2007年湖北省血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的分析湖北省2007年国家级血吸虫病疫情监测点监测结果．为制定血吸虫病防治对策提供科学依据。方法根据《全国血吸虫病监测方案》的要求，开展16个监测点的监测工作，并统计分析各项指标。结果湖北省16个监测点居民感染率为1．45％，耕牛感染率为5．16％，活螺平均密度为0．44只／0．11m2，感染螺平均密度为0．0008只／0．11m2，钉螺感染率为0．178％。结论2007年耕牛感染率仍然较高，是整个血防工作的重点和难点，还需加强针对耕牛的各项血吸虫病防治措施。     

2007年湖北省血吸虫病监测点疫情分析

目的掌握湖北省血吸虫病疫情，了解血吸虫病流行规律，为全省防治工作提供科学依据。方法按照全国和湖北省血吸虫病监测方案的要求，在全省血吸虫病流行区选择有代表性的74个流行村作为监测点，开展人畜病情和螺情调查。结果74个监测点居民感染率为1．97％，耕牛感染率为5．85％，活螺平均密度为0．4744只／0.1m2，感染螺平均密度为0．0005只／0.1m2，钉螺感染率为0．11％。结论与2006年相比，湖北省血吸虫病疫情下降，但耕牛感染率仍〉5％，应切实加强耕牛管理，控制传染源。     

2006年仪征市血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的了解仪征市血吸虫病疫情现状，制定科学的防治措施。方法按《全国血吸虫病监测方案》的方法，对监测点居民、家畜感染情况和螺情进行调查。结果2006年5个监测点血检阳性率1．63％，居民感染率0．10％（6／5832）。5个监测点活螺平均密度0．0172只／框（每框=0．11m^2），感染性螺密度为0．0001只／框。结论仪征市虽已达到血吸虫病传播控制标准，但感染性钉螺的存在和现症患者的出现提醒仍要加强防治力度，防止疫情反弹。     

2008年安徽石台县血吸虫病疫隋监测结果分析

目的为及时掌握血吸虫病流行动态和流行规律。方法根据《安徽省血吸虫病监测方案》开展疫情监测，分析石台县4个监测点2008年疫情。结果石台县4个监测点人群粪检阳性率为0．33％，耕牛数得到有效控制；活螺密度0．91只／0．11m^2，感染染螺密度0．00734只／0．11m^2，钉螺感染率0．81％。结论居民感染得到有效控制，人畜已不是当地主要传染源，压缩钉螺面积，消除感染性钉螺是当前防治工作的重点和难点。预防和减少新发晚血的发生是今后防治工作需要关注的问题。     

2006年武汉市血吸虫病监测结果

目的掌握武汉市血吸虫病流行状况及影响因素,为制定进一步的防治对策提供依据。方法以行政村为单位,采用分层整群随机抽样方法确定30个监测点。对远城区监测点6岁以上居民和家畜病情及螺情进行监测;对中心城区监测点沿江居民或沿江中小学校学生以及流动人口进行病情监测。结果全市30个监测点,共调查居民21992人,耕牛878头,调查有螺及可疑环境43处1145．13hm2。居民血吸虫感染率0．58％,较2005年下降了34．0g％。耕牛粪检阳性率1．59％,较2005年下降了44．01％。垸内有螺框出现率1．18％,活螺平均密度0．0260只／0.1m2,钉螺感染率为0;垸外有螺框出现率5．92％,活螺平均密度0．0748只／0.1m2,钉螺感染率为0．71％。结论武汉市结合《全国血吸虫病综合治理重点项目》的实施,采取的综合防治措施取得了较明显的防治成效。     

云南省2007年血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的分析2007年云南省国家级血吸虫病监测点疫情状况，为全省防治工作提供参考：方法根据《全国血吸虫病监测方案》，在四个监测点开展监测工作，分析调查结果。结果监测忖居民感染率为0．29％，黄牛及水牛的感染率分别为2．10％和1．30％，查出钉螺面积约75hm2，平均钉螺密度为（0．29只／0．11m2，未查到感染性钉螺。结论经过逐年防治，云南省血吸虫病疫情明显下降，仍应加强家畜血吸虫病的防治和查灭螺工作。     

