地佐辛联合右美托咪定对老年高血压患者全麻苏醒期躁动及血流动力学的影响

目的 探讨地佐辛联合右美托咪定对老年高血压患者全麻苏醒期躁动及血流动力学的影响。方法 选取收治的100例行全麻手术治疗的老年高血压患者,分为对照组和观察组,各50例,给予对照组患者常规药物芬太尼,给予观察组患者地佐辛联合右美托咪定镇静,记录2组患者手术时间、自主呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间,比较不同时点的血流动力学水平、疼痛、镇静评分、苏醒期间躁动程度、高血压及心动过缓发生率。结果 2组患者手术时间、自主呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),与对照组相比,观察组T1～T3时SBP和DBP显著降低,心率明显减慢,观察组T1～T2时MAP也显著增加(P<0.05);与对照组相比,观察组拔管后30 min以及拔管后60 min的视觉模拟评分(VAS)显著降低,Ramsay镇静评分显著升高,但拔管即刻2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与对照组相比,观察组躁动程度发生率显著降低(P<0.05),心动过缓发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 地佐辛联合右美托咪定可有效改善老年高血压患者全麻苏醒期躁动,稳定血流动力学水平...     

右美托咪定联合曲马多预防青壮年男性全麻病人苏醒期躁动评价

目的 观察右美托咪定用于预防青壮年男性全麻患者苏醒期躁动的效果和安全性.方法 选择60例18 ～ 45岁择期全麻手术的男性患者,随机分为3组:A组:全麻插管后静脉泵注右美托咪定1μg/kg,10 min后改为0.4 μg/(kg.h)至手术结束前30 min停药,缝皮前静注曲马多1 mg/kg;B组:术中泵注等量生理盐水,缝皮前静注曲马多2 mg/kg;C组:术中及缝皮前均给予等量生理盐水.记录3组患者T0-T4各时点的SBP、DBP、HR,记录3组患者的唤醒时间、拔管时间、拔管后5 min的躁动评分及不良反应.结果 3组患者在T0、T1时点SBP、DBP、HR差别无统计学意义;T2时点SBP、DBP、HR,A组明显低于B、C组(P＜0.01),T3时点SBP、DBP、HR,A、B组明显低于C组(P＜0.01),T4时点A组SBP、DBP、HR明显低于C组(P＜0.01),亦低于B组.B组SBP、DBP、HR低于C组(P＜0.05).3组患者唤醒时间、拔管时间差别无统计学意义,躁动评分A、B组明显低于C组(P＜0.01),且A组低于B组;术后24 h恶心呕吐的发生率A、C组低于B组(P＜0.05).结论 右美托咪定联合曲马多可有效提高青壮年男性全麻病人的复苏质量,且不增加复苏时间.两者合用可减少曲马多用量,减少术后恶心呕吐的发生.     

对右美托咪啶预防腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者全身麻醉苏醒期不良反应的临床观察

目的观察右美托咪啶预防腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者全身麻醉苏醒期不良反应的临床效果。方法选择60例拟在全身麻醉下择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的患者(ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级),随机分为2组:右美托咪啶组(D组)和对照组(C组),每组30例。D组:麻醉诱导前静脉泵注右美托咪啶负荷量1.0 ug/kg,泵注时间15 min,之后输注速度设定为0.2 ug/kg.h至手术结束。C组:右美托咪啶改为生理盐水。记录停用麻醉药前、拔管时、拔管后5 min患者HR、SBP、DBP,自主呼吸恢复时间、清醒时间,气管拔管时间(从手术结束到拔除气管导管),苏醒期患者躁动的情况。结果拔管时,两组HR、SBP、DBP较停药前升高,但D组的升高程度低于C组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);拔管后5 min,D组HR、SBP、DBP与停药前无明显变化,而C组HR、SBP、DBP较停药前明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者术后呼吸恢复时间、清醒时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);患者苏醒期躁动比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪啶可有效预防全身麻醉苏醒期的血流动力学波动,并能减少躁动的发生率。     

