针对性健康教育对老年高血压患者血压及baPWV的影响

目的探讨针对性健康教育对老年高血压患者血压及臂踝脉搏波传导速度(baPWV)的影响。方法 65例老年原发性高血压患者,入院后检测血压及baPWV值,给予降压、抗凝、调脂等治疗,并由主管护师结合检验结果采取口头和书面的多种形式对其饮食、运动、心理、生活方式、药物应用等方面进行有针对性的健康教育。结果 1个月后,患者收缩压、舒张压、中心动脉压、baP-WV检测值与入院时比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论结合baPWV检测结果对老年高血压患者进行有针对性的健康教育,能增强患者的健康意识,主动改变不良生活习惯,提高治疗效果。     

腹膜透析患者动脉硬化评价及其影响因素分析

目的评估中青年(19~60岁)非糖尿病腹膜透析患者动脉硬化情况,并分析其危险因素。方法研究对象为中青年(19~60岁)非糖尿病腹膜透析患者86例,收集患者基础资料(患者身高、体质量指数、血压、透析时间、用药史、尿量等)、臂-踝脉搏波传导速度(brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity,baPWV)及各项实验室指标(肝肾功能、血脂、电解质、甲状旁腺素、超敏C反应蛋白、缺血修饰白蛋白),并对相关指标进行分析。结果依据患者baPWV是否升高(baPWV1 400 ctn/s为升高)分为高baPWV组(39例)和正常baPWV组(47例)。高baPWV组患者较正常baPWV组baPWV明显升高[(1 961±412)cm/s比(1 349±234)cm/s],且透析时间、缺血修饰白蛋白水平[(95.8±6.0)kU/L]、超敏C反应蛋白[(5.1±1.0)mg/L]较正常baPWV组高,总尿素清除指数(1.8±0.9)、总肌酐清除率[(56.5±11.4)L·周~(-1)·(1.73 m~2)~(-1)]、残余肾小球滤过率[(3.8±1.0)L·周~(-1)·(1.73 m~2)~(-1)]、血白蛋白[(31.6±5.3)g/L]较正常baPWV组低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示腹膜透析患者baPWV与透析时间、血钙、缺血修饰白蛋白、超敏C反应蛋白呈正相关(r值分别为0.54、0.48、0.49、0.51,P值均0.05),与总尿素清除指数、残余肾小球滤过率、血白蛋白呈负相关(r值分别为-0.36、-0.55、-0.59,P值均0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示透析时间、残余肾小球滤过率、超敏C反应蛋白是腹膜透析患者baPWV最主要影响因素。结论腹膜透析时间、残余肾功能、微炎症是青中年非糖尿病腹膜透析患者动脉硬化最主要的影响因素。保护残余肾功能、改善炎症状态、改善腹膜透析的充分性可以降低腹膜透析患者动脉硬化风险,减少心血管疾病的发生。     

不同脉搏波传导速度测量方法评估维持性血液透析患者动脉弹性的研究进展

大动脉损害是终末期肾病(ESRD)患者心血管疾病(CVD)高发的主要影响因素,心脑血管事件是需维持性血液透析(MHD)的ESRD患者死亡的主要原因。测量动脉弹性从而评估大动脉损害程度具有重要意义。脉搏波传导速度(PWV)可反映动脉弹性的早期变化,是ESRD患者CVD死亡和全因死亡的独立预测因子。本文对不同PWV测量方法评估MHD患者动脉弹性的研究进展做一综述。     

腹膜透析患者基线血清中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值与首次腹膜炎的关联性

目的 回顾性分析腹膜透析(peritoneal dialysis,PD)患者基线高水平血清中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)是否与首次腹膜炎发生风险相关.方法 选取2013年8月至2018年7月在安徽医科大学第二附属医院肾脏内科行PD置管术并能长期规律随访的...     

