儿童部分调节性内斜视的手术治疗

目的：探讨儿童部分调节性内斜视的手术时机。方法：对７８例儿童部分调节性内斜视行矫正术，对比手术前后的立体视功能；分析各种因素对其建立立体视功能的影响。结果：７８例中，５５例术后获得立体视，功能治愈率为７０．５％，早期手术组及具有融合功能组获得立体视显著高于较晚手术组及无融合功能组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；发病越早，术后建立立体视的预后越差。结论：儿童部分调节性内斜视与调节因素有关，其由于解剖因素所引起的斜视需手术矫治。当患儿戴全矫镜半年后眼位仍不能正位时，应尽早手术矫正其残存的内斜视。应根据戴全矫眼镜后的眼位决定手术量。术后由于调节因素所致的内斜视仍需戴镜矫正。     

儿童部分调节性内斜视的手术探讨

目的探讨儿童部分调节性内斜视的手术时机，手术量。方法对35例部分词节性内斜视的患儿戴全矫眼镜半年以后，手术矫治与调节因素无关的非调节因素所致的内斜视。手术量按裸眼和戴镜后斜视度的平均值设计。结果35例中．眼位矫正满意32例占91．43％，良好3例占8．57％；功能治愈有立体视19例占54．29％。结论儿童部分调节性内斜视，其由解剖因素所致的斜视需手术矫正。当患儿戴全矫眼镜半年眼位仍不能恢复正位时，可尽早手术矫治其残存的内斜度，手术量按裸眼与戴镜平均斜视度设计，术后由于调节因素所致内斜仍需配镜矫正。     

儿童部分调节性内斜视的手术治疗

目的 探讨儿童部分调节性内斜视的手术时机、手术量及手术方式。方法 对38例部分调节性内斜视进行手术，手术量按裸眼和戴镜后斜视度平均值做斜视度的矫正。手术方式按远近斜视度来设计：辐辏过强型者行内直肌徙后术；基本型者行内外直肌手术；分开不足型者行外直肌缩短术。结果 38例中治愈34例占89.5％，4例良好占10．5％，21例术后获得立体视。结论 对于部分调节性内斜视由于存在调节与非调节因素，先从调节因素着手，戴全矫镜；与调节因素无关非调节因素存在的内斜，按戴镜以及裸眼平均斜视度设计手术量，以矫正眼位并尽可能恢复双眼视功能。     

儿童斜视矫正术后的立体视觉

本文报告１６８例儿童斜视术后有６０例获得立体视觉，功能治愈率达３５．７％。结果表明：斜视儿童术后立体视恢复与手术年龄、斜视度大小和术后眼位矫正程度等因素密切相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。作者认为，手术时机的最佳选择取决于斜视类型和儿童初诊年龄。手术正位率是立体视重建和恢复的必不可少的因素。     

72例部分调节性内斜视的治疗分析

目的探讨儿童部分调节性内斜视的手术时机与手术量。方法观察72例儿童部分调节性内斜视术前眼位、双眼三级视功能情况、手术量、术后眼位及双眼三级视功能情况。结果 72例中,61例术后正位（≤±8△）,正位率84.72%,52例术后获得立体视,占72.2%。发病越早,术前病程越长,术后建立立体视的预后越差。结论当部分调节性内斜视患儿戴全矫镜半年眼位仍不能正位时,应尽早手术,手术量根据戴镜与裸眼视近的平均斜视度决定。     

屈光性调节性内斜视治愈后的远近立体视锐度测定

目的　探讨屈光性调节性内斜视的功能治愈情况和其远近立体视锐度的差异。方法　采用颜氏远用和近用随机点立体图测定正常儿童、屈光性调节性内斜视儿童和具有同样远视屈光度但不伴内斜视的儿童弱视治愈后的远近立体视锐度。结果　正常儿童的远近立体视锐度测定结果无差异。远视性弱视儿童的远近立体视锐度均优于屈光性调节性内斜视儿童的远近立体视锐度。屈光性调节性内斜视儿童和远视性弱视儿童的远立体视锐度均优于近立体视锐度。结论　屈光性调节性内斜视和远视性弱视治愈后远近立体视锐度的差异与其治疗前的屈光状态和眼位有关。儿童远视应尽早进行光学矫正。     

