根治性膀胱切除＋回肠原位新膀胱术后尿漏防治

目的探讨回肠正位新膀胱术后尿漏的原因及防治措施。方法回顾性分析102例行根治性全膀胱切除术＋回肠正位新膀胱术膀胱癌患者的临床资料。结果 102例患者中有9例发生尿漏,占8.8%。其中,新膀胱尿道吻合口漏5例,经局部引流等综合治疗后痊愈;输尿管代膀胱吻合口完全离断、输尿管腹腔漏2例,于术后即刻行输尿管与对侧输尿管端侧吻合痊愈;输尿管回肠漏1例,于术后1个月行输尿管代膀胱再次吻合后痊愈;代膀胱乙状结肠漏1例,术后2个月行结肠造漏、尿液充分引流治愈。结论回肠正位新膀胱术后尿漏的发生与吻合口近远端的血运不良、吻合口张力大、吻合器使用不当及合并有重度贫血、低蛋白血症等有关。膀胱尿道吻合口漏经牵引、引流、支持治疗可治愈,而出现腹腔内的漏尿,肠道内的漏尿需及时选用相应手术方法干预。     

Surgical outcomes in Alagille syndrome and PFIC: A single institution's 20-year experience

Background

Alagille Syndrome (AGS) and Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis (PFIC) are rare pediatric biliary disorders that lead to progressive liver disease. This study reviews our experience with the surgical management of these disorders over the last 20 years.

Pre- and early postoperative risk factors for death after cardiac transplantation: A single center analysis

Due to the limited number of donor organs, death on the waiting list and waiting time for cardiac transplantation have markedly increased. A pressing need of appropiate selection criteria for patients who would benefit most from transplantation is apparent. The purpose of this study is to identify pre- and early postoperative risk factors that influence long term survival after cardiac transplantation. 702 consecutive patients who underwent cardiac transplantation between 3/1984 and 12/1997 were analyzed retrospectively for the influence of different pre- and early postoperative risk factors on early (30 days) and late death (5 years). Univariate and multivariate regression analysis revealed risk factors for early as well as late death. Predictors of early death were higher preoperative PVR, retransplantation, longer ischemic time, postoperative acute kidney failure and longer intubation time. Risk factors for late death were early transplant era, previous cardiac surgery, patients awaiting transplantation in a hospital, prolonged stay in an intensive care unit, and any rejection during the first month after transplantation. These results demonstrate that pre- and early postoperative risk factors have significant inluence on early and long term survival. Received: 12 November 1998/Revised: 22 July 1999/Accepted: 9 November 1999     

The significance of clinical features in the prognosis of acute renal infarction: single center experience

Objective

Acute renal infarct (ARI) is a common renovascular disease caused by the abrupt interruption of renal blood flow. Since the presenting symptoms are often non-specific, a major concern in ARI has been prompt diagnosis, and its long-term outcome has never been studied.

Materials and methods

From January 2000 through to December 2009, adult patients with ARI were enrolled in this study. We retrospectively reviewed their clinical data, and followed them up until July 2011. Renal outcome and all-cause mortality were measured.

Results

A total of 67 patients were finally enrolled in this study. Their mean age was 56.1?±?16.4 years, and 52.2% of them were male. Over 76% of patients were identified to have more than one comorbidity and concurrent thromboembolic events occurred in 16.4% of the patients. Although, acute kidney injury (AKI) was present in 40.7% of the patients, long-term renal outcome was relatively good. In all cases, AKI was resolved within a month, and renal loss was found in only one patient. In-hospital mortality was 8.9% and during the median follow-up period of 40.6?months, long-term mortality was 19.7%. Independent risk factors for mortality were age, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction and hematuria [hazard ratio (HR) 1.051, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.008–1.096; HR 3.322, 95% CI 1.119–9.860; HR 9.315, 95% CI 1.555–55.796 and HR 7.745, 95% CI 1.606–37.353, respectively].

Conclusions

Our study suggested that in-hospital and long-term outcomes of ARI were closely related to the comorbidities or underlying disease of ARI, rather than the disease itself.     