Comparison of cognitive function between patients with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

Objective To evaluate whether dialysis modality will affect cognitive function in dialysis population. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. Chronic dialysis patients in our center was screened from July 2013 to July 2014. All of the subjects received brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination and comprehensive cognitive function evaluation. Results A total of 189 chronic dialysis patients were enrolled in this study, 122 cases on hemodialysis (HD) and 67 cases on peritoneal dialysis (PD). There was no significant difference in age between HD and PD groups [(56.4±13.2) years vs (56.4±16.1) years, t=0.004, P=0.997]. The dialysis vintage and serum albumin of HD patients was higher than those of PD patients[58.0(16.8, 107.5) months vs 31.0(7.0, 67.0) months, Z=-3.490, P＜0.001; (39.6±3.9) g/L vs (35.3±3.8) g/L, t=7.328，P＜0.001, respectively]. The prevalence of cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVDs) was comparable between HD and PD groups (all P＞0.05). Compared with HD patients, PD patients presented a 11.90-fold risk of immediate memory impairment (95%CI 1.40-101.08, P=0.023) and a 6.18-fold risk of long-delayed memory impairment (95%CI 2.12-18.05, P=0.001). After adjusting for age, educational lever, dialysis vintage, serum creatinine, and CSVDs, the influence of dialysis modality on memory still worked. PD patients presented a 43% risk of executive function impairment of HD patients (OR=0.43, 95%CI 0.17-1.04, P=0.061). Conclusions HD patients manifested better memory than PD patients, while PD probably performed better in executive function than HD patients. There was no significant difference in language function between the two groups. The difference in cognitive function may not be related to CSVDs.     

Association between serum indoxyl sulfate levels with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity in patients with chronic kidney disease

BackgroundThe role of indoxyl sulfate (IS), an important protein-bound uremic toxin, in arterial stiffness (AS) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unclear.Materials and methodsWe investigated the association between serum IS levels and AS in a cross-sectional study of 155 patients with CKD. Patients in the AS group was defined as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) value >10 m/s measured by a validated tonometry system (SphygmoCor), while values ≤10 m/s were regarded as without AS group Serum IS was measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis.ResultsOf these CKD patients, AS was present in 51 (32.9%) patients, who were older, had a higher rate of diabetes, higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), and higher IS levels compared to those without AS. By multivariable logistic regression analysis, IS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.436, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.085–1.901, p = 0.011), age (aOR 1.058, 95% CI 1.021–1.097, p = 0.002), and SBP (aOR 1.019, 95%CI 1.000–1.038, p = 0.049) were independent predictors of AS. By multivariable stepwise linear regression analysis, logarithmically transformed IS, age, DM, and SBP were significantly correlated with cfPWV. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for serum log-IS was 0.677 (95%CI 0.598–0.750, p = 0.0001) to predict the development of AS in patients with CKD.ConclusionThese finding demonstrate that in addition to older and higher SBP, a high serum IS level is a significant biomarker associated with AS in patients with CKD.     

Fatigue in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients

Fatigue is a common complaint in long termdialysis patients that may influence theirquality of life. The present study was carriedout in order to evaluate the prevalence andcourse of fatigue in a group of chronic PDpatients and to find the possible factor(s)related to its development. We retrospectivelyreviewed 100 charts of the patients previouslyon PD. The presence or absence of fatigue inthe 1st and last clinic visits and the 1st and2nd changes in fatigue state were studiedaccording to the monthly clinical records ofthe primary nurses. Data regarding dialysatevolume, urine volume, weekly erythropoietin(EPO) dose, hemoglobin, hematocrit, blood urea,serum creatinine, residual renal creatinine andurea clearances, dialysate to peritonealcreatinine ratio (D/P Cr), total weekly Kt/Vand total creatinine clearance/l.73 m² bodysurface area (TCrCl) were collected. Fifty-fivepatients were male and 45 female. The mean ageat the 1st clinic visit was 61.3 ± 16 years.At the 1st visit 55 patients had fatigue and 45did not. In 32 of the 55 patients fatiguedisappeared after a mean duration of 7.9 ± 8.4months and in 31 of the 45 patients fatigueappeared after a mean duration of 8 ± 6.8months. So at the last visit the frequency offatigue increased significantly from 55% to67% (p < 0.001). In patients with fatigue themean age and female percentage were higher(64.2 ± 14.1 vs 57.8 ± 17.6, p = 0.05 and 1.2vs 0.5, p < 0.05 respectively), mean hemoglobinconcentration was lower (104.4 ± 14.7 vs110.6 ± 14.2 g/L, p < 0.04) and mean EPO dosewas higher (6379.6 ± 7142 vs 3395.4 ± 4337.8units/week, p < 0.02) at the 1st clinic visit.EPO dose was also higher in patients withfatigue at the last visit (8253.7 ± 10317.3units/wk vs 4736.4 ± 5432.5, p < 0.03). Nocorrelation was found between dialysis adequacyaccording to either weekly Kt/V or TCrCl andnutritional state according to nPCR andfrequency of fatigue. We conclude that fatigueis a common symptom in PD patients and it'sprevalence increases over time. Anemia seemsto be the most important factor associated withfatigue. Dialysis adequacy and nutritionalstate did not show any correlation with thefrequency of fatigue in our study.     

