Validation of the brief pain inventory in patients six months after cardiac surgery

The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) is a questionnaire developed to assess the severity of pain and the impact of pain on daily function. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the BPI for use in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Between September 2004 and September 2005, 534 patients completed the BPI before surgery and 462 responded six months after surgery. The BPI was validated with respect to construct validity, internal consistency, criterion validity, and responsiveness. To evaluate the criterion validity, the BPI was validated against the bodily pain (BP) scale of the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). The factor analysis resulted in two distinct factors, supporting the validity of the two-factor structure of the original BPI, with high loadings on pain severity and pain interference. Results indicated acceptable internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients between 0.84 and 0.94. The association between the BPI and the SF-36 BP dimension supported the criterion validity, with correlation coefficients between 0.47 and 0.65. The pain severity scale and the pain interference scale declined from baseline to follow-up. These results supported the responsiveness of the BPI. The study confirmed that the BPI shows good psychometric properties of reliability, validity, and responsiveness, enabling it to be used to measure pain in patients after cardiac surgery. Validating pain measures for use in this population is an important part of establishing a foundation for future studies on chronic pain after cardiac surgery.     

Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory for chronic nonmalignant pain.

The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI; Cleeland and associates) has been used primarily to assess patients with cancer-related pain. Although it has been validated in many languages and is widely used, there has not yet been research published to validate its use for patients with chronic nonmalignant pain as the primary presenting problem. This study was designed to fill this gap by examining the psychometric properties of the BPI in 440 patients with chronic intractable pain referred to a chronic pain clinic at a metropolitan tertiary-care teaching hospital. Results indicated acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach alpha coefficients were.85 for the intensity items and.88 for the interference items). A factor analysis resulted in 2 distinct and independent factors, supporting the validity of the 2-factor structure of the BPI. Zero-order correlations indicated that the association with a measure of disability (the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire [RMDQ]) was significantly higher for BPI interference (r = 0.57) than for BPI intensity (r = 0.40, t = 5.71, P <.01) and that the correlation with BPI interference was not more than 0.80, supporting the conclusion that these scales assess related, but also distinct, dimensions. Finally, the finding that both BPI scales showed statistically significant improvement with treatment confirms the responsivity of BPI in detecting and reflecting improvement in pain over time. PERSPECTIVE: This paper validated the psychometric properties of a pain Assessment instrument (The Brief Pain Inventory) originally developed to assess cancer pain and extended its use for the chronic nonmalignant pain population. This provides an important and widely used diagnostic tool for the clinician treating chronic pain.     

Reliability and validity of the Functional Living Index-Cancer in Turkish cancer patients

The objective of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Functional Living Index-Cancer in Turkey. The English version of the Functional Living Index-Cancer was translated into Turkish following the standard translation methodology. The questionnaire was administered to 110 cancer patients who had been receiving chemotherapy. Internal consistency reliability was in the acceptable range for this instrument. Among cancer patients, the Cronbach alpha reliability for the total scale was .88, and subscale alpha coefficients ranged from .60 to .83, which is similar to the alpha of .79 observed in the Functional Living Index-Cancer, English version. The results of the principle components analysis and varimax rotation resulted in 5-factor structure: physical functioning, psychological functioning, current well-being, social functioning, and gastrointestinal symptoms. The results of this study suggest that the Turkish version of the Functional Living Index-Cancer is a reliable and valid supplementary measure of the quality of life in cancer patients in Turkey, and it can be used in clinical trials and studies of outcome research in oncology.     

