absence of goiter and prior neck surgery. Received: 8 August 1999/Accepted: 13 December 2000/Online publication: 14 September 2000     

Minimally invasive parathyroid surgery

The standard bilateral neck exploration in primary hyperparathyroidism (HPTH) has been challenged in the recent years by the general trend toward less invasive surgery. The development of more reliable preoperative imaging techniques such as Sestamibi scanning and high definition ultrasonography coupled with improvements in intraoperative rapid assays of intact parathyroid hormone have allowed unilateral explorations in most patients with primary HPTH. This article reviews the currently available preoperative parathyroid localization studies as well as the currently used minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) techniques, such as open approaches, radioguided surgery and endoscopic procedures. While some techniques are more popular than others, careful selection of patients with primary HPTH has resulted in comparable cure rates to the standard bilateral parathyroid exploration.     

Minimally invasive parathyroid surgery

More surgeons are performing unilateral exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) than ever before. This article reviews the factors that have led to the trend toward less invasive surgery. Discussion includes the history of unilateral exploration for HPT, the advent of magnetic resonance sestamibi imaging, and the development of intraoperative assays for parathyroid hormone. Results of minimally invasive techniques, including radio-guided parathyroidectomy, endoscopic parathyroidectomy, and outpatient parathyroidectomy, also are presented.     

Open minimally invasive parathyroid and thyroid surgery

Open minimally invasive parathyroidectomy or thyroidectomy (small-incision technique) are frequently performed. Benefits and disadvantages of this approach are discussed in this review. Preoperative patients selection is mandatory and is also discussed.     

Minimally invasive thyroid and parathyroid surgery is not a question of length of the incision

INTRODUCTION: Postoperative cosmesis in the neck is often a major concern of patients, particularly women, undergoing thyroid or parathyroid surgery. Therefore, a reduction in the length of the cervical incision, and even more so, having no scar in the neck, is particularly appealing to these patients. Over the last years, many different so-called minimally invasive procedures have been proposed for the treatment of thyroid and parathyroid diseases, the primary aim being to improve the cosmetic results. Nevertheless, the concept of surgical invasiveness cannot be limited to the length or to the site of the skin incision. It must be extended to all structures dissected during the procedure. Therefore, minimally invasive thyroidectomy or minimally invasive parathyroidectomy should properly be defined as operations through a short, less than 3 cm, and discrete incision that permits direct access to the thyroid or parathyroid gland, resulting in a focused dissection. In addition, type of anesthesia, duration of the operation, postoperative pain, complication and success rates, and long-term outcome should also be taken into account to assess surgical invasiveness. CONCLUSION: Thyroid and parathyroid operations that minimize the incision but keep it in the neck may be considered minimally invasive not only in respect of the size of the skin incision but also, and above all, in respect of the accessibility of the operative field and extent of dissection. These operations have some advantages over conventional cervicotomy in terms of postoperative pain and cosmetic results. Until now, there is no evidence to state that morbidity of these new approaches is at least equal to the conventional equivalent. Operations that employ an extracervical approach, which have the advantage of leaving no scar in the neck, cannot reasonably be described as minimally invasive, as they require more dissection than conventional open surgery.     

Minimally invasive thyroid surgery for diagnostic excision of solitary thyroid nodules

OBJECTIVE: Various techniques for minimally invasive thyroid surgery (MITS), including endoscopic and video-assisted procedures, have now been described. Based on our units experience with minimally invasive parathyroidectomy via a lateral incision, a similar technique for minimally invasive thyroid lobectomy has been developed and assessed. METHODS: The last 203 consecutive thyroid procedures using the MITS technique, performed between July 2002 and June 2006, comprised the study group. Inclusion criteria for initial surgery were: initial nodule < 3.0 cm; no preoperative evidence of malignancy; absence of clinical multinodular change. A 2.5-cm lateral incision, using a headlight illumination, provided optimal exposure. RESULTS: A total of 202 patients underwent 203 MITS procedures over the 4-year period, with one patient undergoing bilateral MITS. The procedures included 155 thyroid lobectomies and 48 nodule excisions; 31 of the patients underwent a minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) during which an ipsilateral thyroid nodule was removed. The mean tumour size was 17.3 mm, but the mean size of the thyroid lobe removed was 39.5 mm. Final diagnoses included benign multinodular goitre (26%), follicular adenoma (22%) and carcinoma (20%). The complication rate was low, with one permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy (anterior division only) (0.5%), four RLN neuropraxias which recovered (2%), and one haematoma not requiring re-operation (0.5%). The rate of complications was not significantly different from 819 conventional open hemithyroidectomies performed over the same period. CONCLUSION: MITS is a safe and feasible alternative to open thyroid surgery in appropriately selected cases. It offers a valuable option for diagnostic excision biopsy in patients with thyroid nodules demonstrating an atypical fine-needle biopsy whilst avoiding the need for a standard cervical "collar" incision.     

