永久性双腔血液透析导管流量及再循环率的测定

目的了解不同型号永久性双腔血液透析留置导管的实际流量以及不同流量和连接方法下导管再循环率的情况,为永久性双腔导管的临床应用提供实证依据。方法将56例使用永久性双腔血液透析导管的血液透析患者根据留置导管不同分为Perm-cath组(P组)30例,Tal Palindrome TM组(T组)26例,利用Transonic HD02血液透析监护仪进行实际血流量监测。测定正接和反接状态下,泵设流量分别为150、200、250、300、350mL/min时的再循环率。结果无论正接还是反接,两组实际流量均能达到泵设流量的要求;不同泵设流量时正接和反接实际流量比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。正接时泵设流量150～350mL/min,两组几乎没有再循环。反接时,不同泵设流量组内再循环率比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);但各不同泵设流量下,P组再循环率显著高于T组(均P<0.01)。结论两种永久性双腔血液透析留置导管血流量能满足泵设流量需求,正接时都没有再循环;反接时Tal Palindrome TM型再循环率比Permcath型低,两种导管再循环率不随泵设流量的增加而增加。因此,应尽量避免反接导管,必须反接时,可相应提高血流量,以保证透析效果。     

双腔留置导管在血液透析中的应用

自1987年以来,我院应用双腔留置导管建立血液通路,对43例急、慢性肾功能衰竭患者进行269次血液透析,效果满意,现报告如下.1 资料与方法1.1 一般资料43例中,男36例,女7例;年龄21～65岁.共进行269次血液透析.1.2 透析方法局麻下,在腹股沟韧带下2cm处紧贴股动脉内侧以45°角进针.穿刺成功后即可抽到暗红色静脉     

长期性双腔导管在血液透析中的应用

随着血液透析(HD)技术的不断完善,尿毒症患者的存活时间越来越长,生活质量越来越好,对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者来讲,建立长期的血管通路尤为重要,但由于部分患者自身血管条件差,无法建立或不能长期维持动静脉内瘘,因此近3年来我们应用长期性双腔导管建立MHD患者长期血管通路15例,分析如下.     

长期颈内静脉双腔留置导管在血液透析中的护理

为分析颈内静脉留置双腔导管在血液透析过程中的应用、相关并发症的预防及处理，评价长期留置双腔导管的优缺点，2002年10月至2007年10月，我院血液透析中心应用颈内静脉双腔留置导管行血液透析病人共28例。介绍如下。     

带涤纶套双腔导管在血液透析患者的应用

双腔导管作为维持性血液透析患者的一种血管通路已经被肯定,它具有血流量小、易堵塞、难固定、不好护理、易诱发感染等缺点。使用新的带涤纶环套双腔导管建立的血管通路具有防感染、易固定及护理、血流量大、并发症少的优点。我科完成带涤纶套双腔导管16例,现报道如下。     

肝素联合尿激酶用于带涤纶套永久性双腔导管封管的观察及护理

目的探讨肝素联合尿激酶封管对带涤纶套永久性双腔导管的影响及相关护理。方法选择20例带涤纶套永久性双腔导管的维持性血液透析患者,随机分为常规组和联合组各10例。常规组于透析结束后采用肝素液封管,联合组采用肝素液联合尿激酶封管,2年后比较两组患者导管的功能情况。结果常规组有5例保持通畅,血流量为(180.0±20.1)ml/min;联合组9例保持通畅,血流量为(230.0±19.2)ml/min。结论肝素联合尿激酶封管可延长带涤纶套永久性双腔导管的使用年限。做好导管的护理及健康指导、预防局部感染是其护理重点。     

永久性经皮下隧道颈内静脉留置双腔导管26例体会

血液透析的血管通路最常用的仍是自体动静脉内瘘,但是随着老年人、糖尿病、儿童等终末性肾衰患者增多,由于患者血管条件所限,且不愿或无条件行腹膜透析[1].永久性中心静脉留置导管,目前已成为维持血透患者血管通路的极好补充.现总结本院资料完整的维持性血液透析患者26例,报道如下.     

带绦纶套经隧道双腔导管建立血液透析患者长期血管通路的临床应用

我们自 2 0 0 0年 4月～ 2 0 0 2年 10月将带绦纶套经隧道双腔导管 (PDLC)留置于颈内静脉 ,先后为 8例行维持性血液透析的终末期肾衰竭患者建立了长期血管通路 ,对导管的使用情况、透析的充分性及患者的营养状况进行了临床观察 ,现小结如下。资料与方法1　一般资料　在我院肾科血液净化中心行维持性血液透析的患者 8例 ,男 3例 ,女 5例 ;年龄 4 4岁～ 72岁 ,平均 (5 7.2 2± 13.87)岁 ;透析病程 5～ 2 1个月 ,平均透析病程9个月 ;原发病糖尿病肾病 3例 ,良性小动脉性肾硬化 2例 ,慢性肾小球肾炎 2例 ,慢性肾盂肾炎 1例 ,均为周围血管条件…     