Validation of the Malay Brief Pain Inventory questionnaire to measure cancer pain

The original version of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) was translated into a Malay version by the standard procedure and was then evaluated for its psychometric properties. Of 119 eligible patients, a total of 113 (95%) agreed to participate in this study. Ages ranged from 18 to 76 years and interviews were conducted between August, 2004 and November, 2004. The pain intensity items demonstrated high loading with one factor, whereas the pain interference items were loaded on another factor. Two factors explained 62% of the variance. Compared to the Karnofsky Performance Scale, the pain intensity scales had a moderate negative (Pearson's) correlation (-0.520, P < 0.001) and the pain interference scales had a high negative correlation (-0.732, P < 0.001), showing good concurrent validity. The coefficient alpha of both subscales demonstrated good internal consistency of the items. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the test-retest stability was 0.61 for the pain intensity scale and 0.88 for the pain interference scale. The Malay version of the BPI is a reliable and valid instrument for cancer pain assessment and is comparable with the original version of the BPI in terms of structure and psychometric properties.     

The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire in patients with leukemia

Aims and objectives. To assess reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Background. Pain is one of the most frequent and significant problems encountered by nurses practice across the world. The Short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire was widely translated and used to assess the pain experience of several types of patients because it combines the properties of the standard McGill Pain Questionnaire but takes substantially less time to administer. Design. The study used psychometric testing to establish reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Methods. A convenience sample of 160 patients with leukaemia in Turkey was used to collect data regarding pain evaluation. The original version of the Short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire, adapted into Turkish, was tested for internal consistency, content validity, construct validity and concurrent validity. Results. Internal consistency was found adequate at both assessments with Cronbach’s α 0·88 for test and 0·91 for retest. For reliability of the total, sensory, affective and evaluative total pain intensity, high intraclass correlations were demonstrated (0·85, 0·84, 0·82 and 0·70, respectively). Correlation of total, sensory and affective score with the numerical rating scale was tested for construct validity demonstrating r = 0·61 (p < 0·01) for test and r = 0·68 (p < 0·01) for retest. Correlation with blood pressure values for concurrent validity was found to be r = 0·78 (p < 0·001) for test and r = 0·73 (p < 0·001) for retest. Conclusion. Turkish version of the Short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire has shown statistically acceptable levels of reliability and validity for pain evaluation in patients with leukaemia. Relevance to clinical practice. This study provided evidence that the Turkish version of the Short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing pain. This scale can be used to assess nursing interventions aimed at decreasing pain and efficacy of the treatment.     

Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory in a Taiwanese population

Assessment of pain in cancer patients is very important to all health care professionals. This paper describes the development of a Taiwanese version of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-T) and discusses its psychometric properties in Taiwan. The BPI-T was developed from the original BPI using back-translation and committee review. A total of 534 cytologically or pathologically diagnosed cancer patients in three medical centers in Taiwan were interviewed between July 1992 and October 1997. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the test-retest reliability was 0.79 for the pain severity scale and 0.81 for the pain interference scale. The explained variance for the within-scale factor analyses was larger than 60% in both scales. The coefficient alpha for the internal reliability was 0.81 for the severity scale and 0.89 for the interference scale. Confirmatory factor analysis of the BPI-T clearly identified the same two scales (severity and interference scales) in the 299 adult patients (age between 20-64) with high education (education years > 9) or patients at an early stage of disease. However, in the 235 nonadult patients with distant metastasis or low education patients with distant metastasis, the "most severe pain" item loaded more to the interference scale than the severity scale. Convergent validity of the pain severity was demonstrated by significant correlations with stage of disease (National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program [SEER]), performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG]), and pain interference. In conclusion, interviewer-administered BPI-T was a reliable instrument for cancer pain severity and its interference in Taiwan. Additionally, it was a valid instrument on adult cancer patients with high education or patients at an early stage of disease.     

Validation Study of the Strategic and Clinical Quality Indicators in Postoperative Pain Management Questionnaire in Turkish Surgery Patients

Determining patient satisfaction with postoperative pain management is an important intervention to improve strategies for effective pain control. The aim of this study was to validate an English version of the 14-item Strategic and Clinical Quality Indicators in Postoperative Pain Management questionnaire in Turkish language. The study included 113 patients who underwent elective surgeries at a university hospital in Bursa, Turkey. The data were collected after translation procedures and final adjustments were done on the original instrument. For the total scale, Cronbach’s coefficient α was 0.81 and the main score obtained from the scale was 45.8 ± 10.8. Included were three subscales: nursing interventions, pain management, and environments. Of the patients, 40.7% reported more pain than expected in the postoperative period and their satisfaction with pain relief was 7.4 ± 2.5. This instrument is a reliable and valid instrument in Turkish language and can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of postoperative pain management.     