右美托咪定联合氯胺酮用于小儿眼科手术的临床观察

目的：观察右美托咪定联合氯胺酮用于小儿眼科手术的安全性及麻醉效果。方法选择90例2～7岁行眼科手术的患儿,随机分为三组,每组30例。 A组使用氯胺酮联合右美托咪定麻醉,B组使用氯胺酮联合咪唑安定麻醉,C组单纯使用氯胺酮麻醉。记录麻醉前（T0）、肌注氯胺酮后5 min（T1）、手术开始时（T2）、手术开始后5 min（T3）、手术开始后15 min（T4）及手术结束时（T5）的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（ HR）、血氧饱和度（ SpO2）,并记录三组患儿氯胺酮总用量及术中不良反应,观察术后苏醒时间、苏醒期躁动发生情况。结果 A组与C组比较, T1、T3、T5的SBP和T5的DBP差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。 A组HR在T5时点与B、C两组比较差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。 A、B两组氯胺酮总用量和术中不良反应发生例数与C组比较差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。 A、B两组苏醒时间、苏醒期躁动发生例数均少于C组,而A组明显优于B组（ P＜0.05）。结论右美托咪定联合氯胺酮用于小儿眼科手术麻醉是安全的,且术中血流动力学平稳,不良反应少,术后苏醒时间短,苏醒期躁动发生例数减少。     

右美托咪定对甲状腺手术麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响分析

目的探讨右美托咪定(Dex)对甲状腺手术麻醉患者苏醒期躁动的影响。方法将88例甲状腺手术患者随机分为两组,麻醉诱导后,观察组静脉泵注右美托咪定,对照组同样方式泵注生理盐水。观察患者拔管前(T0)、导管拔管时(T1)、拔管后5min(T2)、拔管后10 min(T3)的HR、SBP、DBP和SPO2的变化,记录手术结束后麻醉苏醒恢复时间。并对患者进行术后镇静—躁动评分(SAS)。记录患者拔管后10 min Ramsay镇静评分和VSA镇痛评分。结果与对照组比较,观察组T2HR明显减慢,SBP、DBP明显降低(P<0.05),观察组的Ramsay评分明显高于对照组(P<0.05),VAS、SAS评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05),苏醒时间两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组均无明显的不良反应。结论右美托咪定可有效减少甲状腺手术全麻苏醒期躁动的发生,改善患者苏醒舒适度及术后生活质量,是控制苏醒期躁动的理想药物。     

右美托咪啶复合地佐辛对骨科手术全麻苏醒期躁动的影响

目的探讨右美托咪啶复合地佐辛对骨科手术全麻苏醒期躁动的影响。方法选择行骨科手术的患者100例,将所有患者平均分为A、B两组,每组50例患者,A组患者在手术结束前30min给予生理盐水,而B组患者在手术结束前30min给予右美托咪啶复合地佐辛,对两组患者全麻苏醒期间的躁动情况进行对比。结果在Riker镇静-躁动评分、躁动发生率、疼痛VAS评分上两组进行比较,B组明显更优,且组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。而在T1、T2期患者的HR、MAP上的比较,B组明显更优,组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在骨科手术结束前给予患者右美托咪啶复合地佐辛,可以使患者的躁动程度得以有效的减轻,使患者的血流动力学处于稳定状态,具有良好的安全性和可靠性,具有值得认可的临床应用价值。     

右美托咪定用于七氟醚诱导气管插管时血流动力学及BIS的变化

目的：观察右美托咪定对七氟醚诱导气管插管时血流动力学及镇静深度的影响。方法：择期全麻下行耳鼻喉手术患者36例,ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,随机均分为对照组（ A组）、高剂量芬太尼组（ B组）、右美托咪定组（ C组）,A、B组诱导时分别给予芬太尼2μg/kg和4μg/kg,C组麻醉诱导前15 min内静脉泵注右美托咪定1.0μg/kg,诱导时给予芬太尼2μg/kg;3组均给予七氟醚“潮气量法”诱导,记录3组患者给药前（ T0）、开始吸入七氟醚即刻（ T1）、气管插管前即刻（ T2）、气管插管后即刻（ T3）的收缩压（ SBP）、舒张压（ DBP）、心率（ HR）、脑电双频指数（ BIS）并分析。结果：3组患者T0时点基础BIS、SBP、DBP及HR比较;差异无统计学意义（ P>0.05）;T1与T0时点比较,C组SBP、HR及BIS值显著低于A、B两组,T2时点C组患者的SBP 显著高于A、B两组,差异有统计学意义（ P<0.05）;T3时点C组患者的SBP、DBP及HR显著低于A组,BIS低于A、B两组,差异有统计学意义（ P<0.05）。结论：七氟醚诱导插管时右美托咪定在降低BIS的同时可维持稳定的血流动力学。     

