非霍奇金淋巴瘤合并髓系白血病二例并文献复习

目的 加强对非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)合并髓系白血病的认识.方法 对山西医科大学第一医院诊治的2例NHL合并髓系白血病患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,并复习相关文献.结果 1例为NHL合并慢性粒细胞白血病(CML),1例为NHL合并急性髓系白血病(AML).结论 NHL合并髓系白血病患者同时具有淋巴瘤的临床及病理表现,又有白血病的临床、骨髓象及免疫表型特征,诊断主要依靠淋巴结活组织检查、免疫组织化学、骨髓象、流式细胞术、相关基因等检测,目前尚无标准治疗方案,预后较差.     

急性髓系白血病Evi1基因表达的研究

目的 :探讨急性髓系白血病中 Evi1基因表达及意义。方法 :应用 RT- PCR方法检测了 94例急性髓系白血病 (AML ,包括初治 4 9例 ,复发 2 3例 ,缓解 2 2例 )患者及 1 0名正常对照 Evi1基因的表达。结果 :1 0名正常人骨髓单个核细胞中无 Evi1 m RNA的表达。AML 患者 Evi1基因总的阳性表达率为 1 8.1 % (1 7/94 ) ,M5型未见表达 ,其中初治、复发、缓解组的 Evi1基因阳性率分别为2 6 .5 %、1 7.4 %、0 ,初治和复发组差别无显著性 (P=0 .5 5 4 )。M3患者中 Evi1、PML /RARα双阳性组与 PML /RARα单阳性组相比复发率高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,早期死亡率高。 Evi1阳性的 AML患者多数生存期短。结论 :Evi1基因是一个原癌基因 ,在髓系白血病的发病中起重要作用 ,是髓系白血病预后不良的一个指标。     

地西他滨联合CAG方案治疗骨髓增生异常综合征与急性髓系白血病临床观察

目的 观察地西他滨联合CAG方案治疗骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）与急性髓系白血病（AML）的临床疗效与安全性.方法 2010年1月11日至2013年8月2日诊治并应用地西他滨治疗的MDS与AML共13例,观察疗效与不良反应.结果 13例患者中,完全缓解（CR）5例,其中2例治疗1个疗程即获得CR,另外3例治疗2个疗程获得CR.部分缓解（PR）2例,血液学改善（HI）3例.结论 地西他滨联合半量CAG方案可有效治疗MDS和AML,且患者如果第1个疗程血小板反应良好,则容易获得CR,但对于经过多种化疗的MDS和AML均疗效不佳.     

预激方案治疗老年和难治性急性髓系白血病疗效观察

 目的 探讨预激方案治疗老年和难治性急性髓系白血病（AML）的疗效和毒副反应。方法 16 例AML,其中M1 2例,M2 6例,M4 1例,M5 3例,骨髓增生异常综合征伴原始细胞增多（MDS-RAEBT）4例,给予包括阿柔比星和阿糖胞苷联合粒细胞集落刺激因子（CAG）的预激方案治疗。结果 有效率81.3 ％。AML达完全缓解（CR）56.3 ％,其中继发MDS和难治性的AML,CR 4例,PR3例。化疗的毒副反应轻、中度。结论 预激方案对AML的治疗效果明显。且对老年性、难治性AML效果肯定。     

261例急性髓系白血病的WHO分型

目的对急性髓系白血病(AML)患者的WHO分型系统进行评价。方法对按FAB标准确诊并进行了染色体核型分析和/或AML特异相关融合基因检测的259例AML和21例RAEB蛳t患者,重新分类计数其血片和骨髓片,按WHO标准回顾性进行分型诊断,并进行了按WHO标准分型诊断后各亚型之间的诱导化疗疗效比较。结果21例RAEB蛳t患者中2例按WHO标准重新诊断为AML。AML伴(t8;21)/AML1蛳ETO与按国内AML标准确诊的M2b、AML伴t(15;17)/PML蛳RARα与M3/M3v、AML伴inv(16)(p13q22)或t(16;16)(p13;q22)/CBFB蛳MYH11与M4Eo的吻合率为100%。21例(11.2%)的患者重新归入AML伴有多系发育异常。AML伴t(8;21)/AML1蛳ETO和AML伴inv(16)(p13q22)或t(16;16)(p13;q22)/CBFB蛳MYH11患者的诱导化疗CR率显著高于不另做分类的AML患者(P<0.05)。有多系增生异常患者的诱导化疗CR率明显低于无多系增生异常患者(P<0.05)。结论AML的WHO分型各亚型的一致性及与临床疗效相关性较FAB分型更好。     