Validation of the Short Form of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI‐SF) in Spanish Patients with Non‐Cancer‐Related Pain

The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) is a widely used pain measurement tool. There are 2 versions, the BPI Long Form (BPI‐LF) and Short Form (BPI‐SF), which share 2 core scales measuring pain severity and pain interference but which use different recall periods (24 hours vs. 1 week). To date, the BPI‐SF has not been validated for use in Spain. This study investigated the psychometric properties of the BPI‐SF Spanish version and compared results on the core scales between BPI‐LF and BPI‐SF. The data came from a 3‐month observational study of 3,029 nononcologic patients managed in Spanish pain units. The BPI‐SF's reliability, validity, and responsiveness were assessed. The effect of different recall periods was investigated by using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to determine the strength of correlation between BPI‐LF and BPI‐SF. The BPI‐SF showed good reliability, with Cronbach's alphas of 0.931 for the severity and interference scales, which also discriminated well between patients reporting different levels of quality of life on EuroQol‐5D dimensions (between group effect sizes [ESs] over 0.8). Substantial improvements were seen on both subscales after 3 months of treatment (ES of 1.76 for pain severity and 1.51 for pain interference). Recall period did not noticeably affect scores; ICCs (95% CI) between the long and short versions were 0.946 (0.938 to 0.954) and 0.929 (0.919 to 0.939) for the severity and interference subscales, respectively. The Spanish version of the BPI‐SF is a valid and reliable instrument to measure pain severity and interference.     

Assessment of symptom severity and functional status in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: reliability and functionality of the Turkish version of the Boston Questionnaire

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop a Turkish version of the Boston Questionnaire and assess its reliability and validity. METHODS: Sixty-seven patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome were included in the study. The Turkish version of Boston Questionnaire was obtained after translation process, and was then administered to subjects twice within seven days. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha and item-total correlation), and reproducibility. Validity was examined by correlating the Boston Questionnaire scores to general health status (Short Form-36), pain severity (Visual Analogue Scale) and pinch and grip strength measures. RESULTS: Reliability of the Turkish version was very good, with high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.82 for symptom severity scale, and 0.88 for functional status scale), and reproducibility (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.60 for symptom severity scale, and 0.77 for functional status scale). The Boston Questionnaire scores were correlated with Visual Analogue Scale, physical functioning, physical role, bodily pain and emotional role subscales of Short Form-36, pinch and grip strength scores to obtain coefficients for external construct validity. CONCLUSION: Adaptation of the Boston Questionnaire for use in Turkey was successful. Our results seem to support previous finding of the English version, indicating that it is valid and reliable.     

Reliability and validity of the caregiver quality of life index‐cancer (CQOLC) scale in Turkish cancer caregivers

Aims and objectives. The aim of this study was to translate the Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer into Turkish and test the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer in Turkey. Background. Cancer is a chronic illness that affects the entire family and deteriorates the quality of life of cancer caregivers. The Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer is a widely used instrument to measure quality of life in cancer caregivers. Therefore, identifying and increasing quality of life benefits of cancer caregivers. Design. Methodological research design. Method. This study describes the translation process of The Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer into Turkish and testing its reliability and validity on quality of life in cancer caregivers. The questionnaire was translated using a back‐translation technique. The statistical analysis was carried out using Cronbach’s alpha to test the internal consistency of the Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer scale while confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were carried out using principal component analysis with varimax rotation and Kaiser Normalization to test its construct validity. Results. The Cronbach’s alpha was found to be reliability for the total scale was 0·88 and subscale alpha coefficients ranged from 0·73–0·83. Confirmatory factor analysis resulted in four factor structure: burden, distruptiveness, positive adaptation and financial concerns. Conclusion. The effects of providing care for patients with cancer on caregiver quality of life have not yet been adequately explored in Turkey. The results of this study suggest that the Turkish version of the Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer is a reliable and valid supplementary measure of the quality of life in cancer caregivers in Turkey. Relevance of clinical practice. In research and practice, valid measurement instruments are needed to assess Quality of Life in Turkish cancer caregivers. The Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer scale is simple to administer and nurses by using this equipment in routine appointments will be able to better identify caregiver at risk for developing cancer related distress and worse Quality of Life.     

