高分辨率CT观察不同来源干细胞移植治疗B型尼曼-皮克病儿童肺间质病变效果

目的 采用高分辨率CT(HRCT)观察不同来源干细胞移植治疗B型尼曼-皮克病（NPD）患儿肺间质病变的效果。方法 回顾性分析6例B型NPD患儿接受造血干细胞移植前后肺部HRCT资料,其中3例接受非亲缘脐带血干细胞移植治疗,3例接受亲缘单倍体骨髓+外周血干细胞移植治疗;于3个层面（主动脉弓层面、气管隆嵴层面及右膈顶层面）观察移植前后肺间质病变（表现为小叶间隔增厚、小叶中心阴影和小叶内线3种CT征象）累及范围并进行评分,计算各征象评分变化速率及征象评分均值变化速率。结果 接受干细胞移植后,6例患儿肺间质病变评分均较移植前呈明显下降趋势;其中3例接受非亲缘脐带血干细胞移植者肺部小叶间隔增厚、小叶中心阴影和小叶内线的征象评分变化速率及征象评分均值变化速率平均值（1.16分/月、1.33分/月、1.11分/月、1.24分/月）均高于3例接受亲缘单倍体骨髓+外周血干细胞移植者（1.14分/月、0.86分/月、0.88分/月、1.03分/月）。结论 干细胞移植可改善B型NPD患儿肺间质病变;非亲缘供体脐带血干细胞移植可能较亲缘单倍体移植治疗效果更佳。     

自体外周血造血干细胞移植治疗系统性红斑狼疮的临床观察

目的观察自体外周血造血干细胞移植治疗系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）的临床疗效。方法5例对其他治疗效果反应较差的复发SLE患者接受自体外周血造血干细胞移植术，造血干细胞动员方案采用环磷酰胺＋粒细胞集落刺激因子，应用CS-3000 Plus血细胞分离机采集外周血干细胞，预处理方案采用环磷酰胺＋抗胸腺球蛋白抗体方案，常规措施预防移植相关并发症。移植后3个月，复查各项免疫指标，评估疗效。结果5例患者造血干细胞动员均获成功，造血重建顺利回输后外周血中性粒细胞计数≥0．5×10^9／L的天数为8。16d；白细胞总数恢复正常的天数为10-20d：血小板计数〉20×10^9／L的天数为12～20d。无一例出现严重的移植后并发症。临床症状明显改善或消失。3个月后复查各项指标均较移植前有明显改善。结论自体外周血造血干细胞移植治疗SLE的临床疗效好，不良反应少，是治疗难治性SLE的一种较好的方法。     

伏立康唑在造血干细胞移植所致真菌感染二级预防中的应用

目的探讨伏立康唑对造血干细胞移植所致真菌感染二级预防的作用。方法收集北京军区总医院血液科2007年1月以来收治的造血干细胞移植患者160例,分为伏立康唑注射液组（治疗组）和氟康唑口服组（对照组）,每组各80例,观察两组患者造血干细胞移植后发生真菌感染的情况。结果治疗组经过伏立康唑注射液二级预防,移植后3个月内共发生真菌感染者6例,发生率为7.5%（6/80）;对照组80例中发生真菌感染者16例,发生率为20%（16/80）,治疗组移植后真菌感染发生率显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论伏立康唑的二级预防能显著降低移植后真菌感染的发生率,疗效确切、应用安全。     

自体造血干细胞移植治疗急性髓系白血病的疗效观察

目的  观察自体造血干细胞移植对完全缓解期的急性髓系白血病（AML）患者的疗效。方法  回顾性分析14例行自体造血干细胞移植的AML患者的临床资料,其中低危7例,中危6例,高危1例。预处理后予回输预先冻存的自体外周血造血干细胞,并予成分输血、升白细胞、预防感染等治疗,观察患者的自体干细胞造血重建情况,并了解移植相关并发症的发生情况;绘制生存曲线并计算术后1年和3年的存活率和无病存活（DFS）率。结果  14例患者均获得造血重建,白细胞植入中位时间为12（9~28）d,血小板植入中位时间为29（8~158）d。2例患者粒细胞缺乏期出现大肠杆菌败血症,1例发生普通变形杆菌败血症,1例患者在移植后29 d出现巨细胞病毒血症,其余患者预处理后出现感染或胃肠道反应,经抗感染及其它对症支持等治疗后均治愈。随访时间29.8（5.3~61.5）个月,14例患者中共有5例复发（35.7%）,11例患者存活,3例死于复发。术后1年、3年的存活率分别为86%和79%,术后1年、3年的DFS率分别为64%和57%。结论  自体造血干细胞移植是大部分低、中危AML患者的有效治疗方法。     

非清髓性外周造血干细胞移植后早期急性肾损伤的多中心临床研究

目的 观察白血病患者非清髓性外周造血干细胞移植后早期急性肾损伤（AKI）的患病率、危险因素及对生存的影响。 方法 对象为2002年1月至2007年5月,在东南大学附属中大医院、南京医科大学附属淮安医院、江苏大学附属镇江第一人民医院3个移植中心接受非清髓性外周造血干细胞移植的白血病患者。观察移植前、移植后100 d内肾功能改变情况及并发症,并随访观察1年。AKI分为3期：1期,Scr升高 ≥26.5 μmol/L,或升高50%~200%;2期,Scr升高>200%~300%;3期,Scr升高>300%,或升高>353.6 μmol/L（急性升高≥44.2 μmol/L）。 结果 62例患者移植后造血均顺利恢复。18例（29%）患者出现不同程度的AKI,其中1期11例,2期6例,3期1例。Logistic多因素回归分析表明,人类白细胞抗原（HLA）不完全匹配、移植后并发症（感染、肝静脉闭塞病、急性移植物抗宿主病）是AKI的独立危险因素,其优势比OR（95% CI）分别为3.6（1.1~13.0）、12.1（2.4~62.4）。移植后1年患者总的病死率为27.4%,且病死率随着AKI的严重程度逐渐增加（log-rank检验,P < 0.01）。 结论 AKI是非清髓性外周造血干细胞移植后的常见并发症之一。HLA不完全匹配、移植后并发症是发生AKI的独立危险因素。AKI对患者移植后1年生存率有重要影响。     

