肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭5例临床分析

目的总结肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭的防治经验。方法回顾性分析5例肝移植受者术后早期发生急性肾功能衰竭临床资料,手术方式为改良背驮式肝移植术,其中4例术前即合并肾功能不全。结果5例术后早期急性肾功能衰竭患者3例通过调整免疫抑制方案和改善肾脏灌注及利尿治疗肾功能恢复;2例给予连续性肾脏替代治疗后肾功能恢复。结论肝移植术后免疫抑制剂的个体化应用,积极改善肾脏灌注,必要时选择血液透析治疗,有助于防治肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭。     

肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭七例的防治

目的探讨同种异体原位肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭的防治。方法回顾性分析5 1例肝移植的临床资料 ,总结肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭的防治体会。结果 5 1例患者中 ,有 9例术前已存在不同程度的肾功能损害 (Cr≥ 132 μmol/L或BUN≥ 18μmol/L) ;其中 7例患者在术后 1周内并发了急性肾功能衰竭 ,术后选择了将赛尼哌加入常规的免疫抑制剂方案中作为免疫诱导 ,同时积极应用多巴胺等血管活性药物改善肾脏灌注 ;6例肾功能在 3～ 6d内得到纠正 ,1例患者经上述治疗效果欠佳 ,采用了无肝素血液透析 ,术后第 11天肾功能亦得到恢复。结论肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭诱发因素众多 ;术后注意免疫抑制剂的个体化应用 ,积极改善肾脏灌注 ,必要时选择血液透析治疗 ,多数患者的肾功能能够得到恢复。     

ABO血型不合的肝移植（附3例报道）

目的 探讨ABO血型不合的肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭的疗效.方法 回顾性分析我院急诊状态下开展的3例(布加综合征患者1例,肝癌患者1例,重症乙型肝炎患者1例)ABO血型不合的肝移植患者的临床资料,术后以四联免疫抑制剂抗排斥反应.结果 1例布加综合征患者术后相继出现肺部感染、脑桥髓鞘溶解症及急性排斥反应,经积极对症处理后缓解,现已存活14个月; 1例肝癌患者术后出现不可控制的感染,术后13 d因多脏器功能衰竭死亡; 1例重症乙型肝炎患者术后出现急性肾功能衰竭,给予持续肾脏替代疗法,肾功能恢复.结论 ABO血型不合的肝移植术后并发症多,通过加强围手术期管理和应用有效的免疫抑制方案,可提高ABO血型不合肝移植的疗效.在无合适供体的紧急情况下,ABO血型不合的肝移植可以作为急性肝功能衰竭患者的一个重要选择.     

肝移植治疗急性肝衰竭8例报告

目的探讨急性肝衰竭治疗急性肝移植的可行性方法。方法回顾性分析8例接受急诊肝移植治疗的急性肝衰竭患者的临床资料，总结急性肝衰竭实施肝移植的经验。结果8例患者均于术后12～72h苏醒，未出现中枢神经系统的并发症。1例重型肝炎合并急性肾衰竭（ARF）的患者因肺部感染、ARDS于术后第7天死亡。1例于术后12个月因拒绝服用药物出现慢性排斥发应死亡。1例术后14个月出现胆管狭窄及胆泥淤积，存活18个月。余5例患者中，4例随访17个月，1例14个月，生活质量良好，其中有3例已重返工作岗位。结论肝移植是治疗急性肝衰竭（AIJF）的有效方法，术前的重症监护和有效治疗是保证急诊肝移植（EOLT）成功的前提条件。     

肝移植病人术后急性肾功能衰竭18例临床分析

目的:探讨影响肝移植术后发生急性肾功能衰竭的原因及处理方法。方法:回顾性分析我院91例肝移植病人中发生与未发生术后急性肾功能衰竭病人的临床资料,采用单因素分析和Logistic回归模型进行多因素分析。结果:肾衰组病人1年生存率低于对照组;与术后发生早期急性肾功能衰竭的有关因素包括术前血清肌酐、总胆红素、总手术时间、术中出血量、输血量、术中输液总量、术中尿量。术前血清肌酐高和术中尿量是术后早期急性肾功能衰竭发生的独立影响因素。移植术后发生急性肾功能衰竭的病人ICU留置时间延长,术后住院时间延长,住院费用升高。结论:肝移植术后有较高的急性肾功能衰竭发生率,对术后少尿、血清肌酐水平升高的病人及早实施肾脏替代等治疗能有效降低其发病率和死亡率。     