Validation of the German version of the Brief Pain Inventory.

The Brief Pain Inventory is a comprehensive instrument for pain assessment and has been validated in several languages. A validated German version was not available until now. From March to May 1995 all outpatients of the pain clinic of the Department of Anesthesiology completed a questionnaire with the German versions of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the SF-36 quality-of-life questionnaire. The BPI was repeated after the consultation. The physician assessed the performance status score of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG). The questionnaire was completed by 151 patients. Forty-two patients were excluded from evaluation for methodological reasons, so 109 patients were evaluated. As in the original version of the BPI, factor analysis showed a common factor for pain intensity and a second factor for pain-related interference with function. The comparative fit index of 0.86 confirmed this model. Responses before and after consultation correlated closely for the sum scores of the pain intensity items (Perarson correlation r = 0.976) as well as for the interference with function items (r = 0.974). Pain intensity in the BPI correlated with bodily pain in the SF-36 (r = 0.585). Sum scores of the pain interference items were higher in patients with deteriorated ECOG performance status, whereas sum scores of the intensity items were not changed. Validity and reliability of the German BPI were comparable to the original version. The BPI may be advantageous for palliative care patients, as it places only a small burden on the patient and offers easy criteria for evaluation. However, further research is needed to differentiate the impact of pain-related and disease-related interference with function on the BPI, and to find an algorithm for the evaluation of the BPI when values are missing.     

跌倒危险评估表应用于老年患者的信度和效度研究

目的:探讨昆士兰大学跌倒危险因素评估表(Falls Risk Assessment Tool,FRAT)应用于我国老年住院患者的信度和效度,以确定其应用价值.方法:采取方便抽样的方法,用跌倒评估量表对某医院890 例老年患者进行调查,评价量表的信度、效度及预测性能.结果:总量表Cronbach's α系数为0.91,各...     

Psychometric properties of the Turkish version: the challenges to stopping smoking (CSS-21) scale

ABSTRACT

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Challenges to Stopping Smoking Scale-21 (CSS-21).

Methods: The methodological study was conducted with 235 participants who meet the inclusion criteria. “Social-demographics Questionnaire”, “Challenges to Stopping Smoking Scale”, “Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence”, and “General Self-Efficacy Scale” were used for data collection. In the validity-reliability analysis of the scale, language and content validity, explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent validity, Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, item-total score correlation, split-half reliability analysis, floor and ceiling effects, and test-retest reliability methods were used.

Results: Using exploratory factor analysis, it was found that the CSS-21 has two factors. Its two-factor structure was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach’s alpha values of subscales were 0.84 and 0.83, respectively. In addition, item subscale total correlations and test-retest analysis of the scale had a high correlation.

Conclusions: It was concluded that the Turkish version of the CSS-21 is a reliable and valid instrument to identify the factors affecting quitting smoking.     

Reliability and validity of the breast cancer screening belief scale among Turkish women

