The effect of hypovitaminosis C on the course of experimental intestinal infections in monkeys

Summary The present paper deals with studies of the effect produced by vitamin C deficiency on the susceptibility to infection and the course of infectious processes in paratyphoid B (Schottmuller) and colienteritis in monkeys. Vitamin C deficiency was induced by keeping the animals on scorbutogenic diet for a prolonged time. The results show that normal adult animals exhibited a considerable resistance to artificial infection with paratyphoid B bacilli and enteropathogenicE. coli. Infection of monkeys with hypovitaminosis with the mentioned bacteria was accompanied by the development of a clinically pronounced severe infectious process.Presented by Active Member of the Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 52–55, June, 1963     

The immunogenic properties of some fractions of pasteurella pestis

Summary It was established that nucleic acids (NA) ofP. pestis possess a specific property of stimulating the immunity in guinea pigs and monkeys in conjoint administration with the live EB vaccine. Conjoint immunization with the live vaccine and NA protected the animals against experimental bubonic (guinea pigs) and pulmonary plague (monkeys). NA ofP. pestis causes no marked immunity in the animals without the live vaccine. Nucleoprotein (NP) and fraction I ofP. pestis, as well as killed microbes of the EB strain, sodium nucleate, and NA ofBr. melitensis, administered together with the live vaccine caused no stimulating effect on the formation of plague immunity in guinea pigs. Fraction I and NA ofP. pestis, as well as sodium nucleate, obtained from yeast in doses and ratios to the live vaccine, depressed the development of immunity to this injection in guinea pigs.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 77–80, January 1963     

Secondary immunological reactivity in invertebrate animals

Summary The authors discuss the possibility of immune antibody production by marine invertebrates. Molluscs were immunized by extracts of Chordata (Styela rustica,Molgula retortiformis,Boltenia echinata), animals of higher organization than the molluscs. It was shown with the aid of the ring precipitation test that the corresponding antibodies appear in the celomic fluid of experimental animals 7–12 days after the completion of immunization. No appearance of antibodies was noted when more highly organized animals were immunized with the tissue of animals with a lower level of organization.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR, N. G. Khlopin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 50, No. 12, pp. 62–65, December, 1960     

Effect of ionizing radiation on the development of immunity by immunization with live tularemia vaccine

Summary The process of formation of postvaccinal immunity against tularemia after immunization with the living tularemia vaccine is very radioresistant. Experiments were performed on guinea pigs. These animals were irradiated with various x-ray doses, ranging from 10–20 (30) LD to 50–60 (30) LD, at different periods before the vaccination and 24 hr after it. Such irradiation caused only a moderate reduction in intensity of the postvaccinal immunity. The process of postvaccinal immunity formation was found to be even more radioresistant in white mice, in which irradiation provoked an acute exacerbation of the vaccinal infection. The authors compare the ability of the irradiated and normal organisms to form immunity and the intensity of immunobiological reactions (antibody synthesis, inflamuratory reaction at the site of vaccine injection, the ability of the tissues to render the virulentPast.tularensis harmless, allergic reaction to tularin).(Presented by Active Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi biologii i Meditsiny Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 94–98, May, 1960     

Experimental reproduction of hemolytic disease of the newborn in lower monkeys

Summary The article describes the author's experiments with artificial induction in lower monkeys (Papio hamadryas) of a hemolytic disease of newborn. The experiments were made on monkey couples — sires and dams — incompatible in the isoantigenic respect. An increase in the immunologic incompatibility between the fetus and the maternal body was achieved by immunization of females with blood erythrocytes from the males with which they had been mated. The possibility of induction of hemolytic disease of newborn in lower monkeys has been proved for the first time.(Presented by Active Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 61, No. 5, pp. 30–33, May, 1966     

The barrier function of the lymph nodes in infection

Summary Fixation ofB. coli commune by the popliteal lymph nodes was studied as follows: Lymph nodes were perfused by a suspension ofB. coli commune, and studies were made of lymph taken at operation by means of fistulae in the thoracic duct and lymphatic vessels of a dog's hind limb. The ability of the lymph node to fixate bacteria is increased by immunization, particularly when the immunizing culture is injected into the area corresponding to the given node. The barrier function of the nodes increases, particularly when inflammation is provoked in them either by infectious or noninfectious agents. The nonspecific phenomena, which include intensification of the mechanical filtration and increase of phagocytic activity of the cells of the node play a significant part in the increase of lymph node barrier function in immunization.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR N. N. Sirotinin) Translated from Byulleten's eksperimental'noi biologii i meditsiny Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 49–53, January, 1960     

Immunogenic and sensitizing properties of sexual recombinants of Escherichia coli AND Shigella flexneri

Summary The genetic sexual recombinants ofS. flexneri andE. coli in the process of immunization of animals confer immunity only to the recombinant forms, in a lesser degree to the recipient homo- and heterologous strains of Shigella, and fail to afford protection againstE. coli Hfr H and other types of dysentery bacteria. A donor ofE. coli Hfr H contributes to the formation of a strictly specific immunity failing to protect animals either against sexual hybrids or against Shigella. A living culture ofE. coli Hfr H and genetic recombinants possesses marked allergie qualities with regard to various biological models: rabbits, albino mice, guinea pigs.Sensitization is devoid of any strict specificity and has a cross para-allergic character. Genetic hybrids andE. coli donors are an important pathogenetic factor supplementing the allergic link in the development of bacterial dysentery.Department of Microbiology, Vladivostok Medical Institute (Presented by Active Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov). Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 62, No. 7, pp. 74–78, July, 1966.     