儿童部分调节性内斜视术前戴镜时限对术后效果的影响

目的　探讨儿童部分调节性内斜视术前戴镜时限对术后效果的影响。方法　对2015年10月至2016年10月期间来我院就诊的60例部分调节性内斜视儿童，散瞳后进行验光全矫配镜。按术前戴镜时限分为A、B两组，A组为术前戴镜0.5 a且斜视度稳定的患儿30例；B组为术前戴镜1.0 a且斜视度稳定的患儿30例。每组患儿分别记录术前和术后0.5 a的视力、眼位、同视机及Titmus立体视检查结果并进行相关统计分析。结果　术后0.5 a随访时，戴镜正位54例，过矫1例，欠矫5例。术后0.5 a复查时，患儿术后双眼视功能较术前明显改善（P=0.000），其中，A组无同时视及拥有一级视功能、二级视功能、三级视功能者分别为10例、2例、4例、14例，拥有近立体视功能者14例；B组无同时视及拥有一级视功能、二级视功能、三级视功能者分别为5例、3例、4例、18例，拥有近立体视功能者18例。A、B两组术后最佳矫正视力、眼位的正位率、各级视功能保留率、拥有近立体视功能的比例相比差异均无统计学意义（均为P>0.05）。结论　对于部分调节性内斜视的患儿术前戴镜0.5 a即可以行手术矫正眼位，以期尽早改善眼位及双眼视功能。若因各种主、客观因素限制不能在戴镜0.5 a时手术，则宜在戴镜 1.0 a 时手术可取得较好的效果。     

部分调节性内斜视远期疗效观察

部分调节性内斜视远期疗效观察中山市中医院眼科阎海，玉雪菁，阎凯部分调节性内斜视，指屈光性调节性内斜视和非调节性内斜视并存的共同性内斜视。本文３８例共同性内斜视儿童、经戴足屈光矫正眼镜后，斜视度明显减轻，对剩余的内偏斜视度，采用手术矫正，术后重新配戴矫...     

部分调节性内斜视手术远近立体视觉恢复的临床分析

目的:探讨部分调节性内斜视手术对远近立体视觉恢复的影响。方法:观察83例部分调节性内斜视患者手术前后的远近立体视情况,比较不同发病年龄和手术年龄对立体视的影响。结果:所有患者83例,56例术后获得远立体视,35例术后获得中心凹立体视,手术后远近立体视的恢复率与术前相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);发病年龄越小,术后获得立体视的可能性越小;手术年龄越早,立体视恢复率越高,手术年龄越大,立体视恢复越差,各组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:部分调节性内斜视严重影响立体视觉的发育,早期手术可提高远近立体视觉恢复。     

部分调节性内斜视手术治疗及双眼单视功能相关因素研究

目的：探讨儿童部分调节性内斜视手术治疗及术后双眼单视功能恢复的相关因素。方法对56例部分调节性内斜视患儿戴全矫眼镜半年以后,手术矫治非调节因素所致的内斜视。手术量按照戴镜后残余斜视度设计。观察术后眼位及双眼单视功能恢复情况,对手术前后双眼单视功能改变及术后双眼单视功能恢复的相关性因素进行统计分析。结果术后末次随访时,48例（85.72%）戴镜正位（斜视角-8△～＋8△）,欠矫（戴镜斜视角〉＋8△）6例（10.71%）,2例（3.57%）过矫（戴镜斜视角〉-8△）。末次随访时同视机和Titmus立体视检查,手术后双眼单视功能较术前明显改善（P〈0.05）。非参数检验分析术后双眼视功能恢复的相关性因素,与发病年龄（P=0.02）、斜视发病至手术时间（P=0.003）、术后正位率（P=0.008）三项密切相关。结论当儿童部分调节性内斜视患儿戴全矫眼镜半年后眼位仍不能正位时,应尽早手术,术后仍需戴镜。     

Clinical features predictive of successfully weaning from spectacles those children with accommodative esotropia.

PURPOSE: It has been reported that most children with accommodative esotropia are not able to discontinue spectacle wear as they become older. We conducted a prospective study to determine which factors are predictive of successfully weaning children from spectacles. METHODS: Beginning in 1995, children with fully accommodative esotropia with a baseline refractive error of + 1.50 to + 5.00 diopters (D) were gradually weaned from their hyperopic correction. Patients with amblyopia or who had previously undergone strabismus surgery were excluded. Children were weaned in 0.50 D increments until spectacles were discontinued or they developed esotropia, asthenopia, or decreased vision. A multivariate analysis was performed to assess the association between successful weaning and various clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Twelve of 20 children (60%) were successfully weaned from spectacles. Spectacles were prescribed at a mean age of 4.2 +/- 1.5 years, and weaning was initiated at a mean age of 8.0 +/- 1.1 years. The spherical equivalent of the least hyperopic eye when spectacles were prescribed was 2.99 +/- 1.06 D. The clinical characteristic most clearly associated with successful weaning was the refractive error at the time glasses were prescribed. Whereas 10 of 11 (91%) patients with < 3 D of hyperopia were weaned from spectacles, only 2 of 9 (22%) patients with 3 to 5 D of hyperopia were successfully weaned from their spectacles (P =.005). CONCLUSIONS: Many children with fully accommodative esotropia can be weaned out of spectacles during the grade school years. The degree of baseline hyperopia appears to be one of the best predictors of success.     