Anastomotic‐vaginal fistula (AVF) after anterior resection of the rectum for cancer – occurrence and risk factors

Objective The aim of the study was to assess recto‐vaginal fistula (RVF) after anterior resection of the rectum for cancer with regard to occurrence and risk factors. Method All female patients [median age 69.5 years, Union Internationale centre le Cancer (UICC) cancer stage IV in 10%] who developed a symptomatic RVF (n = 20) after anterior resection of the rectum for cancer from three separate cohorts of patients were identified and compared with those who developed conventional symptomatic leakage (n = 32), and those who did not leak (n = 338). Patient demography and perioperative data were compared between these three groups. Fourteen patient‐related and surgery‐related variables thought to be possible risk factors for RVF (anastomotic‐vaginal fistula) were analysed. Results Symptomatic anastomotic leakage occurred in 52 (13.3%) of 390 patients. Twenty (5.1%) had an anastomotic‐vaginal fistula (AVF) and 32 (8.2%) conventional leakage (CL). Patients with AVF required unscheduled re‐operation and defunctioning stoma as often as those with CL. AVF was diagnosed later and more often after discharge from hospital compared with CL. Patients with AVF had lower anastomoses and decreased BMI compared with those with CL. Risk factors for AVF in multivariate analysis were anastomosis < 5 cm above the anal verge (P = 0.001), preoperative radiotherapy (P = 0.004), and UICC cancer stage IV (P = 0.005). Previous hysterectomy was a risk factor neither for AVF nor for CL. Conclusion Anastomotic‐vaginal fistula forms a significant part of all symptomatic leakages after low anterior resection for cancer in women. Although diagnosed later, the need for abdominal re‐operation and defunctioning stoma was not different from patients with CL. Risk factors for AVF included low anastomosis, preoperative radiotherapy and UICC cancer stage IV.     

The significance of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis for postoperative complications of thyroid surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionHashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most common immune-mediated diseases. It makes thyroid surgery more complicated and difficult because there may be adhesions between the thyroid gland and surrounding structures. However, it is still controversial whether HT patients carry a high risk for postoperative complications of thyroid surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the significance of HT for the postoperative complications of thyroid surgery.MethodsA search for studies assessing the postoperative complication risks of HT patients compared with that of patients with benign nodules (BNs) was performed in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. Nine studies (20,118 cases, 1,582 cases of HT and 18,536 cases of BN) were identified, and the data from the relevant outcomes were extracted and analysed.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the HT group and BN group in recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (RLNP) and permanent hypoparathyroidism (PHP). The rate of transient hypocalcaemia (THC) was significantly higher in the HT group (16.85%) than in the BN group (13.20%).ConclusionsThe meta-analysis showed that HT only increased the risk of the postoperative complication THC compared to BN. Understanding the significance of HT in postoperative hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery would help clinicians perform sufficient preoperative (and postoperative) assessments and to optimise surgical planning.     

Biliary reconstruction,its complications and management of biliary complications after adult liver transplantation: a systematic review of the incidence,risk factors and outcome

Biliary reconstruction remains common in postoperative complications after liver transplantation. A systematic search was conducted on the PubMed database and 61 studies of retrospective or prospective institutional data were eligible for this review. The study comprised a total of 14 359 liver transplantations. The overall incidence of biliary stricture was 13%; 12% among deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) patients and 19% among living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) recipients. The overall incidence of biliary leakage was 8.2%, 7.8% among DDLT patients and 9.5% among LDLT recipients. An endoscopic strategy is the first choice for biliary complications; 83% of patients with biliary stricture were treated by endoscopic modalities with a success rate of 57% and 38% of patients with leakage were indicated for endoscopic biliary drainage. T‐tube placement was not performed in 82% of duct‐to‐duct reconstruction. The incidence of biliary stricture was 10% with a T‐tube and 13% without a T‐tube and the incidence of leakage was 5% with a T‐tube and 6% without a T‐tube. A preceding bile leak and LDLT procedure are accepted risk factors for anastomotic stricture. Biliary complications remain common, which requires further investigation and the refinement of reconstruction techniques and management strategies.     

A three‐centre experience of orthotopic neobladder reconstruction after radical cystectomy: revisiting the initial experience,and results in 104 patients

OBJECTIVE

To assess, in a retrospective three‐centre series, a second analysis of the initial experience and results of patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) and orthotopic neobladder reconstruction (ONR) after an additional 4 years of follow‐up.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The medical records of 104 suitable consecutive patients undergoing RC and ONR between June 1994 and April 2003 were reviewed retrospectively. The complications, mortality, continence and cancer control rates were all recorded.

