大豆异黄酮和补充钙对去卵巢大鼠骨密度及肝IGF-1mRNA表达的影响

目的 利用卵巢切除大鼠模型,研究大豆异黄酮和钙对卵巢切除大鼠骨密度及肝脏IGF-1基因表达的影响.方法 将6月龄雌性SD大鼠,按体重随机分成5组假手术组(Sham)、卵巢切除阴性对照组(OVX)、单纯大豆异黄酮组(SI)、单纯碳酸钙组(Ca)、大豆异黄酮加碳酸钙组(SI+Ca).所有大鼠饲以钙含量为3.732g/kg的低钙饮食喂养12周.实验结束时,利用双能X线骨密度扫描仪测量右侧股骨骨密度(BMD),采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法测定肝脏胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)基因表达水平.结果 SI+Ca组股骨远心端BMD为(0.263±0.007)g/cm2,Sham组为(0.267±0.008)g/cm2,两组间差异无统计学意义,但这两组BMD均显著性高于OVX(0.245±0.005)g/cm2、SI(0.258±0.011)g/cm2和Ca(0.255±0.004)g/cm2组(P＜0.05).肝脏IGF-1mRNA表达水平在Sham(0.200±0.023)g/cm2、SI(0.278±0.019)g/cm2、Ca(0.302±0.026)g/cm2及SI+Ca(0.231±0.025)g/cm2组中均显著性低于OVX(0.362±0.031)g/cm2,P＜0.05,SI+Ca组IGF-1mRNA表达水平(0.231±0.025)g/cm2低于SI(0.278±0.019)g/cm2和Ca(0.302±0.026)g/cm2两组,并差异有统计学意义.结论 SI+Ca能比单纯喂饲SI或Ca更好地防止卵巢切除大鼠股骨BMD的减小.37.95 mg/kg剂量的SI能够显著抑制由于卵巢切除引起的肝脏IGF-1 mRNA表达水平的上升.     

浙江仙居农村175名学龄儿童营养状况分析

【目的】　了解当前农村学龄儿童的营养状况,对存在的营养问题提出相应对策。　【方法】　对浙江省某农村175名小学生进行膳食调查、体格检查及实验室检查。　【结果】　①膳食中能量、铁、核黄素、抗坏血酸及维生素E均达到推荐摄入量的80%以上,钙、锌和视黄醇当量摄入量均在推荐量的60%以下;②所调查的儿童中存在不同程度的营养不良和营养过剩,贫血检出率为1.7%,维生素A和维生素D边缘缺乏检出率分别为63.4%和64.7%,桡骨和尺骨的骨密度分别为(0.55±0.14)g/cm2 和(0.55±0.20)g/cm2。　【结论】　应在农村地区加强营养知识宣传教育,提倡平衡膳食和合理营养。     

武汉地区0～3岁健康儿童骨密度值测量

目的探讨武汉地区婴幼儿骨骼发育的规律。方法采用双能X线吸收法测定武汉地区8286名0~3岁婴幼儿前臂远端1/3桡尺骨的骨密度(BMD)。结果0~3岁婴幼儿前臂远端1/3桡尺骨的BMD值随年龄的增长而逐渐增高;婴幼儿前臂远端1/3桡尺骨BMD从1个月(0·1498±0·0119)g/cm2增加到1岁(0·1640±0·0140)g/cm2,2岁时增至(0·1724±0·0118)g/cm2,3岁时增至(0·1779±0·0124)g/cm2,以1岁内BMD增长最多(P<0·05)。各年龄段之间BMD差异具有显著性(P<0·05),但各组不同性别间BMD差异无显著性。结论婴幼儿期是BMD增加较快的阶段。本研究结果可为建立婴幼儿BMD正常值提供参考,为评价婴幼儿期钙营养状况提供依据。     