黄芪改善腹透患者腹腔巨噬细胞功能的临床研究

目的：研究黄芪对尿毒症患腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响。方法：对43例尿毒症初始行腹膜透析的患在腹透液中不加（对照组）和加入黄芪注射液（用药组）治疗1周,用ELISA法检测观察前后腹腔巨噬细胞分泌TNF－a能力和吞噬功能的变化。结果：黄芪用药组腹腔巨噬细胞吞菌率、吞噬指数、杀菌率和巨噬细胞分泌TNF－a水平和对照组相比均明显上升（P＜0．01）,巨噬细胞分泌TNF－a水平与用药前自身对比也显提高（P＜0．05）。结论：腹透液中加入黄芪注射液可提高腹透患腹腔巨噬细胞功能。     

腹膜透析患者不同透析剂量临床疗效比较

目的 比较腹膜透析患者不同透析剂量的临床疗效.方法 横断面调查西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院腹膜透析中心透析超过3个月但处于稳定状态的腹膜透析患者,根据透析剂量不同分为3组,A组≤4000ml,B组≤6000ml,C组≥8000ml.比较3组患者的透析充分性、血浆白蛋白、校正的蛋白分解率、24 h腹透液蛋白定量、体表面积、用尿尿素氮清除率与尿肌酐清除率的均值计算肾小球滤过率.结果 3组患者总尿素氮清除指数和总肌酐清除率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组患者腹膜Kt/V和腹膜总肌酐清除率与B、C组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);c组患者残肾Kt/V和残肾总肌酐清除率及肾小球滤过率与A、B组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);A组患者白蛋白与C组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.15);3组间蛋白分解率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).A组患者24 h腹透液蛋白定量与C组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).A组患者体表面积与B、C组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.0).A组患者促红素用量及医药费用最低.结论 (1)大多数患者使用6000 ml或6000 ml以下的透析剂量可以达到充分透析;(2)残肾功能好,体表面积小的患者,小剂量透析可以维持良好的营养状况,医疗费用越低;(3)透析时间长、残肾差、体表面积大的患者需要更高透析剂量才能维持充分透析,但腹膜透析液蛋白丢失增多,蛋白摄入不足,残肾对毒素清除减少可能使营养状况恶化.     

腹膜透析患者透出液糖类抗原125浓度变化的观察

目的分析腹膜透析透出液糖类抗原125(carbohydrate antigen 125,CA125)浓度在长期腹膜透析过程中的变化,探讨CA125在腹膜透析中的临床意义。方法以2013年1月至2014年12月在陕西省人民医院腹膜透析中心随访的终末期肾脏疾病患者32例为研究对象,其中男15例,女17例;年龄29~64岁,平均年龄为(50.1±16.4)岁。随访期内有7例患者发生过1次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎。观察持续不卧床腹膜透析患者2年中透出液CA125浓度及腹膜功能的变化;观察仅发生1次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者(7例)透出液中CA125在腹膜炎前、腹膜炎时、腹膜炎治愈后(1个月)的浓度变化;采用微量酶免疫法测定CA125浓度,行腹膜平衡试验评估腹膜转运功能。结果腹膜透析透出液中CA125的浓度呈逐渐递减趋势;0个月时为(17.1±3.1)U/rnl,6个月时为(18.4±3.5)U/ml,12个月时为(16.5±2.4)U/ml,18个月时为(15.6±1.9)U/ml,24个月时为(10.3±2.9)U/ml;而代表腹膜功能的平衡试验中4 h腹透液与血清肌酐的比值(4-hour dialysate-to-plasma creatinine,4h D/Pcr)呈逐渐升高趋势:0个月时为0.57±0.02,6个月时为0.60±0.15,12个月时为0.61±0.16,18个月时为0.62±0.13,24个月时为0.65±0.11。在随访过程中,共发生腹膜炎7例;腹膜炎时CA125浓度明显升高[(34.9±5.8)U/ml],与腹膜炎前CA125浓度[(16.5±2.7)U/ml]及腹膜炎治愈后CA125浓度[(17.4±2.1)U/ml]相比,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论随着腹膜透析时间的延长,透出液CA125的浓度有所减少,腹膜转运功能逐渐增加;腹膜炎时,透出液CA125呈短期骤升表现,CA125浓度变化与腹膜炎有相关性。     