RESULTS

The median (range) follow‐up was 88 (52–156) months; 90 patients had reconstruction with a ‘Studer’ neobladder, 12 with a Hautmann W pouch and 2 with a ‘T pouch’ ileal neobladder. There were 24 early complications, and one death after surgery. There were 32 late complications. The daytime continence rate was 98% and the nocturnal continence rate was 76%. Ten patients required intermittent self‐catheterization (ISC). In all, 30 patients had local and/or distant recurrences, all of whom died. Seven patients died from other causes.

CONCLUSIONS

ONR provides excellent long‐term continence rates and both acceptable complication and mortality rates. Suitable patients undergoing RC should be offered ONR.     

The incidence and risk factors of gastrointestinal complications after hepatectomy: a retrospective observational study of 1329 consecutive patients in a single center

Background

Despite of the importance of gastrointestinal (GI) complications in morbidity and mortality after major and moderate surgeries, it is not yet specifically studied in patients undergoing hepatectomy. This study was aimed to investigate the in-hospital incidence and potential risk factors of GI complications after open hepatectomy in our hospital.

Subjects and methods

Prospectively recorded perioperative data from 1329 patients undergoing elective hepatectomy were retrospectively reviewed. The in-hospital incidence of GI complications was investigated, and independent risk factors were analyzed by multiple logistic regression.

Results

GI complications occurrence was 46.4%. Univariate analysis showed that preoperative Child-Pugh score, total bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, anesthesia duration, operation duration, intraoperative blood loss, crystalloid and colloid infusion, blood transfusion, urine output, use of Pringle maneuver were statistically different between patients with and without GI complications (P < 0.05). Moreover, patients with GI complications had a more prolonged postoperative parenteral nutrient supporting time, hospital stay and ICU stay, and higher incidence of other complications than those without GI complications (P < 0.05). Multivariate regression indicated that long duration of anesthesia (odds ratio 2.51, P < 0.001) and use of Pringle maneuver (odds ratio 1.37, P = 0.007) were independent risk factors of GI complications after hepatectomy.

Conclusions

The incidence of GI complications after hepatectomy is high, which is related to an increase of other complications and a prolonged hospital stay. Avoidance of routinely use of Pringle maneuver and shortening the duration of anesthesia are important measures to reduce the postoperative GI complications.     

Laparoendoscopic single-site upper urinary tract surgery: assessment of postoperative complications and analysis of risk factors

Background

Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) has been developed in an attempt to minimise the morbidity and scarring associated with surgical intervention.

Objective

To evaluate the incidence of and the risk factors for complications in patients undergoing LESS upper urinary tract surgery.

Design, setting, and participants

Between September 2007 and February 2011, 192 consecutive patients underwent LESS for upper urinary tract diseases at four institutions.

Measurements

All complications occurring at any time after surgery were captured, including the inpatient stay as well as in the outpatient setting. They were classified as early (onset <30 d), intermediate (onset 31-90 d), or late (onset >90 d) complications, depending on the date of onset. All complications were graded according to the modified Clavien classification.

Results and limitations

The patient population was generally young (mean: 55 ± 18 yr of age), nonobese (mean body mass index [BMI]: 26.5 ± 4.8 kg/m²), and healthy (mean preoperative American Society of Anaesthesiologists [ASA] score: 2 ± 1). Forty-six patients had had prior abdominal surgery. Mean operative time was 164 ± 63 min, with a mean estimated blood loss (EBL) of 147 ± 221 ml. In 77 cases (40%), the surgeons required additional ports, with a standard laparoscopy conversion rate of 6%. Mean hospital stay was 3.3 ± 2.3 d, and the mean visual analogue scale (VAS) score at discharge was 1.7 ± 1.43. Thirty-three complications were recorded—30 early, 2 intermediate, and 1 late—for an overall complication rate of 17%. Statistically significant associations were noted between the occurrence of a complication and age, ASA score, EBL, length of stay (LOS), and malignant disease at pathology. Univariable and the multivariable analyses showed that a higher ASA score (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-2.1; p = 0.034) and malignant disease at pathology (IRR: 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.7; p = 0.039) represented risk factors for complications. Poisson regression analysis over time showed a 23% non-statistically significant reduction in risk of complications every year (IRR: 0.77; 95% CI, 0.5-1.19; p = 0.242).

Conclusions

Malignant disease at pathology and high ASA score represent a predictive factor for complication after LESS for upper urinary tract surgery. Thus, surgeons approaching LESS should start with benign diseases in low-surgical-risk patients to minimise the likelihood of postoperative complications.     

Portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy in pediatric hematologic disease: risk factors, clinical features, and outcome

Background/Purpose

A retrospective study was performed to evaluate risk factors, clinical features, and treatment modalities of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) after splenectomy in pediatric hematologic disease.