急诊成人右半肝活体肝移植治疗重型肝炎九例报告

目的 探讨急诊成人右半肝活体肝移植治疗重型肝炎的疗效。方法 2002年9月至2005年8月期间共施行急诊成人右半肝活体肝移植治疗重型肝炎患者9例,回顾性分析所有患者的临床和随访资料。结果 9例患者术前肝功能均为Child C级,MELD评分为26．74-8．8,术前主要并发症为肝性脑病5例,严重电解质紊乱3例,肾功能衰竭2例,消化道出血1例。供、受者手术均顺利。术后主要并发症：急性肾功能衰竭3例,肺部感染2例,肝移植相关性脑病1例。未出现原发性肝脏无功能及血管、胆道系统并发症。1年生存率为55．6％。全组供者未出现严重并发症及死亡。结论 急诊成人活体肝移植治疗重症乙型肝炎可明显提高患者生存率,供者术前评估必须充分以确保安全。     

肝、肾联合移植12例报告

目的 对肝、肾联合移植的临床情况进行总结。方法 为12例肝、肾功能异常患者施行肝、肾联合移植，采用多器官联合切取术整块切取供者器官。8例行经典式肝移植，4例行背驮式肝移植，均未行体外静脉转流；肾移植为常规术式。术前进行抗CD25单克隆抗体和抗胸腺细胞球蛋白诱导治疗，术后应用他克莫司（FK506）、霉酚酸酯及泼尼松预防排斥反应。结果 12例手术均获成功，移植肝及肾功能恢复良好。术后的并发症有移植肝急性排斥反应、FK506中毒、消化道出血、腹腔出血、肺部感染、腹腔感染（各1例次），所有患者均未发生移植肾急性排斥反应。结论 肝、肾联合移植是治疗终末期肝病合并肾功能衰竭的理想选择。     

肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭处理及危险因素分析

目的探讨肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭的处理及相关危险因素。方法回顾分析400例肝移植临床资料，观察术后急性肾功能衰竭病人的处理及预后。根据有无肾功能衰竭分组，对13项相关的危险因素进行单因素及多因素分析。结果肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭的发生率为7．2％，均接受持续静脉静脉血液滤过治疗，1年生存率为44．4％。单因素分析中年龄、术前肝功能分级、术前肌酐、尿素氮、手术时间、术中输血量组间差异有统计学意义，多因素分析中只有术前肝功能分级是独立的危险因素。结论肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭预后差，可能与多种诱发因素有关，术前肝功能不全是独立的危险因素。     

晚期腘动脉损伤的围手术期治疗

目的探讨晚期腘动脉损伤保肢治疗的围手术期处理方法，提高保肢率。方法对32例晚期腘动脉损伤进行保肢治疗者，应用术前评估患者的病情，术后防止感染和急性肾功能衰竭的方法，观察保肢治疗的效果。结果32例晚期腘动脉损伤中，28例保肢成功，保肢率88％。未发生死亡，无急性肾功能衰竭。保肢成功者经进一步处理后恢复行走功能。结论对晚期腘动脉损伤的救治，术前正确的对患者伤情进行评估，及时调整全身状态，应用激素减轻机体再灌注损伤，术后控制感染和防止急性肾功能衰竭，可以提高肢体成活率。     

重型肝炎肝移植疗效初步分析

目的 探讨重型肝炎患者肝移植术后的疗效。方法 总结我院2002年9月至2004年10月期间37例重型肝炎行肝移植术患者的临床资料，回顾性分析重型肝炎患者肝移植术后疗效和并发症。结果 全组37例重型肝炎患者术后1年生存率为83．8％，围手术期死亡6例，死亡率为16．2％，死亡原因为多脏器功能衰竭（4例），原发性移植肝功能不良＋急性肾功能衰竭（1例），术后4个月因脑梗塞合并严重肺部感染（1例）。术后并发症：急性肾功能不全12例（32．4％），其中2例行血液滤过治疗，12例患者经有效治疗后肾功能均恢复；肺部感染14例（37．8％），其中细菌感染9例，细菌合并真菌感染5例，气管切开2例，14例患者经治疗后痊愈；术后胆道并发症2例（5．4％），经ERCP介入治疗病情缓解；急性排斥反应2例（5．4％），予激素冲击治疗后排斥反应得到控制。结论 肝移植是治疗重型肝炎的有效方法，应加强围手术期管理，提高重型肝炎患者移植术后的生存率。     

重型肝炎肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭的防治

目的 总结重型肝炎肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的防治经验。方法 回顾性分析2002年9月至2004年10月上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院因重型肝炎行肝移植治疗的37例病人的临床资料。结果 37例病人术后1年移植物存活率为83.8％，围手术期死亡6例（16．2％），术后并发ARF12例（32．4％），ARF组与非ARF组术前血总胆红素、肌酐、腹水量、凝血酶原时间比较，差异有显著性意义；两组术中出血量、血制品输入量、无肝期、手术时间比较，差异亦有显著性意义。结论 重型肝炎肝移植术后ARF诱发因素众多，多数病人经过综合治疗后肾功能能够得到恢复，必要时可选择连续性肾替代治疗（CRRT）。     