广东大学生骨量与膳食营养体力活动的相关性

了解广东省大学生骨骼生长同发育现状及其与膳食营养摄入和体力活动水平的关系,为维护大学生骨骼正常生长发育提供参考.方法 采用双能X线骨密度测量仪,测量广东省212名18~ 22岁青年全身骨矿物含量(BMC)和骨密度(BMD).采用问卷调查方法获得研究对象膳食营养摄入及体力活动情况.结果 男生全身BMD(1.0 g/cm2)显著高于女生(0.9 g/cm2) (P<0.05),男生全身BMC(2 779.3 g)与女生(2 176.9 g)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).女生膳食脂肪、维生素D摄入量与全身BMD、BMC均呈正相关(P值均<0.05),男生钙摄入量与BMD呈正相关,膳食能量、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素D摄入量及体力活动强度与全身BMD、BMC均呈正相关(P值均<0.05).结论 膳食营养素和体力活动可影响广东青年全身骨矿物含量和骨密度.     

0～6岁儿童骨密度与血清锌、铜、血铅关系的研究

【目的】　探讨 0～ 6岁儿童低骨密度与血清锌、铜、血铅的关系 ,为临床儿童低骨密度的预防提供依据。　【方法】　在本院儿保门诊 ,随机抽取己排除影响骨代谢性疾病的 0～ 6岁儿童 2 0 4名 ,用超声骨密度仪测胫骨中段骨密度 ,根据同年龄、同性别骨密度值的百分位数分成低骨密度组与正常对照组 ,同时测定血清锌、铜及全血铅。　【结果】　低骨密度组平均血清锌水平 ( 12 70 .5± 14 6.0 ) μmol/L低于对照组 ( 13 2 2 .1± 166.0 ) μmol/L ,差异有显著性(P <0 .0 5 ) ;锌缺乏患病率 ( 3 0 %)高于对照组 ( 18%) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;低骨密度组平均血清铜值 ( 14 98.6±2 16.8) μmol/L ,稍低于对照组 ( 15 3 4.4± 2 3 0 .6) μmol/L ,但差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;两组铜缺乏患病率、血铅值、铅中毒患病率差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。　【结论】　 0～ 6岁儿童低骨密度的发生与锌缺乏有关 ,应加强儿童锌缺乏症的预防和治疗 ,以降低儿童低骨密度的发生。     

婴儿末稍血血锌的动态观察及临床意义

【目的】了解婴儿体内血锌变化,以决定婴儿是否需要补锌。【方法】根据喂养方式将92例健康婴儿分为母乳及人工喂养两组,分别检测其42 d、6月、12月时的血清锌值。【结果】①42 d时,两组婴儿血清锌值分别为(37.46±15.39)μmol/L与(34.31±10.11)μmol/L,均低于正常;6月时婴儿血清锌值普遍升高至(54.87±12.20)μmol/L与(55.11±23.22)μmol/L,达血清锌正常值的80%;12月时婴儿血清锌值达成人水平,基本正常。②母乳喂养儿与人工喂养儿各年龄组的血清锌值差异无显著性(P>0.05)。【结论】随年龄增长及辅食添加,未额外补充锌,婴儿的血锌值也可逐步上升至成人水平正常;如无特殊情况,1岁以内健康足月婴儿体内不必额外补锌;母乳所含必需微量元素营养价值高、吸收率高,应积极提倡母乳喂养。     

银杏叶提取物对新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑病的保护作用

【目的】　探讨银杏叶提取物 (EGB)对新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑病 (HIE)的影响。　【方法】　建立HIE新生大鼠模型 ,给予腹腔注射EGB后 ,通过氨基酸分析法、分光光度法以及原位末端标记法对比观察EGB对HIE模型鼠脑组织谷氨酸 (Glu)、天门冬氨酸 (Asp)、一氧化氮 (NO)含量及凋亡细胞百分数的影响。　【结果】　干预组 :Glu( 6 84.3± 5 1.0 ) μg/g ,Asp( 198.4± 34.2 ) μg/g ,NO( 9.5± 4.1) μmol/L ,凋亡细胞百分数 ( 16 .4± 4.2 ) %。对照组 :Glu( 897.5± 82 .6 ) μg/g ;Asp( 2 84.7± 5 3.1) μg/g ;NO( 36 .7± 8.3) μmol/L ;凋亡细胞百分数对照组 ( 35 .7± 4.6 ) %。两组之间差异有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。　【结论】　EGB对HIE有保护作用。     

