一起院内传染性非典型肺炎感染的传播链分析

目的：调查一起严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)院内感染的传播过程，分析造成院内感染的原因和流行病学特点，为预防和控制院内SARS感染提供可借鉴的资料。方法：采用统一的流行病学调查表，通过座谈了解，查看病案和感染现场调查相结合进行追踪和个案调查。绘制传播链说明本次院内感染的传播过程，描述发病时间分布、接触史和接触方式。结果：传染源为1名输入性病例，与该案例传播相关接触者54人，发病5人，总罹患率为9．26％。其中指征病例传播了1例和这名二代病例又传播了4例续发病例，其传播过程可以用清晰的传播链加以描述；此5例病例均与前代病例的症状期有密切接触史，发病潜伏期长，潜伏期平均10d以上；后对在症状期所有接触者进行隔离，无发病。结论：本案例中所有续发病例都有与症状期病例明确的近距离密切接触史，但密切接触者并非全部发病；病原体传播与环境条件有关；急诊科护士是SARS感染高危人群；院内SARS感染可防可制。     

1起输入性传染源引起医院SARS暴发的分析

目的 对一起输入性严重急性呼吸道综合征(SARS)传染源引发的医院SARS暴发进行调查，了解其流行特点和规律，探讨流行因素，为预防和控制医院SARS提供参考。方法通过座谈、查阅病案和查看感染现场，描述整个感染传播过程和各因素与发病间的关系，以图例和表格方式表达。结果驻军某医院急诊科3月18日接诊1名发热患者，并留观治疗3d。4月2日为其护理治疗的该科男护士发病，其后8～16d内该科相继有4名女护士发病，科内员工罹患率21．74％(5／23)，医护人员整个感染过程可见清晰的传播链，感染与无防护密切接触、室内小环境空气质量差有关。发病潜伏期平均10d以上，平均病程49．4d。经采取隔离、消毒措施后，发病停止。结论本次医院SARS的第1代传染源为输人性；急诊科护士是感染的高危人群；无防护近距离密切接触是SARS的主要传播方式。     

传染性非典型肺炎传播链案例分析

目的 研究SARS传播规律及发病特点，为制定防制措施提供理论依据。方法 采用北京市统一的非典型肺炎个案流行病学调查表、非典型肺炎密切接触的调查表逐一对病例和密切接触进行调查。对出院病例进行随访。利用SPSS ll．0软件进行描述性分析。结果 首例患A感染SARS后，引起与其有过接触的家人和医务人员8人发病(第二代)，这些患又引起第三代5人发病。同与患A的接触情况看，第二代发病的患均与患A有近距离密切接触。接触时间越长越容易感染。本传播链病例发病的病程：潜伏期平均5d；发病到首诊时间平均3d；首诊到确诊时间平均10d。结论 SARS传播为近距离飞沫传播，密切接触发病与接触时间有关，发病到首诊的时间对控制传染源有意义。     

医院感染诺如病毒肠炎的流行病学调查

目的 对不明原因腹泻医院感染进行流行病学调查,分析其原因和特点,为预防与控制医院感染提供依据.方法 采用流行病学调查表,进行查阅病历和感染现场调查,描述其传播过程和不同接触方式与感染发病的关系.结果 诺如病毒感染患者9例,与其接触共52例,罹患率17.31%,发病潜伏期和病程符合该病特点.结论 医院感染首例传染源为输入性;无防护近距离密切接触为主要传播方式;住院患者和陪床家属是高危人群.     

合肥市首例输入性SARS病例流行病学调查分析

目的　分析SARS病例的传染性和传播特征 ,为控制SARS流行提供依据。方法　采用调查表 ,用查阅病历、面对面调查和电话调查相结合方式进行个案调查和线索追踪。按照接触方式分析传染源、接触关系和暴露后的危险性。结果　共追查到与本案例相关的密切接触者 115人 ,发病 2例 ,死亡 1例 ,总罹患率为 1.74 %。第二代病例死亡时间在密切接触者集中接触时间。无防护的密切接触者有被感染发病的危险性。SARS疫情经及时采取综合性措施得到控制。结论　本次SARS的感染来源于实验室。SARS接触过程中的医院聚集性应予以关注。     

杭州市传染性非典型肺炎接触人群感染状况调查

目的分析杭州市2003年传染性非典型肺炎(严重急性呼吸综合征,SARS)人群感染状况及其流行特征.方法对2003年杭州市SARS病例的密切接触者、接触者及人群进行流行病学调查和SARS抗体测定.结果调查117名,其中密切接触者11名,一般接触者33名,普通人群73名;发病前接触27名,发病后接触7名,两者都接触8名,未接触75名.密切接触者以15～34岁为主,占81.82%.11例密切接触者中,与SARS病例在发病前10天接触有7人,发病后接触有2人,两者都接触2人;接触距离在1米以内的4人,其中亲属3人;3人亲属中有2人在发病后接触,接触方式主要为同进餐与同处室.其余接触者大多为邻居和同事,与SARS病人在发病后接触最多的方式是与病人谈话或/和同封闭通道.117名调查者的双份血清SARS抗体测定IgG均阴性.3例SARSA病人发病后第2周开始SARS IgG阳性,发病后3个月仍阳性.结论杭州市人群中未受到SARS病毒的感染,采取综合性防制是控制SARS流行的关键措施.     