Weaning children with accommodative esotropia out of spectacles: a pilot study

BACKGROUND/AIM: Many children with accommodative esotropia must continue spectacle use throughout life. This study was undertaken to determine which factors are predictive of successfully weaning children with accommodative esotropia out of spectacles. METHODS: A retrospective review of 10 children with accommodative esotropia, who were gradually weaned from their hyperopic correction, and three age matched controls was performed. The main outcome measure was resolution or non-resolution of esotropia following weaning and eventual discontinuation of spectacles. Secondary outcome measures were final refractive error and the final esotropic or esophoric angle without correction. RESULTS: Six patients were successfully weaned from spectacles. At the completion of the weaning period one child was orthophoric and the other five children had well controlled esophorias. The other four patients remained spectacle dependent because of persistent esotropia or decreased vision without spectacles. The baseline and final refractive errors were significantly lower in the children successfully weaned from spectacles (p = 0.014). While the children who were successfully weaned from spectacles were older when initially diagnosed with accommodative esotropia (4.6 v 2.5 years), this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.09). CONCLUSION: Some children with accommodative esotropia may be weaned out of spectacles during the grade school years with resolution of their esotropia. It is likely that gradual reduction of the hyperopic correction increases divergence amplitudes, but it is unclear whether this facilitates emmetropisation.     

调节性内斜视的治疗

目的 探讨调节性内斜视的综合治疗方法.方法 总结分析87例调节性内斜视的治疗情况,所有病例经1%阿托品扩瞳验光后戴镜矫正,弱视眼进行综合训练.戴镜半年后对眼位戴镜不能矫正且双眼视力基本平衡的患儿通过手术干预矫正眼位.结果 经戴镜眼位恢复正位69例(79.31%).戴镜并同时进行弱视训练半年后18例斜视角无法全部矫正的患儿采用手术方法矫正眼位.术后进行双眼单视训练.所有病例恢复正常眼位及双眼单视功能.结论 调节性内斜视的治疗是一个综合性的治疗过程,双眼视力基本平衡时可手术干预残余斜视角.强调双眼单视功能的检查和训练.(中国眼耳鼻喉科杂志,2009,9:33-34)     

Emmetropization in accommodative esotropia: an update and review

Many children with accommodative esotropia are able to successfully discontinue spectacle wear, while others require spectacle correction into adulthood. Parents often ask about the likelihood of glasses being required on a long-term basis and whether use of spectacles will cause dependency. Most infants are hyperopic and gradually become emmetropic. The extent to which accommodation and spectacle use affect this process is still debated. However, certain characteristics, such as degree of hyperopia, can help predict long-term spectacle requirement.     

Outcome in refractive accommodative esotropia

AIM: To examine outcome among children with refractive accommodative esotropia. METHODS: Children with accommodative esotropia associated with hyperopia were included in the study. The features studied were ocular alignment, amblyopia, and the response to treatment, binocular single vision, requirement for surgery, and the change in refraction with age. RESULTS: 103 children with refractive accommodative esotropia were identified. Mean follow up was 4.5 years (range 2-9.5 years). 41 children (39.8%) were fully accommodative (no manifest deviation with full hyperopic correction). The remaining 62 children (60.2%) were partially accommodative. At presentation 61.2% of children were amblyopic in one eye decreasing to 15.5% at the most recent examination. Stereopsis was demonstrated in 89.3% of children at the most recent examination. Mean cycloplegic refraction (dioptres, spherical equivalent) remained stable throughout the follow up period. The mean change in refraction per year was 0.005 dioptres (D) in right eyes (95% CL -0. 0098 to 0.02) and 0.001 D in left eyes (95% CL -0.018 to 0.021). No patients were able to discard their glasses and maintain alignment. CONCLUSIONS: Most children with refractive accommodative esotropia have an excellent outcome in terms of visual acuity and binocular single vision. Current management strategies for this condition result in a marked reduction in the prevalence of amblyopia compared with the prevalence at presentation. The degree of hyperopia, however, remains unchanged with poor prospects for discontinuing glasses wear. The possibility that long term full time glasses wear impedes emmetropisation must be considered. It is also conceivable, however, that these children may behave differently with normal and be predestined to remain hyperopic.     

Accommodative convergence in hypermetropia

We compared the clinical characteristics of esotropic, hypermetropic children whose strabismus was fully corrected with spectacles (refractive accommodative esotropia) with those who remained orthotropic (that is, had no manifest strabismus on the cover test) in the presence of uncorrected hypermetropia. In addition to a standard ophthalmologic and orthoptic examination, we determined the stimulus accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio by using the gradient method over a range of 6 diopters, the near point of accommodation, and random dot stereopsis. Hypermetropic patients without esotropia or significant esophoria were found to have a low AC/A ratio in contrast to those patients with refractive accommodative esotropia. This finding explains why esodeviations may be absent in some hypermetropic patients with uncorrected vision. We found a high prevalence of abnormally low near points of accommodation and defective or absent stereopsis in both groups of patients.