北方地区儿童超声骨密度值与儿童年龄及季节的关系

【目的】 了解北方部分地区儿童骨密度现状,探讨儿童骨密度与年龄、性别及季节的关系。 【方法】 对2008-2009年度本科5 971名正常儿童骨密度检测值与年龄、性别、季节的相关性进行分析。 【结果】 北方儿童骨密度值呈正态分布,并随年龄增长而增加(P<0.001)。不同年龄段儿童骨密度差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。青春期前儿童骨密度值与性别无关(P>0.05);而青春期女童骨密度较男童高(P<0.000 1)。学龄组(6~12岁)儿童骨密度值Z分数差异有统计学意义(P=0.008 5),其余组四季骨密度差异不显著,婴儿组秋季偏低,与冬季差异显著;学龄前组夏季偏低,与冬季差异显著(P均＜0.05)。 【结论】 北方地区儿童骨密度值随年龄而增加并受性别影响。青春期儿童应注重钙制品及维生素D的补充。儿童在夏秋季也应根据户外接受日照情况等因素适量添加维生素D。     

口服复方避孕药对青春期女性骨密度的影响

目的:观察复方口服避孕药(COCs)妈富隆(去氧孕烯/炔雌醇)对青春期女性骨矿物质密度(BMD)的影响。方法:接纳150例年龄16～18岁女性应用COCs避孕为观察组,用药24个月;接纳150例年龄16～18岁从未应用激素避孕药女性做对照组;应用双能X-线吸收法测量腰椎和股骨颈BMD。结果:观察组用药2年后腰椎和股骨颈BMD从基础值1.010±0.107g/cm3和0.818±0.089g/cm3降低到1.007±0.108g/cm3和0.813±0.090g/cm3,分别降低了0.29%和0.61%;而对照组则从基础值1.008±0.109g/cm3和0.816±0.087g/cm3增高至1.027±0.106g/cm3和0.824±0.089g/cm3,分别增高了1.88%和0.98%;用药2年后,观察组与对照组相比BMD无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:青春期女性应用COCs避孕2年对BMD无明显影响。     

晚发性维生素K缺乏症与维生素D缺乏症相关性探讨

【目的】　探讨晚发性维生素K(VK)缺乏症的血钙水平及与维生素D(VD)缺乏症的相关性。　【方法】　临床确诊的晚发性VK缺乏症所致颅内出血 (病变组 ) 43例 ,正常对照组 2 4例 ,测定血清钙、磷和碱性磷酸酶 (AKP) ,结果进行统计学分析。　【结果】　病变组血清钙 (1.76± 0 .2 9)mmol/L ,磷 (1.70± 0 .3 6)mmol/L ,AKP(3 0 8.98± 79.64 )U/L。对照组血清钙 (2 .19± 0 .2 6)mmol/L ,磷 (1.98± 0 .2 9)mmol/L ,AKP(2 2 5 .88± 3 7.87)U/L。差异有非常显著性意义(P <0 .0 1。　【结论】　晚发性VK缺乏症血清钙、磷明显降低 ,AKP明显升高 ,提示存在VD缺乏 ,血钙降低的原因与同时缺乏VD有关 ;晚发性VK缺乏症患儿血钙降低到一定程度发生惊厥时 ,可诱发或加重其颅内出血。因此 ,治疗时应注意适当补充VD与钙剂     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.