北京市首例输入性传染性非典型肺炎家族内传播的流行病学分析

目的：描述传染性非典型肺炎[严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)]传播链，以探讨该病在人群中传播的规律和特征。方法：对北京市第一起输入性疫情相关的病例及其密切接触者逐一进行流行病学调查，分析病例之间的关系，并采集相关标本进行实验室检测。结果：2003年3月5日北京市发生第一例输入性SARS病例，并在家庭内和医院造成9人感染，其中2例死亡；指示病例潜伏期为4天，第二代病例潜伏期为平均7天(4～17天)，第三代病例较少，潜伏期为8天。潜伏期越短，发热维持时间越长，病情越重。经及时采取综合控制措施，疫情得到控制。结论：SARS在传播过程中存在家庭及医院聚集性，主要为呼吸道飞沫传播和密切接触传播。     

传染性非典型肺炎的预防与控制

我国暂时命名的传染性非典型肺炎被WHO正式命名为严重急性呼吸综合征 (SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome ,SARS)。SARS的重要特点之一就是传染性极强 ,病人是主要传染源 ,短距离飞沫传播和接触病人分泌物传播是主要感染方式。个人防护措施稍为不严格就容易造成医院内感染、暴发流行和社区流行。　　广东省于 2 0 0 3年 1月 2日首次报告发现SARS病例 ,2月份发病 (71 8例 )达高峰。经采取强有力的预防与控制措施后 ,发病数逐月下降 ,广东省抗击SARS的措施和效果得到WHO高度评价和充分肯定 ,而且WHO已经解除对广东省的旅游警告。广…     

一起院内感染甲型H3N2流感暴发疫情调查

目的 明确某院内感染流感疫情流行特征及可能的暴发原因,为控制疫情提供科学依据。 方法 制订病例定义进行病例搜索,采取现场流行病学调查方法开展个案调查和现场卫生学调查;采用描述性流行病学和病例对照研究方法,结合病例临床特征和实验室病毒核酸检测结果,分析疫情的流行特征和可能的暴发原因。 结果 此次院内感染疫情共报告实验室确诊病例9人,临床诊断病例8人。发病高峰为5月31日。推算潜伏期最短为1 d,最长4 d,平均为2.6 d;一楼住院病人和护士的发病率差异无统计学意义(P=0.695);护士是否在1楼上班发病率差异有统计学意义(OR=6.60, 95%CI:1.48~29.36);采集10例患者标本进行RT-PCR检测,9例均为H3N2流感病毒核酸阳性;所有护士无流感疫苗免疫接种史;通过对病例的隔离治疗,所有病例病情稳定或痊愈,且在最长潜伏期内无新发病例出现。 结论 本次疫情为一起医院内由新入院患者作为传染源,在护士和其他住院患者间经飞沫传播的甲型H3N2流感暴发疫情;及时进行隔离治疗是最有效的防控措施之一;护士可能是导致此次流感疫情暴发的主要传播者之一;医疗卫生机构工作人员应加强流感疫苗的接种, 以增强免疫力或减轻流感症状。     

SARS医院感染的流行病学和预防控制措施研究

目的 探讨严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)医院感染的流行病学特点和预防控制措施。方法选择某综合性医院3～4月份收治和医院感染的SARS病例，进行个案调查和发病所在科室的流行病学侦查。结果 (1)流行病学特点：时间分布在3月中旬和下旬有两个发病高峰，地理分布：发病病例主要集中住院大楼西单元的5个楼层的4、5号病房，人群分布：住院患者多年龄较大且合并较严重的基础病，而受染的医护人员以工作在一线的中青年为主；(2)输人性病例是导致医院感染的第一代传染源，医院内继发传染的住院者和医护人员是进一步扩散蔓延的第2批传染源；(3)研究发现近距离空气传播和密切接触传播为本次SARS医院感染的主要传播途径，同时还提示：存在气溶胶经病房排风系统垂直长距离传播的可能性；(4)控制隔离传染源、加强病区通风换气和定时消毒、关闭空调新风系统、医护人员加强防护等各项措施采取后，医院感染得到有效控制。结论 医院感染是SARS流行初期的主要形式，该院医护人员的受染方式前期以医院内传染为主，后期以门急诊窗口岗位受染较为突出，通过采取针对性预防控制措施，SARS医院感染是可控可防的。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.