含高剂量CD34^＋细胞的非血缘脐血移植治疗AML/MDS后原发植入失败

目的分析含高剂量CD34^＋细胞的非血缘脐血移植治疗急性粒细胞白血病合并骨髓增生综合征（AML/MDS）后发生原发植入失败的原因。方法 1例4岁女孩在四川大学华西第二医院儿科血液肿瘤科被诊断为AML/MDS。患儿经诱导及巩固治疗获完全缓解后,行无血缘人类白细胞抗原（HLA）部分不相合脐血移植。观察患儿术后造血重建及移植相关并发症情况。结果患儿术后发生原发植入失败,再次进行血缘间的半相合造血干细胞移植,期间患多药耐药鲍曼不动杆菌败血症,于第2次移植后7 d死于呼吸衰竭。结论含高剂量CD34^＋细胞脐血造血干细胞并不能抵消HLA配型不合的缺陷。患儿原发植入失败可能与患儿移植前存在长期血小板输注无效及潜在免疫异常,尤其是移植前产生抗-HLA供者特异性抗体有关。     

单倍体造血干细胞移植治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病植入失败的二次移植策略

目的  探讨急性T淋巴细胞白血病患者初次单倍体造血干细胞移植后植入失败并发生致命性并发症的二次移植策略。方法  1例男性患者诊断为急性T淋巴细胞白血病,2015年11月接受供者为其胞妹的首次单倍体造血干细胞移植后植入失败,并发生大肠杆菌败血症、血清病、肝静脉闭塞症和多器官功能衰竭。首次移植后32 d行供者为其父亲的挽救性二次单倍体造血干细胞移植,二次移植前未进行预处理化学药物治疗（化疗）,采用移植后环磷酰胺（PTCy）方案为基础的移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）预防方案。结果  造血干细胞移植术后12 d白细胞植入,术后67 d血小板植入。血清病、败血症及肝静脉闭塞症治愈,器官功能改善。但移植后第18个月,即2017年6月,患者死于白血病复发。结论  植入失败患者二次移植前不进行预处理化疗,采用PTCy预防GVHD有望获得成功植入。     

非亲缘脐血造血干细胞移植治疗儿童非霍奇金淋巴瘤1例报道

目的观察非亲缘异基因脐血造血干细胞移植治疗儿童非霍奇金淋巴瘤的临床效果。方法 1例5岁非霍奇金淋巴瘤（Ⅳ期）患儿接受了高剂量放化疗联合非亲缘异基因脐血造血干细胞移植的治疗。结果静脉输注脐血后无异常反应。白细胞植入时间为移植后17d,血小板植入时间为移植后25d。移植后出现Ⅰ度急性移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）,分别于24d、40d采集患者外周血,经短串联重复序列GeneScan方法分析判定供者造血干细胞在患者体内存活。患儿移植后43d出院,随访至2010年6月,已无病存活67个月,至今状况良好,无复发、无并发症、无慢性GVHD发生。结论大剂量化疗联合非亲缘异基因脐血造血干细胞移植治疗非霍奇金淋巴瘤儿童患者的移植效果较好,并发症较少。     

可溶性白细胞介素2受体在急性移植物抗宿主诊断中的意义

目的 研究造血干细胞移植后细胞因子及其受体水平的变化与急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD）的关系，以探讨预测aGVHD的临床指标，方法 30例血液病患者行异基因造血干细胞移植，采用双夹心酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）动态监测血清中可溶性白细胞介素2受体（sIL-2R）、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8、干扰素及肿瘤坏死因子水平的变化。结果 30例患者均获得造血重建，10例发生Ⅰ度GVHD，5例发生Ⅲ-Ⅳ度GVHD；sIL-2R在发生aGVHD组于移植后第2周上升，第3周达峰值，其升高早于aGVHD症状的出现，与疾病的严重程度显著相关，随症状的缓解而下降，其它细胞因子水平的变化不显著，与aGVHD的发生无明显关系。结论 造血干细胞移植后aGVHD的发生伴随某些细胞因子水平的变化，sIL-2R在aGVHD症状出现前明显上升，可作为预测aGVHD的指标。     

叙事教育对ICU患者照顾者出科准备度与应激压力及患者应激障碍的影响

目的 提高ICU患者照顾者出科准备度水平、降低其应激压力及患者应激障碍发生率。方法 将60例ICU患者按入院时间段分为对照组与干预组各30例。对照组对患者照顾者实施ICU常规健康教育及心理支持等干预;干预组采用叙事教育干预,包括成立叙事教育小组、制作短视频、建立交流平台等,由专人负责实施与质控。结果 干预组患者照顾者出科准备度水平显著高于对照组、应激压力得分及患者创伤后应激障碍发生率显著低于对照组（均P<0.05）。结论 叙事教育干预可有效提高ICU患者照顾者转出准备度水平、降低其转科应激压力及患者创伤后应激障碍发生率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.