2007年江苏省血吸虫病监测点监测结果分析

目的掌握江苏省血吸虫病疫情动态，为制订防治策略和考核防治效果提供依据。方法按《全国血吸虫病监测方案》要求，在全省8个监测点开展血吸虫病疫情监测。结果监测点的居民感染率0．10％，家畜感染率为0．90％，感染性螺平均密度0．0022只／0.1m2。结论近三年监测点人与家畜感染率呈下降趋势．但2007年渔民感染率有所增加，局部地区感染性钉螺面积增多和密度增高，因此应进一步加强血吸虫病防治力度。     

德昌县新河村2005年血吸虫病监测点结果分析

目的掌握德昌县血吸虫病监测点2005年疫情,为防治工作提供科学依据。方法按照《全国血吸虫病监测方案》在德昌县六所乡新河村选择1个国家级监测点,并开展2005年监测工作。结果监测点的钉螺面积为16440m2,平均活螺密度0·63只/框(每框=0·11m2);发现感染螺12只,钉螺感染率0·21%。检查725人,血吸虫血清阳性率22·34%,血吸虫感染率2·20%,患者克粪虫卵数几何均数17·87。耕牛感染率为2·56%(2/78)。结论德昌县血吸虫病已控制在一定水平,应加强耕牛防治力度和重点人群的治疗,防止血吸虫病疫情回升。     

德昌县新河村2006年血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的掌握德昌县血吸虫病监测点2006年疫情,为防治工作提供科学依据。方法按照全国血吸虫病监测方案,在德昌县六所乡新河村开展2006年监测工作。结果监测点的钉螺面积为5042 m^2,平均钉螺密度0.04只/框（每框=0.11 m^2）,没有发现感染性钉螺。人群血吸虫感染率0.79%,患者EPG几何均数26.48。耕牛感染率为1.35%。结论德昌县已达到国家血吸虫病传播控制标准,但应继续加强监测和巩固工作,防止血吸虫病疫情回升。     

蒲江县古佛村2005年血吸虫病监测点结果分析

目的了解蒲江县长秋乡古佛村2005年血吸虫病监测点疫情动态情况,为血吸虫病防治工作提供科学依据。方法按照《全国血吸虫病监测方案》的要求,开展2005年监测工作。结果钉螺面积147958m2,活螺平均密度0·28只/框(每框=0·11m2),未发现阳性钉螺,人群血吸虫感染率2·16%,耕牛血吸虫感染率为4·35%。结论蒲江县血吸虫病已控制在较低水平,应继续加强耕牛粪便管理和人畜同步治疗,巩固已取得的防治成果,防止疫情反弹。     

莫沙必利改善夜间消化不良症状的随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照研究

功能性消化不良（FD）的发病机制尚未完全明了。夜间上腹部症状是影响FD患者生活质量的重要因素。促动力药对夜间FD症状的治疗作用和机制不详。目的：探讨莫沙必利对FD患者夜间消化不良症状的治疗作用。方法：采用随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照的前瞻性设计，连续选取主诉有夜间FD症状（上腹部疼痛、饱胀、嗳气）的患者，经一周安慰剂治疗筛选，无安慰剂治疗反应者分别给予莫沙必利（5mgtid）和安慰剂治疗。治疗前后分别行夜间症状评估以及夜间胃内DH值和胆红素联合检测。结果：共纳入43例有夜间FD症状的患者，28例对安慰剂治疗无反应。治疗后，莫沙必利组夜间上腹部疼痛、饱胀、暖气的症状积分均明显降低（R0．05），夜间胃内pH值和胆红素吸收值〉0．14的时间百分比均明显降低（P〈O．05）；而安慰剂组上述指标无明显差异（P〉O．05）。莫沙必利组夜间症状积分改善程度与夜间胃内pH值和胆红素吸收值〉O．14的时间百分比降低程度有明显相关性（P〈O．05）。结论：莫沙必利能显著改善夜间FD症状．其机制可能与减轻夜间胃十二指肠胆汁反流有关。     