费城染色体阳性急性髓系白血病3例并文献复习

目的分析费城染色体阳性急性髓系白血病(Ph+ AML)的临床特点。方法收集2021年9月至2022年9月盐城市第一人民医院收治的3例Ph+ AML患者资料, 分析诊疗经过, 并复习相关文献。结果 3例患者经形态学及免疫分型检查诊断为急性髓系白血病(AML), 且检测到t(9;22)。其中例2合并近四倍体染色体核型, 例3合并+8号染色体。例1及例3均检测到BCR-ABL p210;例2 BCR-ABL检测阴性, 考虑与其复杂核型相关。例1检测到IDH1突变, 例2合并WT1高表达(表达量2.28%), 且检测到RUNX1、IDH1、STAG2突变。例1采用传统"3+7"方案化疗后达完全缓解(CR), 后因经济原因于第2个周期巩固治疗后放弃, 仅口服达沙替尼, 2022年7月28日复发后死亡;例2采用伊马替尼、阿扎胞苷联合HAG(高三尖杉酯碱、阿糖胞苷、粒细胞集落刺激因子)方案化疗后达CR, 截至2022年9月仍处于缓解状态;例3采用伊马替尼、阿扎胞苷联合维奈克拉治疗未达CR, 截至2022年9月仅口服伊马替尼靶向治疗。结论 Ph+ AML发病率较低, 预后不佳, 目前尚无统一治疗方案,...     

急性髓系白血病Evil基因表达的研究

目的:探讨急性髓系白血病中Evil基因表达及意义.方法:应用RT-PCR方法检测了94例急性髓系白血病(AML,包括初治19例,复发23例,缓解22例)患者及10名正常对照Evil基因的表达.结果:10名正常人骨髓单个核细胞中无Evil mRNA的表达.AML患者Evil基因总的阳性表达率为18.1%(17/94),M5型未见表达,其中初治、复发、缓解组的Evil基因阳性率分别为26.5%、17.4%、0,初治和复发组差别无显著性(P=0.554).M3患者中Evil、PML/RARα双阳性组与PML/RARα单阳性组相比复发率高(P＜0.05),早期死亡率高.Evil阳性的AML患者多数生存期短.结论:Evil基因是一个原癌基因,在髓系白血病的发病中起重要作用,是髓系白血病预后不良的一个指标.     

CAT方案治疗难治性急性髓系白血病的临床观察

目的：初步观察CAT(环磷酰胺、阿糖胞苷、拓扑替康)方案对难治性急性髓系白血病(AML)的近期临床疗效并评价此方案的不良副作用。方法：选择8例难治性AML(原发难治性AML3例，AML伴多系形态发育异常，此前有MDS病史患者3例，慢性粒细胞白血病AML变2例)．应用CAT方案治疗，其中4例治疗1疗程，其余4例治疗2疗程。结果：1例在骨髓抑制期死于感染性休克．可评价疗效7例，1例达完全缓解(CR)，3例达部分缓解(PR)，1例CML急变患者经2疗程后回到慢性期，总有效率71．4％(5/7例)，中位生存期为6．5(0．3—22^ )个月。主要不良副作用为骨髓抑制。结论：CAT方案为高危MDS、加速／急变期CML和继发于MDS的AML患者的一个有效且毒性可耐受的治疗新方案。     

小剂量阿糖胞苷姑息治疗65岁以上老年人急性髓系白血病32例

目的 分析小剂量阿糖胞苷(Ara-C)治疗65岁以上老年人急性髓系白血病(AML)的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析32例65岁以上老年AML患者的临床资料,包括基础疾病、主要症状、临床特征、骨髓象、外周血、染色体、免疫分型、应用小剂量Ara-C化疗效果等.Ara-C 15 mg/m2,皮下注射,2次/d.结果 32例老年患者中,完全缓解(CR)3例(93%),部分缓解(PR)19例(58.3%),总有效率68.6%;FLT3-ITD阳性的患者疗效差,有染色体复杂异位的患者疗效差.结论 小剂量Ara-C姑息性治疗65岁以上AML患者有一定疗效,在一定程度上可以提高患者的生活质量,延长生存期.     