右旋美托咪定对胸腰椎骨折全身麻醉患者围拔管期血流动力学的影响

目的：研究右旋美托咪定对胸腰椎骨折手术全身麻醉患者围拔管期血流动力学及苏醒过程的影响。方法选择2011年5月至2014年5月在南阳市中心医院接受手术治疗的胸腰椎骨折患者90例作为研究对象。根据随机数字表法随机分成对照组（生理盐水）、0．5μg右美托咪定组以及1．0μg右美托咪定组。分析右美托咪定剂量与血流动力学指标及苏醒过程相关指标的相关性。结果各组患者不同时间的SBP、DBP及HR水平在组内相比,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。0．5μg右美托咪定组及1．0μg右美托咪定组在T2时的SBP及DBP水平均分别显著高于T0时的水平,HR水平显著低于 T0时的水平,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。但3组间的SBP、DBP及 HR水平相比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。1．0μg右美托咪定组的苏醒时间及拔管时间均显著大于对照组及0．5μg右美托咪定组,OAA／S评分与躁动评分均显著小于对照组及0．5μg右美托咪定组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。右美托咪定剂量与SBP、DBP及 HR无明显相关性,但与苏醒时间及拔管时间呈正相关,与OAA／S评分及躁动评分呈负相关。结论右美托咪定应用在胸腰椎骨折手术的全麻过程中,选择剂量为0．5μg能够较好地稳定患者在围拔管期的血流动力学指标,改善其苏醒过程,效果较好。     

右美托咪定对高血压病患者腰硬联合麻醉的镇静效应及血流动力学的影响

目的观察右美托咪定对高血压病患者腰硬联合麻醉的镇静效应及血流动力学的影响。方法将60例拟行腰硬联合麻醉的高血压病患者分为对照组、右美托咪定组和丙泊酚组,每组20例。记录麻醉前(T0)、腰硬联合麻醉开始后(T1)及用药后5(T2)、15(T3)、30(T4)、60 min(T5)时警觉/镇静(OAA/S)评分及收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、呼吸率(RR)和动脉血氧饱和度(SpO2)。结果 T0、T1时3组OAA/S评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对照组各时点OAA/S评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。T2～T5时右美托咪定组和丙泊酚组OAA/S评分显著低于T0时(P<0.05),右美托咪定组T3～T5时及丙泊酚组T2～T5时OAA/S评分显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。3组患者T0和T1时SBP、DBP、HR、RR及SpO2比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。丙泊酚组T3～T5时SBP和HR及T4～T5时DBP和RR显著低于T0时(P<0.05)。右美托咪定组T3～T5时HR显著低于T0时(P<0.05)。丙泊酚组T5时HR及T4～T5时RR显著低于对照组(P<0.05),T4～T5时丙泊酚组SBP显著低于对照组和右美托咪定组(P<0.05)。结论高血压病患者腰硬联合麻醉期间应用右美托咪定可获得满意的镇静效果,并能保持血流动力学平稳。     

右美托咪定联合地佐辛对老年高血压手术患者全身麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响

目的:探讨右美托咪定联合地佐辛对老年高血压手术患者全身麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响。方法:选择老年高血压手术患者68例,随机分为观察组和对照组。两组患者均行全身麻醉,手术结束前60 min,对照组给予地佐辛,观察组给予右美托咪定和地佐辛。观察两组患者手术情况,记录两组患者苏醒期间躁动、高血压和心动过缓发生情况。结果:两组患者麻醉成功,手术顺利。观察组无躁动发生率高于对照组,观察组轻度躁动发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组苏醒期间高血压发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:右美托咪定联合地佐辛能够减少老年高血压手术患者全身麻醉苏醒期躁动发生率,效果显著。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.