Association between metabolic syndrome and prognosis in patients with peritoneal dialysis

Objective To investigate the incidence situation of metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and analyze the correlation between MS and prognosis of patients. Methods The patients who received peritoneal dialysis from June 1, 2002 to April 30, 2018 and followed up regularly were divided into MS group and non-MS group according to the diagnostic criteria of MS. Follow-up was until July 31, 2018. The differences of clinical data, metabolic indexes and clinical outcomes between the two groups were compared. The survival rates of the two groups were compared by Kaplan-Meier survival curve, and the risk factors of all-cause death and cardiovascular disease (CVD) death were analyzed by Cox regression analysis. Results A total of 516 patients with CAPD were enrolled in this study, including 340 males (65.9%) and 176 females (34.1%). Their age was (47.29±12.20) years. The median follow-up time was 20 (9, 39) months. According to the diagnostic criteria of MS, the patients were divided into MS group (210 cases, 40.7%) and non-MS group (306 cases, 59.3%). At baseline, there was no significant difference in age, educational background, duration of peritoneal dialysis, smoking history and drinking history between the two groups (P＞0.05), but the patients in MS group were more exposed to high glucose peritoneal dialysate (P＜0.05). The body mass index (BMI), blood phosphorus, blood glucose, blood potassium, triglyceride, cholesterol and systolic blood pressure in MS group were significantly higher than those in non-MS group (all P＜0.05), and HDL-C level was significantly lower in MS group than in non-MS group (P＜0.05). There were no significant differences in other indicators between the two groups (P＞0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the cumulative survival rate in MS group was significantly lower than that in non-MS group, and the difference was statistically significant (Log-rank χ2=14.87, P＜0.001). If CVD death was taken as the end event, the cumulative survival rate in the non-MS group was significantly higher than that in the MS group (Log-rank χ2=14.49, P＜0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that MS and high 4 h dialysate creatinine/serum creatinine ratio (4hD/Pcr) were independent risk factor for all-cause death (HR=1.982, 95%CI 1.240-3.168, P=0.004; HR=3.855, 95%CI 1.306-11.381, P=0.015) and CVD death (HR=2.499, 95%CI 1.444-4.324, P=0.001; HR=5.799, 95%CI 1.658-20.278, P=0.006) in patients with CAPD. Conclusion The prevalence of MS in patients with CAPD is high, and MS and high 4hD/Pcr are independent risk factor for all-cause and CVD death in CAPD patients. They can be used as valuable indicators to predict the treatment outcomes and long-term prognosis of patients with CAPD.     