双（三）腔留置导管在长期血透中的应用

通过对十六例尿毒症患者应用双（三）腔留置导管血透后的质量平衡分析，着重观察了ＫＴ／Ｖ值与血透总疗程、重复循环率的关系及留置导管的临床应用情况。结果表明ＫＴ／Ｖ值与血透总疗程密切相关，而与重复循环率不相关，结合留置导管的临床实际应用效果为双（三）腔留置导管在维持性血透的中应用了提供依据。     

Alternative puncture site for implantable permanent haemodialysis catheters

BACKGROUND.: Vascular access represents a major problem in long-term haemodialysispatients. In patients without patent internal arteriovenousfistula, the implantation of cuffed catheters to provide a temporaryor permanent central venous access is often necessary. Catheterizationof the subclavian vein should be avoided because of the highrisk of stenosis or thrombosis. The puncture of the internaljugular vein can be impossible in cases with stenosis or thrombosisdue to previous catheterization. To overcome these limitationswe evaluated an alternative puncture site for implantation ofpermanent central venous catheters. METHODS.: The very low, most central jugular approach, first describedby Rao et al., with the site of puncture just above the medialnotch of the clavicle, was used to introduce Dacron cuffed dialysiscatheters into the innominate vein in four chronic dialysispatients with impeded conventional vascular access. RESULTS.: In all four patients puncture of the internal jugular vein usingRao's technique was successful at the first attempt. All fourcatheters were introduced without any problems. Even in a casewith thrombosis of the internal jugular vein and the ipsilateralsubclavian vein, this technique was successfully applied. Nocomplications such as haematoma, pneumothorax, or catheter-associatedinfection were observed. The catheters remained in situ for2–12 months with excellent blood flow and without clinicalevidence of venous stenosis or thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS.: In case of failure to cannulate the internal jugular vein bya conventional approach, the technique of Rao et al. can beused before sacrificing the subclavian vein or changing to exotictechniques such as translumbar, transfemoral or transhepaticmethods.     

The safety and efficacy of bedside removal of tunneled hemodialysis catheters by nephrology trainees

Abstract

Background: Some nephrologists remove tunneled hemodialysis catheters (TDC) at the bedside, but this practice has never been formally studied. Our hypothesis was that bedside removal of TDC is a safe and effective procedure affording prompt removal, including in cases of suspected infection. Methods: We reviewed our consecutive 3-year experience (2007–2009) with bedside TDC removal at the University of Mississippi Renal Fellowship Program. Data were collected on multiple patients and procedure-related variables, success and complication rates. Association between clinical characteristics and biomarkers of inflammation and myocardial damage was examined using correlation coefficients. Results: Of 55 inpatient TDC removals (90.9% from internal jugular location), 50 (90.9%) were completed without hands-on assistance from faculty. Indications at the time of removal included bacteremia, fever or clinical sepsis with hemodynamic instability or respiratory failure. All procedures were successful, with no cuff retention noted; one patient experienced prolonged bleeding which was controlled with local pressure. Peak C-reactive protein (available in 63.6% of cohort) was 12.9?±?8.4?mg/dL (reference range: <0.49) and median troponin-I (34% available) was 0.534?ng/mL (IQR 0.03–0.9) (reference range: <0.034) and they did not correlate with each other. Abnormal troponin-I was associated with proven bacteremia (p?<?0.05) but not with systolic and diastolic BP or clinical sepsis. Conclusion: Our results suggest that bedside removal of TDC remains a safe and effective procedure regardless of site or indications. Accordingly, TDC removal should be an integral part of competent Nephrology training.     

380例次长期深静脉留置导管临床应用的生存分析

目的提高对长期静脉留职导管的置管、使用、护理的认识，延长其使用寿命。方法随访本院血液净化中心患者380例次深静脉置管并长期留置的情况和并发症，记录导管使用终点。应用Kaplan-Meier法绘制导管使用寿命的生存曲线，计算中位生存时间。log-rank检验比较导管使用寿命的差异。分析评价置管方法、感染发生率、导管退出原因及透析充分性。结果导管静脉入路途径包括颈内、颈外、锁骨下及股静脉。3种静脉入路中位生存时间分别为颈内（31．0±2．8）月，颈外（30．0±4．0）月，锁骨下（19．0±2．9）月。log-rank生存曲线检验结果显示，颈内与锁骨下进路比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。导管使用终点113例次，其中患者死亡60例（53．1％），感染14例（12．4％），导管功能不良13例（11．5％），肾移植13例（11．5％），内瘘2例（1．8％），导管意外拉脱7例（6．2％），导管破损4例（3．5％）。导管内感染61例次，隧道感染2例次。结论长期留置导管首选颈内静脉入路，其次为颈外静脉入路。导管终点以患者死亡、感染及导管功能不良占绝大多数。     

