全基因组拷贝数变异测序检测胎儿生长受限染色体异常的诊断价值

摘要:目的?探讨低深度全基因组拷贝数变异测序(copy number variation sequencing, CNV-Seq)与核型分析技术在检测产前孕中晚期胎儿生长受限(fetal growth restriction, FGR)染色体异常中的临床诊断价值。方法?对2018年4月至2020年10月因FGR行侵入性产前诊断分析的138例胎儿同时进行G显带核型分析和全基因组CNV-Seq检测，结合短串联重复序列(STR)检测鉴别母体污染。结果?138例FGR病例中，采用G显带核型分析检出>10 Mb染色体异常12例(8.7%,12/138)，采用CNV-Seq检出9例(6.5%，12/138)>10 Mb染色体异常，2例平衡易位和1例低比例嵌合体。G显带核型分析检出<10 Mb染色体异常1例，CNV-Seq额外检出<10 Mb染色体CNVs 11例(8.0%,11/138)，其中8例为致病性CNVs(包括2例Williams-Beuren综合征、2例16p微缺失/微重复综合征、1例为Miller-Dieker综合征、1例Wolf-Hirschhorn综合征、1例3q29缺失综合征和1例父源单亲二倍体)，3例为临床意义不明拷贝数变异(variants of uncertain significance, VOUS)。结论?与传统G显带核型分析相比较，CNV-Seq除可有效检出产前FGR中>10 Mb且涉及CNVs的染色体数目和结构异常外，还可额外检出核型正常FGR中<10 Mb的染色体CNV，可更系统全面地揭示产前FGR的遗传学病因，科学指导FGR胎儿妊娠选择。     

无创产前检测技术检出5q15-21.3缺失1例

目的对1例无创产前检测(non-invasive prenatal testing,NIPT)提示为del(5q15-21.3,13.43M)的孕妇进行产前诊断。方法对该孕妇进行羊膜腔穿刺抽取羊水,分别采用羊水细胞培养G显带核型分析技术和全基因组测序技术对胎儿无创检测结果进行验证。结果胎儿核型为46,XX,del(5)(q15q21.3),胎儿母亲核型为46,XX,父亲核型为46,XY;羊水细胞全基因组测序检测结果为46,XX,del(5q14.3q21.3).(90,871,585-106,715,288)×1;夫妻双方选择终止妊娠,引产胎儿表型未见明显异常。结论采用NIPT技术检出胎儿染色体的微缺失1例,并成功进行验证。     

全基因组低覆盖度测序结合传统细胞遗传学核型分析在罕见遗传病诊断中的应用

目的对1例NT增厚的彩超异常胎儿进行遗传学分析及诊断,探讨多种检测方法的联合应用在遗传病检测中的实际意义。方法采用全基因组低覆盖度测序(WGS)法检测胎儿染色体非整倍体及100kb以上的拷贝数微缺失/微重复,同时用常规G显带法对羊水行胎儿脱落细胞染色体核型分析。结果 WGS显示胎儿4q末端存在34.16Mb的重复合并18q末端存在19.97 Mb的缺失,经结合G显带核型分析最终确定该胎儿核型为46,XN,der(18)t(4;18)(q32.1;q21.3)。结论应用WGS结合染色体G显带核型分析技术,确诊了1例4q部分三体合并18q部分单体衍生的不平衡重排染色体的彩超异常胎儿,证明合理运用细胞遗传学和分子遗传学检测方法有助于对染色体异常的遗传学变异病例进行明确诊断。     