缬沙坦对持续性不卧床腹膜透析者腹膜功能的影响

目的 探讨血管紧张素受体拮抗剂缬沙坦对长期腹膜透析者腹膜功能的影响.方法 选择在焦作市人民医院接受腹膜透析者51例,采用数字表法随机分为缬沙坦组（n=28）和对照组（n=23）,对照组未服用血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂/血管紧张素受体拮抗剂类药物.观测并比较基线及1年后估计肾小球滤过率,行腹膜平衡实验,检测超滤量、透析液/血清肌酐（4 h）比值、透析液/葡萄糖浓度（4 h）比值.采用ELISA法检测隔夜腹膜透析液中转化生长因子β1以及血管内皮生长因子的含量.采用t检验进行数据统计.结果 基线时,两组患者临床资料差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.1年时,缬沙坦组与对照组估计肾小球滤过率均下降,分别为（3.1±1.8）、（2.1±1.9） ml/min,但对照组下降更为明显,与缬沙坦组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.两组透析液/血清肌酐比值、透析液葡萄糖浓度比值差异无统计学意义,对照组超滤量增加更为明显,两组比较差异有统计学意义[对照组：基线时（351±210）ml/4 h,1年时（445±209） ml/4 h;缬沙坦组：基线时（336±198）ml/4 h,1年时（391±220）ml/4 h;P＜0.05].干预后,对照组转化生长因子β1和血管内皮生长因子的表达明显增加,与基线比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,而缬沙坦组干预前后转化生长因子β1和血管内皮生长因子的表达差异无统计学意义.结论 血管紧张素受体拮抗剂缬沙坦对腹膜透析者残余肾功能具有保护作用,可延缓腹膜透析者超滤衰竭的发生,抑制腹透液中腹膜纤维化相关因子的表达,进而抑制、延缓腹膜纤维化的发生和发展,保护腹膜功能.     

改良腹膜平衡试验在腹膜透析患者中的应用

目的 观察改良腹膜平衡试验(改良PET)在腹膜透析(腹透)患者中的应用,初 步建立改良PET转运参数的参考值,探讨其评估腹膜溶质转运特性的准确性及临床意义。方法 97例腹透患者用高渗腹透液(4．25％葡萄糖)进行改良PET,分别测定4 h透析液肌酐与血肌酐 比值(4h D／Pcr)、计算物质转运面积系数(MTAC)、1 h透析液钠与血钠比值(1h D／PNa+)及记录 净超率量(nUF)。其中有14例患者在1个月内曾行标准腹膜平衡试验(标准PET),其结果与改 良PET进行自身比较。所有患者在研究时及研究前1个月内均无腹膜炎。结果 97例腹透患 者中有90例nUF大于400 ml,这些患者的转运参数经正态分布校正后建立了改良PET的参考 值。改良PET的4 hD／Pcr为0．70±0．15,标准PET4 hD／Pcr为0．68±0．13,两者非常接近,差异 无统计学意义。两种PET对患者腹膜转运特性分型结果相似。7例nUF小于400 ml的患者中有 5例有效腹膜表面积增大;2例存在水通道介导的水转运障碍,其中1例同时存在有效腹膜表面 积增大,还有1例患者改良PET转运参数在正常范围内。结论 与标准PET相比,用高渗腹透 液进行改良PET能够准确地评估腹膜小分子溶质转运特性,此外还能提供更多更敏感的液体转 运信息,为临床诊断超滤衰竭,以及进一步鉴别其原因提供了有力的手段。     

Hyperkalemia in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients

Background. Chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients often develop hypokalemia but less commonly hyperkalemia.Methods. We explored incidence and mechanisms of hyperkalemia in 779 serum samples from 33 patients on PD for 1 − 59 months. Normal serum potassium concentration was defined as 3.5 − 5.1 meq/l.Results. Mean monthly serum potassium concentrations were normal (except for 1 month), but we observed hypokalemia (<3.5 meq/l) in 5% and hyperkalemia (>5.1 meq/l) in 14% of 779 serum samples. Incidence of hyperkalemia did not change over time on PD: Year 1 (15%), Year 2 (11%), Year 3 (19%), Years 4–5 (22%). Hyperkalemia was mostly modest but occasionally extreme [5.2–5.4 meq/l (55%), 5.5–5.7 meq/l (21%), 5.8–6.0 meq/l (10%), >6.0 meq/l (14%)]. Of 31 patients (2 excluded due to brief PD time), 39% displayed hyperkalemia only, 23% displayed hypokalemia only, and the remainder (38%) displayed both or neither. Comparing hypokalemia-only with hyperkalemia-only patients, we found no difference in potassium chloride therapy, medications interrupting the renin-angiotensin system, small-molecule transport status, and renal urea clearance. We compared biochemical parameters from the hypokalemic and hyperkalemic serum samples and observed lower bicarbonate concentrations, higher creatinine concentrations, and higher urea nitrogen concentrations in the hyperkalemic samples (p < 0.001 for each), without difference in glucose concentrations.Conclusion. We observed hyperkalemia 3 times as frequently as hypokalemia in our PD population. High-potassium diet, PD noncompliance, increased muscle mass, potassium shifts, and/or the daytime period without PD might contribute to hyperkalemia.     