小剂量阿糖胞苷姑息治疗65岁以上老年人急性髓系白血病32例

目的 分析小剂量阿糖胞苷(Ara-C)治疗65岁以上老年人急性髓系白血病(AML)的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析32例65岁以上老年AML患者的临床资料,包括基础疾病、主要症状、临床特征、骨髓象、外周血、染色体、免疫分型、应用小剂量Ara-C化疗效果等.Ara-C 15 mg/m2,皮下注射,2次/d.结果 32例老年患者中,完全缓解(CR)3例(93%),部分缓解(PR)19例(58.3%),总有效率68.6%;FLT3-ITD阳性的患者疗效差,有染色体复杂异位的患者疗效差.结论 小剂量Ara-C姑息性治疗65岁以上AML患者有一定疗效,在一定程度上可以提高患者的生活质量,延长生存期.     

Clinical implications of acute myeloid leukemia presenting as myeloid sarcoma

In this retrospective study, we aim to analyze the characteristics, treatments, and overall survival of all patients presenting with isolated myeloid sarcoma (MS) or MS with concomitant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) compared with all patients with AML, treated during the same period. We identified patients with AML with or without MS at diagnosis, presenting to our medical center between the years 1990 and 2005. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding gender, age, cytogenetic risk groups, rate of complete remission, number of cycles of chemotherapy needed to achieve complete remission, and rate of first relapse. The time to death in the MS group was not significantly different (p = 0.60) from the AML group, and radiotherapy did not affect the median time to death. Transplantation prolonged survival in both groups (p = 0.018 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Patients with MS at diagnosis might benefit from upfront aggressive treatment with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New agents in acute myeloid leukemia and other myeloid disorders

Over the past several decades, improvements in chemotherapeutic agents and supportive care have resulted in significant progress in treating patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). More recently, advances in understanding the biology of AML have resulted in the identification of new therapeutic targets. The success of all-trans-retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia and of imatinib mesylate in chronic myeloid leukemia have demonstrated that targeted therapy may be more effective and less toxic when well defined targets are available. At the same time, understanding mechanisms of drug resistance and means to overcome them has led to modification of some of the existing cytotoxic agents. Rational design and conduct of clinical trials is necessary to ensure that the full potential of these new agents is realized.     

Acute myeloid leukemia

The annual incident rate of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is now 10 per million in Japan, against 5 to 9 per million in the USA and Europe. Overall long-term survival has now been achieved for more than 50% of pediatric patients with AML in the USA and in Europe. The prognostic factors of pediatric AML were analyzed,and patients with AML were classified according to prognostic factors. The t(15;17), inv(16) and t(8;21) have emerged as predictors of good prognosis in children with AML. Monosomy 7, monosomy 5 and del (5 q) abnormalities showed a poor prognosis. In addition to chromosomal deletions, FLT 3/ITD identifies pediatric patients with a particularly poor prognosis. Clinical trials of AML feature intensive chemotherapy with or without subsequent stem cell transplantation. Risk group stratification is becoming increasingly important in planning AML therapy. APL can be distinguished from other subtypes of AML by virtue of its excellent response and overall outcome as a result of differentiation therapy with ATRA. Children with Down syndrome and AML have been shown to have a superior prognosis to AML therapy compared to other children with AML. The results of the Japan Cooperative Study Group protocol ANLL 91 was one of the best previously reported in the literature. With the consideration of quality of life (QOL), risk-adapted therapy was introduced in the AML 99 trial conducted by the Japanese Childhood AML Cooperative Study Group. A high survival rate of 79% at 3 years was achieved for childhood de novo AML in the AML 99 trial. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the treatment strategy according to risk stratification based on leukemia cell biology and response to the initial induction therapy in children with AML, the Japanese Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Study Group (JPLSG) has organized multi-center phase II trials in children with newly diagnosed AML.     

Chronic myeloid leukemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder of a pluripotent stem cell with a specific cytogenetic abnormality, the Philadelphia chromosome, involving myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic, B lymphoid, and sometimes T lymphoid cells but not marrow fibroblasts. Advances in cell biology and molecular genetics and a plethora of biochemical, cytogenetic, and molecular data of clinical relevance have yielded much new information regarding this disease. This article reviews the hematologic and clinical aspects of chronic myeloid leukemia; discusses the pertinent aspects of the advances in understanding of the cytogenetics and molecular biology of the disease; and reviews treatment programs employing busulfan, hydroxyurea, interferon, and marrow transplantation, which still are clinically important and relevant despite the development of the exciting new drug imatinib mesylate, a new paradigm for cancer chemotherapy in general.     

Acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been treated with combination chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and differentiation induction therapy. Intensive induction and consolidation therapy including high dose cytarabine (HDAC) is a widely used combination in chemotherapy in the USA and European countries. In Japan, the efficacy of HDAC needs to be evaluated under a good clinical trial. Stem cell source for HSCT has been expanded, and the number of peripheral blood stem cell transplantations is greater than that of bone marrow transplantation, especially for auto-transplantation. Despite some randomized clinical trials, we still do not know whether HSCT provides longer survival than chemotherapy for patients with AML when performed during their first remission. Differentiation therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using ATRA showed clear success in the treatment for AML. APL is stratified with its specific karyotype and morphology, and this stratification leads to the improvement of overall survival of patients with APL. Several clinical study groups in the world have studied prognostic factors and it has been shown that the chromosomal abnormality of AML cells is closely related to the response to the chemotherapy. The stratification of AML using these prognostic factors is incorporated in some clinical trials to determine whether this approach actually leads to better survival for patients with AML.     

In vitro chemosensitivity testing of selected myeloid cells in acute myeloid leukemia

In several studies different chemosensitivity assays have been examined in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Some have shown that in vitro chemosensitivity testing is an independent prognostic factor but so far no one has been able to show that the use of these methods can improve treatment outcome. In an attempt to improve in vitro chemosensitivity testing in AML we wanted to establish and evaluate a new flow cytometry chemosensitivity assay. After 4 days of incubation viable mononuclear myeloid cells were identified by the exclusion of propidium iodide in CD13 or CD33 positive cells. Sixty-eight samples from 64 AML patients were included. In this study, we showed that the flow cytometry method is feasible in AML and we also found some correlations to clinical data. The secondary AML at diagnosis showed an in vitro resistance to etoposide and amsacrine that was significantly higher compared to de novo AML at diagnosis (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02). When AML patients at diagnosis were compared to resistant disease/relapse patients there was a significantly higher effect of ara-C in the diagnosis group (p = 0.03). Responders and non-responders were compared in vitro but we found no significant differences. In vitro mitoxantrone was more effective in multidrug resistance (MDR) negative cells compared to MDR positive cells (p < 0.01). This new method is feasible and makes it possible to selectively evaluate the effect of cytotoxic drugs in myeloid cells. Further studies with a larger group of patients are needed to evaluate the predictive value of the assay.     

Acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains the most common form of acute leukemia among adults and accounts for the largest number of annual deaths due to leukemias in the United States. The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for AML provide recommendations on the diagnostic evaluation and workup for AML, risk assessment based on cytogenetic and molecular features, treatment options for induction and consolidation therapies for younger and older (age ≥ 65 years) adult patients, and key supportive care considerations.     

Therapy-related myeloid leukemia

Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia (t-MDS/t-AML) are thought to be the direct consequence of mutational events induced by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive therapy, or a combination of these modalities, given for a pre-existing condition. The outcomes for these patients have been poor historically compared to people who develop de novo AML. The spectrum of cytogenetic abnormalities in t-AML is similar to de novo AML, but the frequency of unfavorable cytogenetics, such as a complex karyotype or deletion or loss of chromosomes 5 and/or 7, is considerably higher in t-AML. Survival varies according to cytogenetic risk group in t-AML patients, with better outcomes being observed in those with favorable-risk karyotypes. Treatment recommendations should be based on performance status and karyotype. A deeper understanding of the factors that predispose patients to the development of therapy-related myeloid leukemia would help clinicians monitor patients more carefully after treatment for a primary condition. Ultimately, this knowledge could influence initial treatment strategies with the goal of decreasing the incidence of this serious complication.     

Acute myeloid leukemia

The heterogeneity of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been established by many new insights from molecular biological studies. In AML with favorable cytogenetic changes, KIT gene mutation has been known as a worse prognostic marker. Even in AML with normal cytogenetics, numerous molecular genetic alterations have been identified including internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene (FLT3-ITD), mutations in the NPM1 gene, mutations in the CEBPA gene, and partial tandem duplication of the MLL gene. Of these, FLT3-ITD has the most important prognostic implication. Insights into the molecular pathogenesis of AML have led to the development of more specific targeted agents. Currently, a number of agents have been explored in AML, including immunoconjugate of anti-CD33 antibody and cytotoxic agent (gemtuzumab ozogamicin: GO), tyrosine kinase inhibitors and farnesyl transferase inhibitor. These agents have shown promise in small studies. Large phase III studies will reveal whether these are effective in inducing complete remission and prolonging survival. Combining targeted agents with each other or with chemotherapy may improve the response rates. GO is the most promising drug, which has been evaluated in randomized trials by several major cooperative groups to determine whether the addition of GO improves the complete remission rate and overall survival. In the near future AML may be classified and treated by their molecular biological alterations.