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in Turkish women, and the use of breast self-examination (BSE) and mammography remains low in Turkey. Therefore, we need to identify the beliefs, influencing BSE and mammography, and a valid and reliable tool to measure constructs. The Champion's health belief model scale (CHBMS) is a valid and reliable tool to measure beliefs about breast cancer, BSE, and mammography in an English culture. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric characteristics of a Turkish version of the CHBMS related to breast cancer, BSE, and mammography. A convenience sample of 656 women was recruited from 3 health centers and 2 maternal and child health centers in Istanbul. The CHBMS was translated to Turkish, validated by professional judges, back translated, and tested. Factor analysis yielded 7 factors for BSE: confidence, seriousness, barriers-BSE, health motivation 1 and 2, susceptibility, and benefits-BSE. For mammography scale, 6 factors were identified: seriousness, benefits-mammography, barriers-mammography, health motivation 1 and 2, and susceptibility. All items on each factor were from the same construct. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients ranged from.75 to.87 for the subscales. The Turkish version of the CHBMS showed adequate reliability and validity for use in Turkish women. It could easily be used to evaluate the health beliefs about breast cancer, BSE, and mammography. Further refinement is required to study Turkish women's health beliefs and breast cancer screening behaviors in various settings.     

Turkish version of the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale

Hakverdio?lu Yönt G. & Khorshid L. (2012) Turkish version of the Stroke‐Specific Quality of Life Scale. International Nursing Review 59 , 274–280 Aim: To test the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Stroke‐Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS‐QOL). Background: Stroke is a leading cause of activity limitation and participation restriction that negatively affect health‐related quality of life. The assessment of SS‐QOL in stroke patients has not been validated in Turkey. Methods: Cross‐sectional and methodological research design was used. Five hundred stroke survivors who had been diagnosed with stroke at least 6 months previously were included in this cross‐sectional study. The reliability of the SS‐QOL was based on internal consistency, item correlation. Construct validity was evaluated by Exploratory Factor Analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated for the total score of the SS‐QOL to establish the internal consistency of the instrument. Construct validity was assessed by comparing patients' scores on the SS‐QOL with those obtained by other test methods: SF‐36 Health Survey and Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living. Findings: In the process of adaptation to the Turkish population, the scale was converted to 48 items. The correlation coefficient for the test‐retest scores of the SS‐QOL was calculated as 0.81. Internal consistency for the scale showed Cronbach's alpha = 0.97. As a result of applying factor analysis to the scale, eight factors were obtained, which accounted for 77.47% of the scale's total variance. Conclusion: SS‐QOL is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring self‐reported health‐related quality of life at group level among people with stroke who are diagnosed with stroke at least 6 months previously in the Turkish population.     

Assessment of symptom severity and functional status in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Boston questionnaire

Objectives. The aim of this study was to develop a Turkish version of the Boston Questionnaire and assess its reliability and validity.

Methods. Sixty-seven patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome were included in the study. The Turkish version of Boston Questionnaire was obtained after translation process, and was then administered to subjects twice within seven days. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha and item-total correlation), and reproducibility. Validity was examined by correlating the Boston Questionnaire scores to general health status (Short Form-36), pain severity (Visual Analogue Scale) and pinch and grip strength measures.

Results. Reliability of the Turkish version was very good, with high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.82 for symptom severity scale, and 0.88 for functional status scale), and reproducibility (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.60 for symptom severity scale, and 0.77 for functional status scale). The Boston Questionnaire scores were correlated with Visual Analogue Scale, physical functioning, physical role, bodily pain and emotional role subscales of Short Form-36, pinch and grip strength scores to obtain coefficients for external construct validity.

Conclusion. Adaptation of the Boston Questionnaire for use in Turkey was successful. Our results seem to support previous finding of the English version, indicating that it is valid and reliable.     

The validity and reliability study of Turkish version of the fathers’ support scale: Neonatal intensive care unit

BackgroundFathers whose infants are cared for in the neonatal intensive care unit have negative experiences and thus require support.AimThis study was carried out with the aim of performing a validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the “Father’s Support Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit” (FSS: NICU).MethodThe study included 165 fathers whose infants were hospitalised in the neonatal intensive care units of a university hospital and a state hospital in the west of Turkey.FindingsThe item-total score correlation values of the scale were between 0.26 and 0.73 and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.91. It was found out that the test-retest reliability coefficients were between 0.78 and 0.92. The scale accounted for 48.38% of the total variance in three factors, as in the original version of the scale.ConclusionIt was found that the Turkish version of the FSS: NICU was a valid and reliable measurement tool.