Methods

Sixty-eight patients who underwent splenectomy for various hematologic diseases were evaluated with regard to age, sex, blood count, and splenic mass. Patients who developed PVT were also reviewed for clinical features, treatment modalities, and outcome.

Results

Patients with PVT (n = 4, 5.88%) and without PVT (n = 64, 94.2%) had a mean age and female/male ratio of 13.2 years (range, 10-16 years) and 4:0, and 10.2 years (range, 1-16 years) and 29:35, respectively. Postoperative thrombocyte levels and splenic mass with and without PVT was 804 × 10³/mm³ and 752.5 g, and 465.2 × 10³/mm³ and 441g, respectively. Three patients with PVT presented with abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting. The diagnosis of PVT was made by Doppler ultrasonography in all patients including the asymptomatic case. Protein C, protein S, and antithrombin III levels were mostly decreased and/or normal and di-dimer levels were increased and/or normal after the development of PVT. Antiplatelet (acetylsalicylic acid) and antithrombotic therapy (low molecular weight heparin) were treatment agents. None of the patients needed surgery. During a mean follow-up period of 55.5 months, by Doppler ultrasonography, 1 patient was found to be free of thrombosis, whereas 1 had partial thrombosis. Two patients developed cavernomatous transformation leading to portal hypertension.

Conclusions

Portal vein thrombosis is a rare but significant complication of splenectomy done for hematologic diseases. According to our results, female gender and decreased levels of coagulation inhibitors seem to be risk factors in addition to previously mentioned thrombocytosis and greater splenic mass. Doppler ultrasonography may be performed in all patients after splenectomy to screen PVT. In the presence of well-known risk factors, prophylactic antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy should be considered after splenectomy.     

Acid-related complications after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: risk factors and impact of proton pump inhibitors

BackgroundLaparoscopic Roux-en-Y (LRYGB) gastric bypass is an effective treatment for morbid obesity. Acid-related complications after LRYGB could be prevented by prophylactic proton pump inhibition (PPI).ObjectiveTo identify the effect of PPI prophylaxis on short-term, acid-related complications in a large cohort.SettingNational Registry, Sweden.MethodsA total of 37,301 patients who underwent LRYGB in Sweden from 2009 to 2014 were identified in the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry. Patient-specific factors were cross matched with socioeconomic variables and information on PPI dispensation. A logistic regression model was used to analyze acid-related complications (e.g., marginal ulcer, stricture, and perforation) within 30 days and at 1 year postoperatively.ResultsPPI prophylaxis did not reduce the rate of acid-related complications. Instead, prolonged operation time (odds ratio [OR] 2.19 [1.53–3.13]) and immigrant background (OR 1.72 [1.17–2.53]) increased the risk of marginal ulcer within 30 days. At 1 year, medical treatment for diabetes (OR 1.75 [1.14–2.67]) and dyspepsia (OR 1.71 [1.06–2.75]), larger gastric pouch (OR 2.19 [1.528–3.248]), longer operation time (OR 1.67 [1.11–2.51]), smoking (OR 2.59 [1.77–3.78]), and immigrant background (OR 1.60 [1.08–2.36]) increased the risk for marginal ulcer, while older age (OR 2.20 [1.05–4.63]) predisposed for stricture. Inferior weight loss was associated with marginal ulcer at 1 year (OR 1.50 [1.04–2.15]).ConclusionPPI prophylaxis did not reduce the risk for marginal ulcer and stricture. The risk for these complications was increased by several co-morbidities, smoking, immigrant background, and surgical factors. Routine use of PPI prophylaxis cannot be recommended, but smoking cessation and optimal surgery could be important.     