Survival and complications of indwelling venous catheters for permanent use in hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND: The risk factors influencing the survival of indwelling central vein catheters and their potential complications have not been assessed in depth and on a large scale. METHODS: We investigated the general characteristics of 245 single lumen cuffed tunneled catheters and analyzed their survival by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. Risk factors for bacteremia and thrombosis were assessed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The incidence of exit-site infection, tunnel infection, bacteremia and thrombotic events was 0.35, 0.25, 1.71, and 1.94/1000 catheter days, respectively. The mean survival time per catheter was 276 days. After censoring for non catheter-related events leading to the removal of the catheter (n = 245 with 120 catheters censored and 125 events), the mean survival time of the catheter appeared to be 615 +/- 67 days (95% CI of 483-747) and the median survival time 310 +/- 50 days (95% CI of 212-408). The localization of the catheter into the right internal jugular vein results in significantly better survival as compared with other insertion sites both in Kaplan-Meier (mean survival of 650 days compared to a mean survival of 519 days, P value < 0.009) and in Cox regression analysis (relative risk of 0.537, P value < 0.001). Localization of the catheter into the right internal jugular vein seemed to increase the risk for bacteremia (relative risk of 1.798, P value of 0.063). The use of anticoagulant agents was not protective for thrombosis, although this might be due to lack of power (relative risk of 0.626, P value of 0.141). CONCLUSION: We provide evidence of a mean survival in long-term hemodialysis catheter close to 2 years with an acceptable complication rate. If a long-term hemodialysis catheter is required, it is best placed in the right internal jugular vein.     

成年血液透析患者不同封管液应用效果的网状Meta分析

目的评估不同封管液对成人血液透析患者的封管效果。方法通过计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库,检索时间为建库至2018年9月。收集不同封管液对血液透析患者封管效果比较的随机对照试验。使用Cochrane 5.1.0系统评价手册进行质量评价,Stata12.0软件绘制网络图,WinBUGS进行数据分析。结果最终纳入文献15篇,包含7种封管液,共计样本量2 159例。网状Meta结果显示,对于导管相关性感染、导管接口处感染以及病死3个结局指标,各个研究结果比较,差异无统计学意义,但就概率排序,对降低导管相关性感染、导管接口处感染以及病死的发生,最优的封管液分别为抗生素、枸橼酸盐和乙醇。结论结合网状Meta分析结果和概率排序,考虑抗生素耐药特性,推荐乙醇或枸橼酸盐作为血液透析患者的封管液。     

Elevation of plasma D-dimer is closely associated with venous thrombosis produced by double-lumen catheter in pre-dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: A double-lumen catheter (DLC) is used as a temporary blood access in emergency haemodialysis and continuous haemodialysis. There are various reports concerning thrombosis related to use of DLC and other catheters. The objective of this study is to assess the incidence of venous thrombosis when using DLC in patients undergoing blood purification. Method. Forty-eight Japanese patients, hospitalized in the Saitama Medical University hospital from December 2004 to April 2005, who had DLC insertion as a temporary blood access for blood purification. The existence of a thrombus was determined using ultrasonography, before catheter insertion, and every 2 days after insertion up to 3 weeks. At the time of DLC insertion, general blood tests including plasma D-dimer, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) were performed. When DLC was removed, plasma D-dimer and serum CRP were measured. RESULTS: In 30 of 48 (62.5%) patients with DLC insertion as a temporary blood access for haemodialysis, venous thrombi with diameters>1.1 mm were detected by venous ultrasonography. No predictive factors were recognized except an increase in plasma D-dimer that was significantly higher in the patients with venous thrombus. The changes in plasma D-dimer were 3.54 (SE 0.8) microg/dl in patient with thrombus, and 0.29 (0.30) microg/dl in patient without thrombus (P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that changes in plasma D-dimer after the insertion of the catheter may be used to predict thrombus formation and is more accurate than baseline measurements, and easier than other new markers.     

深静脉置管血液透析患者真菌感染的易感因素及护理对策

目的探讨血液透析患者带涤纶环深静脉留置导管真菌感染的易感因素，为临床制订预防感染的护理措施提供理论依据。方法观察24例采用带涤纶环深静脉留置导管行维持性血液透析患者真菌感染发生率、临床表现、治疗转归，并分析易感因素。结果5例（20.83％）发生导管相关性真菌感染，感染真菌均为假丝酵母菌，药物敏感试验提示氟康唑敏感性最高；氟康唑导管内滴注治疗3例有效；导管相关性真菌感染与近期抗生素的应用、导管置入时间有关（均P〈0.05）。结论导管相关性真菌感染不可忽视，了解其临床特点、易感因素，采取针以性预防措施，对减少感染发生率、延长导管的使用寿命具有重要意义。