Mechanism of the inhibitory effect of BCG vaccine on specific antitumor immunity in Syrian hamsters

The duration of the inhibitory effect of BCG vaccine on antitumor immunity induced by SV 40 virus in Syrian hamsters and the possibility of restoring immunity after vaccination were investigated. Specific resistance in animals immunized with SV 40 virus and then inoculated with BCG remained inhibited for 1 year after vaccination. A further injection of SV 40 virus into hamsters previously subjected to combined immunization reinduced specific immunity in the animals to tumors. The results show that the phenomenon of abolition of specific antitumor resistance by BCG vaccine is probably cellular in nature.Laboratory of Immunology of Tumors, Oncologic Scientific Center, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR L. M. Shabad.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 86, No. 9, pp. 358–360, September, 1978.     

On the possible role of ribonucleic acid in the mechanism of antituberculosis resistance. Report II. Ribonucleic acid and the ribonuclease activity in the organs of BCG vaccinated and tuberculosis infected mice

Summary In studying the RNA content and the ribonuclease activity in mice infected with tuberculosis and following a single and double BCG vaccination the following was revealed. Single immunization causes a rise of the ribonucleic acid content in the organs of mice, and phasic changes in the ribonuclease activity in mice lungs; after a double immunization these indices showed almost no difference from control. The curves of RNA level and of the ribonuclease activity in the lungs of the animals immunized once and of the infected ones were of the same character; however, the regularities noted in the immunized animals were even more pronounced in the infected animals. And, in reverse, relationship was noted between the changes occurring in the ribonuclease activity and in the ribonucleic acid level in the lungs of the BCG immunized animals and of those infected with bacillus tuberculosis.(Presented by Academician V. N. Chernigovskii Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 52, No. 11, pp. 88–91, November, 1961.     

The intracellular development of temperate phages

Summary The ultrastructure of the best-known lysogenic bacterial strainsE. coli K-12 (),E. coli C-27,E. coli B-15,E. coli C-87,E. coli W. 3110, and E.coli C-18 was studied with the aid of electron microscopy and a technique of ultrathin sections. A parallel study was made of sections of nonlysogenic strains of bacteria (E. coli B,E. coli PA-678, andE. coli HfrH.). There were no morphological differences between the lysogenic and nonlysogenic bacteria. No additional structures were revealed in the sections of lysogenic bacteria.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 54, No. 8, pp. 63–65, August, 1962     

A study of the mutational variability of E. coli K-12 λ irradiated with nuclear particles in an IRT-1000 reactor

Summary A study was made of the influence of neutrons on the biological properties ofE. coli K-12. The survival of bacteria irradiated with different doses of neutrons was investigated. A LD₅₀ equal to 2,50–3,000 rad was established.The morphological changes in the cells were studied immediately after irradiation. There was discovered a sharp growth in the number of coccus-shaped elongated cells, and the appearance of curved, swollen, irregularly staining cells (doses-10 and 40 thousand rad). Irradiation ofE. coli with neutrons (10,000 and 20,000 rad) leads to the formation of biochemical mutants which can be isolated in passing irradiated cells in a fully adequate medium.The mutants obtained differed from the initial strain only by disordered synthesis of some amino acid (commonly histidine) and stably retained the newly-acquired property.(Presented by Active Member, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 59, No. 5, pp. 75–79, May, 1965     

Changes in resistance of mice of various strains to tumors under the influence of immunologic factors

In experiments on mice with administration of a carcinogen in the early period after immunization (BCG vaccine, Freund's complete adjuvant) it was shown that an increase or decrease in the resistance of the animal to tumors may be determined by hereditary features. Antitumor resistance was reduced under these circumstances only in mice of strains in which a known predisposition to the formation of a state of allergy to tuberculin has been observed. In the late stages after immunization, when the intensity of the allergic component of reactivity was reduced, antitumor resistance was substantially higher than initially.Pathophysiological Laboratory, P. A. Gertsen Moscow Oncologic Research Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 86, pp. 572–574, November, 1978.     

Immunologic tolerance and immunity to tuberculosis

The intensity of immunity to tuberculosis and resistance to the disease in the case of infection with the virulent strainMycobacterium tuberculosis H₃₇Rv were studied in a model of immunologic tolerance induced in CBA mice by injection of a large dose of BCG polyantigen and the immunodepressant cyclophosphamide. Cellular immunity to tuberculosis (tested by the blasttransformation and tuberculin skin tests) was shown not to develop in tolerant animals after BCG vaccination, and vaccination had no protective effect under these circumstances in the group of tolerant mice.Laboratory of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Ministry of Health of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. K. Bogush.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 89, No. 2, pp. 198–200, February, 1980.     