公民身后器官捐献肝移植术后早期细菌和真菌感染并发症的临床特点与危险因素分析

目的对比分析公民身后器官捐献与传统司法途径器官捐献肝移植术后早期受体细菌和真菌感染并发症的临床特点,探讨公民身后器官捐献肝移植受体术后感染的危险因素。 方法回顾性研究2011年1月至2013年12月间本中心实施的公民身后器官捐献肝脏供、受体（研究组）和司法途径来源器官捐献的肝移植受体病例（对照组）,比较两组受体术后细菌、真菌感染的临床特点和预后,分析术后受体感染的危险因素。 结果共纳入公民身后器官捐献肝脏供体43例;研究组受体72例,对照组受体80例。研究组受体的细菌、真菌感染总发生率显著高于对照组（47.2% vs 31.2%）（χ²=4.071,P=0.044）。研究组受体术后1周内的细菌感染率高于对照组（64.5% vs 38.2%）（χ²=6.133,P=0.018）。供体捐献前感染和开放性创伤史是术后受体感染的独立危险因素（P=0.025、0.031）。4例疑似供体来源性受体感染,占研究组总感染例数的11.8%（4/34）。 结论使用公民身后器官捐献来源器官的肝移植术后受体感染发生率显著高于传统司法途径来源,发生细菌感染的时间更早。供体器官捐献前存在感染和有开放性创伤是肝移植术后受体发生感染的危险因素。     

Subcutaneous emphysema of thorax,neck and face after elective left colectomy: A case report

INTRODUCTIONAnastomotic leakage is a severe complication after colorectal surgery which causes substantial morbidity and mortality and impairs the oncologic and functional outcomes. The incidence rate varies in the literature from 4% to 26%. Diagnosis is difficult. Clinical presentation and time management are closely related to prognosis. If subcutaneous emphysema is an obvious clinical sign, its etiology is complex to determine, particularly in the post-operative course of colorectal surgery.PRESENTATION OF CASEWe report our experience in the management of a patient with early colorectal anastomotic leakage after left colectomy, whose only physical sign was subcutaneous emphysema of thorax, neck and face. This presentation is not described to date. Emergency CT-scan with injection of contrast revealed a pneumoperitoneum with extradigestive air in the pelvis, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. Suture, drainage and defunctioning ileostomy have been performed in emergency with good results. The subcutaneous emphysema resolved spontaneously without specific treatment.DISCUSSIONThere are many differential diagnoses of subcutaneous emphysema and its etiology is potentially lethal. This case is original by the clinical manifestation of anastomotic leakage in the immediate post-operative course of colorectal surgery; this presentation is not described to date.CONCLUSIONIsolated subcutaneous emphysema after left colectomy should suggest first a post-intubation tracheal wound. This case shows that an anastomotic leakage must be evocated and eliminated in order to provide the best outcome for these patients.     

Smoking increases the risk of postoperative wound complications: A propensity score‐matched cohort study

Cigarette smoking is associated with surgical complications, including wound healing and surgical site infection. However, the association between smoking status and postoperative wound complications is not completely understood. Our objective was to investigate the effect of smoking on postoperative wound complications for major surgeries. Data were collected from the 2013 to 2018 participant use files of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. A propensity score matching procedure was used to create the balanced smoker and nonsmoker groups. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for postoperative wound complications, pulmonary complications, and in‐hospital mortality associated with smokers. A total of 1 156 002 patients (578 001 smokers and 578 001 nonsmokers) were included in the propensity score matching analysis. Smoking was associated with a significantly increased risk of postoperative wound disruption (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.56‐1.75), surgical site infection (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.28‐1.34), reintubation (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.40‐1.54), and in‐hospital mortality (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07‐1.19) compared with nonsmoking. The length of hospital stay was significantly increased in smokers compared with nonsmokers. Our analysis indicates that smoking is associated with an increased risk of surgical site infection, wound disruption, and postoperative pulmonary complications. The results may drive the clinicians to encourage patients to quit smoking before surgery.     

Clinical outcomes of neonatal and pediatric extracorporeal life support: A seventeen‐year,single institution experience

The objective of this study was to describe a single‐center experience with neonatal and pediatric extracorporeal life support (ECLS) and compare patient‐related outcomes with those of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Registry. A retrospective review of subject characteristics, outcomes, and complications of patients who received the ECLS at Penn State Health Children’s Hospital (PSHCH) from 2000 to 2016 was performed. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the PSHCH outcomes and complications to the ELSO Registry report. Data from 118 patients were included. Survival to discontinuation of the ECLS was 70.3% and 65.2% to discharge/transfer. Following circuitry equipment changes, the survival to discharge/transfer improved for both neonatal (<29 days) and pediatric (29 days to <18 years) patients. The most common complications associated with ECLS were clinical seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, and culture‐proven infection. ECLS for pulmonary support appeared to be associated with a higher risk of circuit thrombus and cannula problems. When compared to the ELSO Registry, low volume ECLS centers, like our institution, can have outcomes that are no different or statistically better as noted with neonatal and pediatric cardiac patients. Pediatric patients requiring pulmonary support appeared to experience more mechanical complications during ECLS suggesting the need for ongoing technological improvement.