腹膜透析初透剂量对患者残余肾功能的影响

目的 探讨腹膜透析（腹透）初透剂量对患者残余肾功能的影响。 方法 追踪观察我院3个月内连续门诊随访的178例开始腹透的患者,测定24 h尿量。根据透析第1、3个月尿量的变化分为少尿组（LU,97例）、尿量减少组（DU,19例）、尿量正常组（NU,62例）,记录并分析其透析剂量、腹透液葡萄糖含量、超滤量、尿素清除指数（Kt/V）、体质量、水肿程度及尿量变化等的相关性。 结果 3组患者的年龄和性别比例差异无统计学意义。透析1个月后,DU组的体质量和水肿程度大于LU和NU组（P < 0.05）;腹透液总入量、腹透液葡萄糖含量、超滤量、残余肾尿素清除指数Kt/V（rKt/V）高于LU组,与NU组差异无统计学意义。透析3个月后,DU组的体质量和水肿程度有所下降（P < 0.05）,但仍高于LU和NU组（P < 0.05）;腹透液总入量、超滤量、尿量下降速度比LU组和NU组高（P < 0.05）;rKt/V 比腹透前显著下降（P < 0.05）。3组的血清白蛋白和tKt/V差异无统计学意义。 结论 开始腹透患者过度超滤可引起残余肾功能下降。对于有一定残余肾功能的患者要注意避免快速或过多超滤。     

重新评价腹膜平衡试验以确定腹膜透析患者的溶质转运类型

目的 确定由Twardowski提出的腹膜平衡试验（PET）的转运类型评判值是否适合本中心患者。方法 选取我院自1995年来首次进行PET测试的患者158例。首先依据Twardowski的评判标准（值）判断患者的转运类型,再根据本组患者实际4hD/Pcr的χ±s来确定患者的溶质转运类型,然后将患者重新分组:按两种数值均符合高转运为H1组,均符合平均转运为A组,均符合低转运为L1组,部分高转运患者经重新评价后符合平均转运为H2组,部分平均转运患者经重新评价后符合低转运为L2组。通过与临床情况（溶质和水的清除）进行对照,以进一步评价更适合本中心患者的评判标准。结果 按照Twardowski的标准,高转运、高平均转运、低平均转运及低转运患者的比例分别为21.5％、44.9％。27.8％及5.7％。本研究患者群中4hD/Pcr的均值和标准差为0.70和0.14,据此重新评判后,各组的比例分别为14.6％、33.5％、33.5％及18.4％。经与临床结果相对比,L2组对水份的清除能力明显高于A组（P<0.005）,与L1组差别无显著性意义。结论4hD/Pcr在不同的地区和人群中表现出不同的均数和标准差值,因而产生了不同的腹膜转运类型。根据本中心患者人群确定的值更适合本中心患者的临床情况。     

Effects of seasonal changes on peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients

Objectives To investigate the effects of seasonal changes on peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis (PDAP) in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), and to provide evidence for clinical prevention and treatment of PDAP. Methods All episodes of PD-related peritonitis during clinic follow-up in maintenance PD patients from Jan 1st, 2007 to Dec 31st, 2015 in Peking University People's Hospital were reviewed. The incidence of peritonitis, laboratory indexes, pathogens and clinical outcomes in different seasons were recorded and analyzed. One-way ANOVA and chi square test were employed to compare the incidence of PDAP and related data in different seasons, and Pearson correlation was used to analyze correlations between PDAP rate and monthly mean temperature and mean humidity. Results During nine years, a total of 119 PD patients occurred 190 times of peritonitis during home PD. The PDAP rate in summer was the highest, 0.21 episodes/year, followed by spring (0.16 episodes/year) and autumn (0.16 episodes/risk year), but there was no significant difference among peritonitis rates in four seasons. There were significant positive correlation between monthly mean temperature, monthly mean humidity and the peritonitis rate (mean temperature: r=0.828, P＜0.01; mean humidity r=0.657, P＜0.05). (2) As for bacteria, in Summer the PDAP rate caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase negative staphylococcus (CoNS), and Gram-negative bacteria was higher than that in other seasons, but there was no statistical difference. There were significant positive correlation between monthly mean temperature, mean humidity and the rate of CoNS peritonitis (mean temperature: r=0.704, P＜0.05; mean humidity: r=0.607, P＜0.05). (3) There were no statistical difference among results of PD related peritonitis in different seasons about general situation, clinical manifestation, causes of peritonitis and laboratory index before peritonitis episodes. PD procedure-related problems were the main cause of peritonitis in summer and autumn. (4) The cure rate of all peritonitis was 90%. The highest cure rate was in autumn and winter, while the lowest cure rate was in summer, but no statistical difference. Among the peritonitis episodes with treatment failure, 52.6% occurred in summer. Conclusions There is some correlation between the rate of PDAP and seasons. Higher temperature and higher humidity were significantly correlated with higher peritonitis rate, especially the rate of CoNS peritonitis. The prognosis of PDAP in summer was relatively poor, with higher proportion of hospitalization and lower cure rate.     

残余肾功能对腹膜透析患者营养状况影响的临床研究

目的：前瞻性观察长期持续性非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患的营养状况,探讨残余肾功能对营养状况的影响。方法：采用常规处方透析,留取尿液、腹透液,并抽血检测生化、血脂及蛋白营养指标,计算残余肾功能（RRF）、KT／V值、肌酐清除率（Ccr)、单位透析剂量（PV／S）及蛋白质分解率（PCR）,评估每日蛋白质摄入量（DPI)。结果：RRF与KT／V、Ccr及残余尿量呈正相关,（分别r=0.56、0．83及0．80）,与透析时间、透析超滤量呈负相关（分别r=-0.41、0．33）,与PV／S无关。A组（RRF＜3ml/min)患Ccr、KT／V及血浆前白蛋白（PA）、视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）、转铁蛋白（Tf)明显低于B组（RRF≥3ml/min),但PCR高于B组。然而,A、B两组间Alb、TG及TC却无明显差别。结论：RRF与腹膜透析充分性密切相关,并影响腹透患的营养状况,根据RRF下降程度及时调整透析剂量及方案,是预防CAPD患营养不良发生的最主要手段。     

长期腹膜透析患者转归临床分析

目的研究长期腹透患者临床转归,分析其临床特点。方法对本院1994年1月至2003年8月腹透龄超过3年以上的58例腹透患者进行分析。根据其临床转归分为继续腹透组、转向移植组、转向血透组及死亡组。比较各组间近期营养指标（半年以内血清白蛋白水平）、近期透析充分性指标（Kt／V、Ccr）、水清除指标及残肾功能等临床特点。对死亡组同时做回顾性前后自身对照研究（死亡前半年以内与死亡前1年资料比较）。对继续腹透组回顾性分析比较1年前资料,并前瞻性追踪随访1年。结果死亡组总Kt／V显著低于其余3组（P〈0．05）;总Ccr显著低于继续腹透组（P〈0．01）。继续腹透组、移植组及血透组3组间总Kt／V、总Cer及血清白蛋白水平差异无统计学意义。血透组水清除指标显著低于继续腹透组及移植组;继续腹透组水清除指标稍高于死亡组但无显著性差异。死亡组近期总Kt／V显著低于死亡前1年总Kt／V（P〈0．05）;近期总Ccr显著低于死亡前1年总Ccr（P〈0．01）。继续腹透组近期总Kt／V及总Ccr与1年前及1年后指标比较差异均无统计学意义,但残肾Kt／V或残肾Ccr随时间推移而显著下降（P〈0．05）。继续腹透组残肾Kt／V或残肾Ccr显著高于死亡组及血透组（P〈0．05）。死亡组血清白蛋白水平较其余3组降低但差异无统计学意义。死亡组13例中有7例死于心脑血管疾病。结论腹透3年以上患者大部分仍可继续腹透。透析不充分是长期腹透患者死亡的重要原因。死亡的病因主要为心脑血管疾病。残肾功能可影响长期腹透患者的转归。