Biodiesel Production on Monometallic Pt,Pd, Ru,and Ag Catalysts Supported on Natural Zeolite

Biodiesel production from rapeseed oil and methanol via transesterification reaction facilitated by various monometallic catalyst supported on natural zeolite (NZ) was investigated. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized catalysts were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (BET), temperature-programmed-reduction in hydrogen (H₂-TPR), temperature-programmed-desorption of ammonia (NH₃-TPD), Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with EDX detector (SEM-EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. The highest activity and methyl ester yields were obtained for the Pt/NZ catalyst. This catalyst showed the highest triglycerides conversion of 98.9% and fatty acids methyl esters yields of 94.6%. The activity results also confirmed the high activity of the carrier material (NZ) itself in the investigated reaction. Support material exhibited 90.5% of TG conversion and the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters yield (FAME) of 67.2%. Introduction of noble metals improves the TG conversion and FAME yield values. Increasing of the metal loading from 0.5 to 2 wt.% improves the reactivity properties of the investigated catalysts.     

Insights on linking forests, trees, and people from the air, on the ground, and in the laboratory

Governing natural resources sustainably is a continuing struggle. Major debates occur over what types of policy "interventions" best protect forests, with choices of property and land tenure systems being central issues. Herein, we provide an overview of findings from a long-term interdisciplinary, multiscale, international research program that analyzes the institutional factors affecting forests managed under a variety of tenure arrangements. This program analyzes satellite images, conducts social-ecological measurements on the ground, and tests the impact of structural variables on human decisions in experimental laboratories. Satellite images track the landscape dimensions of forest-cover change within different management regimes over time. On-the-ground social-ecological studies examine relationships between forest conditions and types of institutions. Behavioral studies under controlled laboratory conditions enhance our understanding of explicit changes in structure that affect relevant human decisions. Evidence from all three research methods challenges the presumption that a single governance arrangement will control overharvesting in all settings. When users are genuinely engaged in decisions regarding rules affecting their use, the likelihood of them following the rules and monitoring others is much greater than when an authority simply imposes rules. Our results support a frontier of research on the most effective institutional and tenure arrangements for protecting forests. They move the debate beyond the boundaries of protected areas into larger landscapes where government, community, and comanaged protected areas are embedded and help us understand when and why deforestation and regrowth occur in specific regions within these larger landscapes.     

Update on antiplatelet agents, including MATCH, CHARISMA, and ESPRIT

Despite recent advances in the acute treatment of stroke, prevention and risk factor modification remain the mainstays of management for patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. The majority of noncardioembolic ischemic strokes are atherothrombotic, presumed to be associated with the activation and aggregation of platelets. Antiplatelet medications have been shown to be effective in the secondary prevention of stroke of presumed arterial origin, both as monotherapy and in combination. Among combination of antiplatelet agents, aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole has demonstrated statistically significant additive benefit over monotherapy with each agent. Clopidogrel plus aspirin does not prevent recurrent ischemic stroke over each component individually, and the combination increases the risk of hemorrhagic side effects. This article reviews the most recent studies on antiplatelet medications, including the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel or extended-release dipyridamole, and discusses some of the controversies that still exist with the use of antiplatelet agents.     

Culture,caregiving, and the frail elderly on malo,vanuatu

This paper addresses the indigenous meaning of old age and frailty on Malo Island (Natamambo), Vanuatu, (the South Pacific). While local meanings are of course germane to the sense of personhood, they have also been affected by cultural, demographic and social change that has occurred in recent decades. The paper presents discussion of the effects of these changes on old age and aging. Finally, the paper examines family caregiving by middle-aged adults for frail elders, in the context of social change. It is clear that the ideology of caregiving is under negotiation at the present time.