染色体核型分析联合CNV-Seq检测在高龄孕妇产前诊断中的临床应用

目的 探讨染色体核型分析联合基因组拷贝数变异测序(CNV-Seq)检测在高龄孕妇羊水产前诊断中的临床应用价值。方法 对2018年1月—2020年1月南京医科大学第一附属医院的368例产前诊断高龄孕妇进行分析,统计产妇的羊水细胞染色体核型结果、CNV-Seq检测结果。结果 368例高龄孕妇中染色体核型检出结果异常30例,异常检出率8.2%(30/368),其中21三体7例,18三体2例,性染色体数目异常8例,嵌合体4例,染色体平衡变异6例,染色体不平衡易位变异3例。CNV-Seq检出结果异常40例,异常检出率10.9%(40/368),其中21三体7例,18三体2例,性染色体数目异常8例,嵌合体4例,≥10 Mb大片段缺失重复3例,<10Mb且致病性CNVs3例,可能致病性CNVs3例,临床意义未明CNVs10例。CNV-seq检测对染色体核型分析异常结果中的6例染色体平衡变异未检出,其余24例异常均检出,此外CNV-seq额外检测出6例致病性及可能致病性CNVs,占比1.6%(6/368)。结论 染色体核型分析联合染色体拷贝数变异检测,可提高染色体异常检出率,两种方法各自有独特的...     

22q 11.2微重复伴先天性心脏缺损的产前分子遗传学诊断

目的 对产前超声检查中发现的1例先天性心脏缺损（congenital heart defects,CHD）胎儿进行分子细胞遗传学分析,寻找其致病原因。 方法 对胎儿脐带血及父母双亲外周血行G显带常规染色体分析,用微阵列比较基因组杂交(arraybased comparative genomic hybridization, array-CGH)技术对胎儿进行全基因组扫描分析,并用短串联重复多态性(short tandem repeat polymorphism,STRP)分析技术对新发现的基因拷贝数变异(copy number variations, CNVs)进行验证及来源分析。 结果 array-CGH显示胎儿基因组中存在一个22q 11.2微重复,大小约为1.5 Mb;STRP分析证实了22q 11.2微重复的存在,同时也发现无任何异常症状的胎儿母亲基因组中也存在一致的22q 11.2微重复,提示胎儿22q 11.2微重复遗传于其母亲。 结论 22q 11.2微重复可能是胎儿CHD的病因;22q 11.2微重复携带者可以无任何异常症状,其遗传学机制尚待研究。     

法洛四联症常见心内合并畸形及遗传学异常分析

目的分析法洛四联症（TOF）胎儿及小儿患者的遗传学改变及常见合并心内畸形,为TOF预后及管理咨询提供参考。 方法回顾性分析2013年6月至2017年4月于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院产前超声心动图诊断TOF并经出生后复查或终止妊娠后病理解剖证实的胎儿70例（胎儿组）及2016年2月至2017年9月于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院行TOF手术的患儿73例（小儿组）。超声心动图检查观察TOF合并的心内畸形。应用低深度全基因组测序（WGS）方法检测143例TOF的染色体非整倍体及拷贝数变异（CNVs）。总结并分析2组合并其他心内畸形情况以及染色体异常类型。 结果胎儿组与小儿组合并其他心内畸形者所占比例分别为70.0%（49/70）、67.1%（49/73）。合并心内畸形最常见为右位主动脉弓（28/143,19.6%）,其中胎儿组16例（16/70,22.8%）,小儿组12例（12/73,16.4%）。143例TOF共检出染色体异常29例。其中,胎儿组21例,包括非整倍体5例（18-三体2例、21-三体2例及13-三体1例）,致病性CNVs 16例（22q11.2微缺失12例、Smith-Magenis综合征2例、22q11.2微重复1例、1p36微缺失1例）。小儿组8例,均为致病性CNVs（22q11.2微缺失5例、22q11.2 微重复2例及Xp22.2微重复1例）。胎儿组与小儿组的染色体异常检出率差异存在统计学意义（30.0% vs 11.0%,χ²=8.014,P=0.005）。 结论TOF易合并其他心内畸形及遗传学异常。合并心内畸形以右位主动脉弓异常较多见,产前及产后超声应仔细探查,避免漏诊;合并染色体异常以非整倍体和致病性CNVs为主,一旦确诊建议完善遗传学检测。     