Evolution of hepatorenal syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation: comparative analysis with patients who developed acute renal failure in the early postoperative period of liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to ascertain the prognosis of patients with hepatorenal syndrome (HS) prior to orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) by comparisons with a group of selected patients with normal renal function (NRF) pretransplantation who developed acute renal failure (ARF) in the early postoperative period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two OLT cases developed ARF in the early postoperative period between March 1999 and October 2004; 17 cases experienced HS prior to OLT. ARF was defined as serum creatinine level (Cr) >1.5 mg/dL or a creatinine clearance (CrCl) <50 mL/min. The immunosuppressive therapy was the same in both groups: low doses of tacrolimus were prescribed to reach trough levels of 5 ng/mL in the first week after OLT, where patients were administered monoclonal antibodies and corticosteroids. RESULTS: No differences were observed between the groups for gender, age or APACHE II Score in the first 24 hours after OLT. Patients with HS pretransplantation showed higher Cr and urea (U) levels than the other group (Cr: 2.1 +/- 0.8 HS vs 0.9 +/- 0.2, P = .000; U: 93.6 +/- 51.9 HS vs 42.1 +/- 19.3, P = .001). The ICU days of stay were similar (12.8 +/- 0.5 HS vs 19.7 +/- 15.2, P = .053). At the end of 1 year follow-up after OLT there were no differences in mortality (35% HS vs 26%), need for renal replacement therapy (23% HS vs 34%), infection (59% HS vs 51%), or rejection (6% HS vs 29%, P = .06). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HS prior to OLT showed a similar prognosis to a group of selected patients with NRF pretransplantation, but developed ARF in the early postoperative period which was treated with monoclonal antibodies and low doses of tacrolimus.     

肝肺综合征的肝移植治疗:肝移植术后5年随访和生存分析

目的探讨肝移植治疗肝肺综合征(hepatopulmonary syndrome,HPS)的临床疗效。方法确诊并发HPS的终末期肝病患者31例列为HPS组,按有否进行原位肝移植(OLT)治疗再分为HPS手术组(26例)和HPS未手术组(5例),同时随机选择接受OLT的30例未并发HPS的终末期肝病患者作为对照组(non-HPS手术组)。回顾性分析两组患者术后5年的随访结果和生存情况。结果 HPS手术组术后28d存活率为77%(20/26),半年及1年存活率均为62%(16/26),5年存活率为58%(15/26),明显高于HPS未手术组患者的存活率(0),但其5年存活率低于non-HPS手术组患者的5年存活率(80%)。HPS手术组患者的症状缓解率为77%(20/26)。HPS患者术中、术后并发症包括:大出血、肺部感染、伤口迁延不愈并感染、脑出血、高钠血症、肾功能障碍、多器官功能衰竭等。结论肝移植是治疗合并HPS的终末期肝病患者的唯一有效方法,可延长其存活时间,提高其存活率。     

重症肝炎行原位肝移植术及肝肾联合移植术的疗效比较

目的 总结重症肝炎患者行原位肝移植或肝肾联合移植的结果,探讨肝肾联合移植的手术适应证.方法 分析52例重症肝炎患者单纯行原位肝移植(orthotopic liver transplantation,OLT)和肝肾联合移植(combined liver-kidney transplantation,CLKT)两组患者死亡率、术后肾功能不全的发生率、ICU天数、住院天数等.结果 CLKT组患者术前肾功能明显差于OLT组,术后发生严重感染的患者明显多于OLT组.但OLT组中28例(70％)患者术后早期发生肾功能不良,其中11例需血液透析;而CLKT组患者中需血液透析仅2例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).CLKT组患者在围手术期2例(16.7％)死亡.OLT组围手术期死亡16例(40％),其中死于急性肾衰9例,两组死亡率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 重症肝炎患者若术前肾功能较差,术后易并发严重感染,肝移植后急性肾衰的发病率和死亡率较高,可考虑行CLKT术.     

Continuous low-dose human atrial natriuretic peptide promotes diuresis in oliguric patients after living donor liver transplantation