A study of the plasmocytic reaction in enteral immunization against typhoid

Summary The count of the plasmocytic series cells increased in the para-aortic and mesenteric lymph nodes during enteral immunization of mice with liveE. coli culture, containing Vi-antigen, as well as with the Vi-antigen isolated from the mentioned culture. There was an increase in the number of juvenile forms of the plasmcytic series at the beginning of the immunization process; the number of mature forms exhibited a marked rise by the end of immunization. Considerable accumulation of ribonucleic acid was seen in the cells of the plasmocytic series in the lymph nodes of the immunized animals. Relation was demonstrated between the general resistance indices in the immunized animals following typhoid culture infection, and the intensity of plasmocytic reaction.Presented by G. V. Vygodchikov, Member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 58, No. 8, pp. 110–113, August, 1964     

Simultaneous application of influenza chemovaccine and "Vaxigrip" preparations with BCG

Experiments in guinea pigs and rabbits have shown that simultaneous immunization against influenza and tuberculosis had no effect on the reactogenic properties of both vaccines. No inhibitory effect of the BCG vaccine on the influenza virus antibody production was observed. Production of antituberculosis antibodies was the most intensive following a simultaneous immunization of animals with BCG and inactivated influenza vaccines. Both separate and simultaneous immunization conferred to animals a similar grade of protection against virulent tuberculosis mycobacteria. Application of the combined preparation "Vaxigrip" & BCG (in mixture) caused complicated local reactions and had little immunogenic effect.     

Enhancement of antibacterial and antiviral resistance and immune response by a pharmacopoeial preparation of RNA

Sodium nucleate (SN) substantially increased the resistance of mice to pathogenic strainEscherichia coli 026,Proteus vulgaris,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andSerratia marcescens and had a general stimulating action on nonspecific antibacterial resistance; homologous low-polymer RNA from the liver had a similar stimulating activity. SN enhanced the resistance of animals to viruses of tick-borne encephalitis and encephalomyelitis and increased the number of antibody-forming cells (AFC). Manifestation of the side effect of heat-inactivated vaccine prepared from pathogenicE. coli cells was weakened in animals previously treated with SN.D. I. Ivanovskii Institute of Virology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. D. Timakov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 87, No. 3, pp. 256–259, March, 1979.     

The experimental production of vaccine strains of shigella flexneri and the study of the immunological effectiveness of a living dysentery vaccine

Summary As a result of observations conducted for many years, the authors have developed a method of obtaining avirulent and high immunogenic strains ofShigella flexneri. The principle of this method consists of cultivating the microorganisms in cold-blooded animals (pond frogs) resistant to this infection, as well as on animal products (60% bile-peptone broth).An usual stability of the acquired properties, which is not characteristic for this species of bacteria, was established. 3 experimental strains appeared to be avirulent, and highly immunogenic and retained all the biological properties. The possibility of studying dysentery immunization problems on young cats was demonstrated.LivingShigella flexneri vaccine possesses immunological efficacy in experiments on this species of animals; it may be stored in a refrigerator up to 9 months without losing its properties.From the Stavropol Institute of Vaccines and Sera (Director-Candidate Medi. Sci. V. M. Kruglikov)Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. N. Chernigovskii     

The antialdolase activity of plague antiserum and differentiation between aldolase and toxin of Pasteurella pestis

Summary Antiplague serum possesses antialdolase activity. This activity is specific since it was not revealed in normal horse serum. Antialdolase of antiplague serum not only precipitates the aldolase contained in the preparations ofP.pestis toxin (fraction II), but also neutralizes it.By cross serological reactions and by experiments on animals it was revealed thatP.pestis aldolase and toxin were different antigens.Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 84–87, April, 1964     

The effect of Pasteurella pestis toxin on the histamine-binding power of the blood of albino rats and guinea pigs

Summary Whole citrate blood of albino rats and guinea pigs produced a histaminopexic effect: there was no difference between the capacity of the blood of both species of animals to bind histamine. The histaminopexic effect of the blood showed a marked reduction after administration ofPast. pestis toxin to these animals. This effect was established 4 h and even 18 h after administration of the toxin. In experiments in vitro no depression of the histaminopexic effect of the blood by the toxin was noted.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 48–51, May 1963.     

Effect of tuberculous inflammatory process in the lungs on resistance to tumors

Tumors were induced in rats with 20-methylcholanthrene. Preliminary (11–13 days beforehand) injection ofMycobacterium tuberculosis cells in an oil-water emulsion into the lung tissue reduced the resistance of the animals to tumors. It is postulated that this effect is due to intensification of autoimmune processes as a result of injection of the mycobacteria.Pathophysiological Laboratory, P. A. Gertsen Oncologic Research Institute, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 220–221, February, 1976.