无创产前基因检测在血清学筛查结果为高风险的非高龄孕妇中的应用

目的探讨用无创产前基因检测(NIPT)对血清学标志物筛查结果为高风险的非高龄孕妇(18~34岁)进行产前诊断的意义。方法选取4 168例血清学标志物筛查结果为高风险的非高龄孕妇,用高通量测序技术检测孕妇血浆中胎儿游离DNA(cff DNA),对检测结果为高危的孕妇进行胎儿染色体核型分析,个别病例用微阵列比较基因组杂交技术(array-CGH)验证。结果 NIPT结果显示共有41例孕妇为高风险,阳性率为0.98%,包括32例21-三体综合征(T21),4例18-三体综合征(T18),1例13-三体综合征(T13),4例性染色体异常;经胎儿核型分析证实为30例T21,2例核型正常;另外9例NIPT检测其他染色体非整体结果为高风险者经胎儿核型分析证实为3例T18,1例T13,2例性染色体异常;1例经NIPT检测为45,XO,而胎儿核型分析为46,XX,del(X)(q23→q25),array-CGH验证缺失片段大小为11.6×106bp。结论 NIPT用于血清学筛查结果为高风险的非高龄孕妇检测可减少侵入性的产前诊断,但存在一定的假阳性,仍需有创检查进行确诊。     

唐筛高风险和临界风险孕妇中非21/18三体染色体异常结果分析

目的分析唐筛高风险和临界风险孕妇中非21/18三体染色体异常的检出情况,为唐筛高风险和临界风险孕妇后续产前诊断技术的选择提供依据。方法纳入唐筛高风险孕妇2 555例及唐筛临界风险孕妇473例,均选择羊水穿刺进行羊水染色体微阵列分析(CMA)或低深度全基因组拷贝数变异(CNVseq)检测,分析非21/18三体的染色体异常的检出情况。结果唐筛高风险孕妇中致病性或倾向致病性非21/18三体的染色体异常43例(1.68%);其中染色体拷贝数变异(CNVs)占86.05%(37/43),性染色体异常占11.63%(5/43);唐筛临界风险孕妇中致病性或倾向致病性非21/18三体的染色体异常9例(1.90%);其中CNVs占77.78%(7/9),性染色体异常占22.22%(2/9)。结论唐筛高风险或临界风险对非21/18三体染色体异常的检出率与21/18三体综合征的检出率相一致,进行产前诊断时应纳入CMA或CNVseq技术。     

1例1q25.1-q31.3缺失智力低下患儿的分子细胞遗传学诊断

摘要:目的：检测1例不明原因智力低下(mental retardation, MR)患儿的基因组不平衡,寻找其致病原因。 方法：经常规G显带核型分析,发现患儿核型为46,XX,del(1)(q25-q31)后运用微阵列比较基因组杂交(arraybased comparative genomic hybridyzation, array-CGH)技术对患儿进行全基因组高分辨率扫描,对缺失区域的位置和大小作精确分析。 结果：array-CGH结果证实了患儿基因组存在一个病理性的拷贝数变异: del(1)(q25.1-q31.3) (172 832 580-193 394 460, ~20.561Mb)。 结论：del(1)(q25.1-q31.3)是此患儿真正的致病原因;array-CGH技术具有高分辨率、高准确性等优点,有利于基因组异常的检测和临床遗传咨询。     

高通量测序在自然流产遗传学诊断中的应用探讨

目的观察分析高通量测序在自然流产遗传学诊断中的应用效果。方法选取本院(在2016年5月-2019年3月)搜集的114例孕妇一般资料,所有孕妇均接受高通量测序方法。采用统计学分析114例孕妇的自然流产遗传学诊断结果。结果高通量测序自然流产遗传学诊断结果为:54例正常、60例异常[45,X;标本降解;14q32.13q32.33缺失片段大小为11.34 Mb;47,XN;47,XN,5p15.33p13.3缺失片段大小为33.56 Mb;5p13.3p13.2重复片段大小为2.38 Mb;dup(X);del](P<0.05)。结论高通量测序在自然流产遗传学诊断中的应用效果显著。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.