Human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is beneficial for the prophylaxis of acute renal failure (ARF) after liver transplantation (OLT). We evaluated renal function in OLT patients with or without ARF, describing cases unresponsive to loop diuretics successfully treated with continuous low-dose ANP infusion without hemodialysis. Twenty-seven consecutive adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantations (LDLTs) were performed in 26 patients. One case was excluded due to the need for continuous hemodialysis (HD) during the operation. Of the 26 cases, 6 (23%, group 2) developed ARF in the first 30 days after LDLT; the other 20 were ARF-free (group 1). The median follow-up was 24 months. No patient required either continuous or intermittent HD. Only one patient died due to multiple liver abscesses. Mean preoperative serum creatinine (sCr) value and intraoperative blood loss in group 2 were significantly higher than those in group 1. Three cases in group 2 failed to improve on high-dose loop diuretics with low-dose dopamine, exhibiting fluid overload. The remaining three cases in group 2 responded to conventional diuretic treatments. Continuous low-dose ANP was started 2, 4, or 5 days after LDLT, and urine output significantly increased after ANP administration. The serum creatinine values were 1.1, 1.2, and 1.1 at 1 month and 1.0, 0.9, and 0.6 mg/dL at 6 months after LDLT. Massive blood loss during the operation caused ARF, but did not affect renal function after LDLT. Continuous low-dose ANP improved renal function and diuresis for oliguric ARF patients, preventing the need for HD or continuous venovenous hemodialysis.     

Acute renal failure and renal replacement therapy in the postoperative period of orthotopic liver transplant patients versus nonelective abdominal surgery patients

Acute renal failure (ARF) often complicates the postoperative period of patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT); it is habitually associated with high mortality rates. Similarly, patients undergoing major nonelective abdominal surgery are prone to ARF because of their frequent preexistent morbidities, abdominal sepsis, and needed for extended surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of ARF and use of renal replacement therapy (RRT) among OLT versus nonelective abdominal surgery patients and associations with clinical outcomes. We studied all the patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit (ICU) from January 2008 to December 2009 after OLT or nonelective abdominal surgery. The inclusion criteria were an ICU stay of at least 48 hours and without prior end-stage renal failure. OLT patients (n = 84) were younger and less severly ill than surgery patients (n = 60). ARF occurrence was lower among the OLT (29%) than the surgery group (47%) requiring RRT in 71% and 53% of patients due to ARF, respectively. The ICU mortality of ARF patients in both groups (29% OLT and 51% surgery) were greater than among subjects without ARF (2% and 6%). The occurrence of ARF is common among these two patient groups, and associated with increased risk of death among in surgery (+45%) versus in OLT (+27%) patients.     

Acute renal failure after liver transplantation: incidence, etiology, therapy, and outcome

Acute renal failure (ARF) was a frequent complication after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) when ARF was defined by a calculated glomerular filtration rate decrease of >50% or by a doubled serum creatinine above 2.5 mg/dL within the first week after OLT. We analyzed 1352 liver transplant recipients in retrospective fashion with regard to the incidence, etiology, therapy, and outcome of ARF; 162 patients developed ARF within the first week after OLT (12%), among whom 157 patients (97%) were recompensated by postoperative day 28. Altogether 52 patients (32%) received an average of 6 hemodialysis treatments, excluding the 5 patients (3%) who developed end-stage renal failure. Risk factors for this complication included hepatorenal syndrome type II, a glomerular filtration rate of <50 mL/min, and a diagnosis of hepatitis C.     

肝移植术患者术后早期并发急性肾功能衰竭的危险因素

目的 分析肝移植术患者术后早期并发急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的危险因素.方法 择期行肝移植术的终末期肝病患者60例,年龄28～64岁,术前血清肌酐和尿素未见异常.根据术后24h内是否发生ARF,分为2组:ABF组与非ARF组(NARF组).可能的危险因素进行组间比较后,将差异有统计学意义的因素进行logistic回归分析,筛选发生ARF的危险因素.结果 logistic回归分析结果显示,术前血β1-微球蛋白高于正常值、术中持续性低血压与术后早期并发ABF有关(P＜0.05).结论 肝移植术患者术前血β2-微球蛋白高于正常值和术中发生持续性低血压是术后早期并发ABF的危险因素.     

Acute renal failure in liver transplant recipients: role of pretransplantation renal function and 1-year follow-up

Chronic renal failure and acute renal failure (CRF and ARF) are common complications after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) that adversely affect patient survival. Many factors influence the development of ARF in the OLT setting. In a previous study we reported an association between ARF and the development of CRF at 1 month after OLT. The aims of our study were to evaluate the influence of ARF on short-, middle-, and long-term renal function after OLT and its influence on 1-year survival of patients and grafts.Fourty-four patients who underwent deceased donor OLT between August 2008 and August 2010 were evaluated pretransplantation, in the perioperative period, and at 1, 6, and 12 months posttransplantation. ARF was associated with CRF at 1 month post-OLT, whereas no association was observed at 6 and 12 months post-OLT. The development of CRF at 6 months post-OLT was associated with pre-OLT renal dysfunction and 1 month post-OLT CRF. Four patients died in the ARF group, whereas 3 patients died in the group without ARF. We confirmed ARF to be a predictive event for short-term renal dysfunction. The majority of patients recovered renal function after the first month. Although many pre-, peri-, and post-OLT factors may contribute to the development of posttransplantation CRF, pre-OLT CRF seemed to be the most important risk factor.