腔镜辅助微创甲状腺手术的临床应用

目的探讨腔镜辅助微创甲状腺手术的可行性、优越性和经验。方法18例甲状腺结节患者,肿块最大6.0cm×4.2cm,最小3.5cm×2.0cm,取胸骨切迹上2.0cm处切口,长约2.5～3.0cm,在腔镜辅助下用超声刀进行单侧甲状腺部分切除术12例,次全切除术3例,单侧 峡部切除术1例;一侧甲状腺次全切除 对侧部分切除术2例。结果18例手术均顺利完成,手术时间1～2.5h,无并发症发生。病理结果除1例微小癌外,均为良性病变。结论对于大多数良性甲状腺疾病,腔镜辅助微创甲状腺手术是一种创伤较小,有一定美容效果,相对简单,易于推广的有效手术治疗方法。     

胆道外科的微创伤技术

胆道外科疾病治疗的近十年已有很大发展,特别是随着腹腔镜手术技术的开展,再结合其他微创技术,使胆道外科的治疗手段有了新的突破。这些微创技术包括：①始于1937年Huard开展的经皮肝胆管造影术(PTC),1962年Glenn等发展了经皮经肝胆管引流术(PTCD)。②胆道镜技术是1941年Mclver、Wappler设计硬性胆道镜开始发展,1965年Shore首次报告了在胆道探查术中应用胆道镜。     

合并常见慢性病患者微创保胆术175例报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜保胆取石(息肉)术治疗胆囊结石(息肉)合并常见慢性病患者的安全性及手术疗效。方法:回顾分析2009年2月至2012年2月为175例胆囊结石(息肉)合并常见慢性病患者行腹腔镜联合胆道镜保胆取石(息肉)术的临床资料。结果:3例因术中判断胆囊功能较差、2例因术中胆囊息肉基底部出血不止中转腹腔镜胆囊切除术,余均顺利完成保胆取石(息肉)术。手术时间25～100 min,平均(65±12.5)min;术中出血量3～30 ml,平均(10±4.7)ml。术后5例恶心呕吐,1例腹泻,1例右肋缘下切口脂肪液化,经积极对症处理后患者均痊愈出院;术后住院3～6 d。电话或返院随访3～36个月,随访128例,脂肪餐前后B超对比检查,胆囊收缩面积>30%,胆囊收缩功能良好。3例复发,复发率2.4%。结论:合并常见慢性病患者行保胆取石(息肉)术具有患者创伤小、康复快、并发症少等优点,手术安全、有效,可提高术后患者生活质量。     

Minimally invasive parathyroid surgery for recurrent intrathyroid multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)

A case of recurrent multiple endocrine neoplasia-related hyperparathyroidism treated by minimally invasive parathyroid surgery is discussed.     

Minimally invasive surgery

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS), or laparoscopic surgery, plays a vital role in residency training in a number of surgical disciplines including general surgery, surgical oncology, colorectal surgery, pediatric surgery, and thoracic surgery. The tremendous patient demand for MIS over the past 2 decades has resulted in surgeons rapidly embracing this technique. Many general surgery residencies cover basic laparoscopy within their residency program; however, the experience with more advanced cases is more variable. This career resource guides the interested medical student and physician to opportunities for fellowship training in MIS. It includes a discussion of the specialty, training requirements, grant funding, research fellowships, and pertinent societies.