Aktuelle Umsetzung der leitlinienkonformen Therapie des akuten ST-Hebungsinfarkts in Deutschland

Treatment of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is based on early reperfusion therapy (primary PCI [percutaneous coronary intervention], thrombolysis) and adjunctive medical therapy. Primary PCI is recommended as the therapy of first choice in the German guidelines, if the delay by a transfer to primary PCI versus thrombolysis is 相似文献   

Prehospital fibrinolytic therapy for ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction

Despite advances in medications and interventional techniques, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains a major cause of mortality in the United States. Reducing the time from the onset of symptoms to reperfusion (ischemic time) is the major determinant for mortality reduction. An ongoing controversy exists regarding whether there is more benefit of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) preceded by prehospital fibrinolytic treatment (facilitated PCI) compared with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) in patients with STEMI. In different clinical trials, prehospital fibrinolysis markedly reduced the time from symptom onset to treatment, allowing earlier ST-segment elevation resolution and higher initial thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow rates compared with PPCI. After prehospital fibrinolysis, patients who had subsequent PCI had lower in-hospital mortality rates and higher 1-year survival rates compared with those who underwent PPCI. In contrast, fulldose fibrinolytic agents without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors immediately followed by PCI may increase major adverse events and should not be used.     

院前心电图对ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者进门至再灌注时间的影响

目的观察院前12导联心电图对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者进门至再灌注时间的影响。方法多中心现况调查2006年1～12月期间就诊于北京市19所医院并接受再灌注治疗的急性STEMI患者。根据有无院前心电图分为有心电图组和无心电图组。结果 635例患者中,接受直接经皮冠脉介入治疗(PPCI)者506例(79.7%),其中有心电图者211例(41.7%),无心电图者295例(58.3%);接受溶栓者129例(20.3%),其中有心电图者46例(35.7%),无心电图者83例(64.3%)。院前心电图可显著缩短进门-球囊扩张时间(中位数,120 min比150 min;P0.01),而对进门-溶栓时间(中位数,74min比93min;P=0.168)无影响。有心电图组进门90min内完成球囊扩张的比例显著高于无心电图组(24.6%比15.9%,P=0.017)。无论接受何种再灌注治疗,院前心电图对住院病死率无影响。结论院前心电图可显著缩短STEMI患者的进门-球囊扩张时间。应进一步提高院前心电图完成率。     

影响ST段抬高心肌梗死患者再灌注决定延迟的因素

目的 调相急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者的再灌注决定延迟程度并分析其影响因素.方法 本研究为多中心现况调查.入选2006年1月1日至12月31日期间就诊于北京市19所医院并接受心肌再灌注治疗的635例急性STEMI患者.入院1周内,通过与患者进行结构式访谈及查阅病例记录收集资料.再灌注决定延迟定义为院内完成首份心电图至患者或家属签署治疗同意书的时间间隔.根据再灌注决定延迟时间分为早决定组(≤30 min)和晚决定组(＞30 min),采用单凶素和多因素分析识别影响再灌注决定延迟的相关凶素.结果 接受溶栓者129例(20.3%),接受直接PCI者506例(79.7%).中位再灌注决定延迟时间为47 min,中位进门-溶栓时间为82 min,中位进门-球囊扩张时间为135 min.多元logistic回归分析显示,了解再灌注治疗(OR=1.723,95%CI:1.156～3.212,P=0.040)、有院前心电图(OR=1.566,95% CI:1.018～2.409,P=0.036)、入院时心功能Killip分级≥2(OR=1.579,95% CI:1.004～2.483,P=0.021)以及就诊于心血管专科医院(OR=5.075,95%CI:1.380～18.655,P=0.014)是再灌注决定延迟≤30 min的独立预测因素.早决定组的中位进门-溶栓时间(47 min比103 min,P＜0.001)和中位进门-球囊扩张时间(100 min比154min,P＜0.001)明显短于晚决定组.结论 STEMI的再灌注决定延迟时间偏长,是院内延迟的主要部分.普及再灌注治疗知识以及通过救护车转运增加院前心电图完成率可能缩短院内延迟.     

Predictors of survival after contemporary percutaneous coronary revascularization for acute myocardial infarction in the real world

Management strategies for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have undergone great evolution over the past decade. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in-hospital and long-term clinical outcomes, as well as predictors of survival, among patients who received the most contemporary percutaneous coronary revascularization strategies for STEMI in real clinical practice. During the period from October 1, 2000 to April 30, 2002, 316 patients have undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a tertiary University hospital, the in-hospital (11.1%), 30-day (13.9%) and long-term (21.8%) mortality rates were higher than that reported in randomized studies. This is likely to be due to the higher prevalence of adverse clinical profiles. Multivariable analysis show that age >65, cardiogenic shock, resuscitated cardiac arrest and intubation independently predicted in-hospital and long-term mortality, while multi-vessel disease predicted major adverse cardiac event (MACE). Among patients with cardiogenic shock, similar mortality was observed in patients with anterior myocardial infarction (MI) or inferior MI with/without right ventricle involvement.     

Mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who do not undergo reperfusion

Reperfusion therapy reduces mortality in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI). However, some patients may not receive thrombolytic therapy or undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The decision making and clinical outcomes of these patients have not been well described. In this study, 139 patients were identified from a total of 1,126 patients with STEMI who did not undergo reperfusion therapy at a high-volume percutaneous coronary intervention center from October 2006 to March 2011. Clinical data, reasons for no reperfusion, management, and mortality were obtained by chart review. The mean age was 80 ± 13 years (61% women, 31% diabetic, and 37% known coronary artery disease). Of the 139 patients, 72 (52%) presented with primary diagnoses other than STEMI, and 39 (28%) developed STEMI >24 hours after admission. The most common reasons for no reperfusion were advanced age, co-morbid conditions, acute or chronic kidney injury, delayed presentation, advance directives precluding reperfusion, patient preference, and dementia. Eighty-four patients (60%) had ≥ 3 reasons for no reperfusion. Factors associated with hospital mortality were cardiogenic shock, intubation, and advance directives prohibiting reperfusion after physician consultation. In hospital and 1-year mortality were 53% and 69%, respectively. In conclusion, at a high-volume percutaneous coronary intervention center, most patients presenting with STEMI underwent immediate catheterization. The decision for no reperfusion was multifactorial, with advanced age reported as the most common factor. Outcomes were poor in this population, and fewer than half of these patients survived to hospital discharge.     

Treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in West Pomerania province of Poland. Comparison between primary coronary intervention and thrombolytic therapy

INTRODUCTION: The majority of randomised studies on reperfusion in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) show the advantage of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) over thrombolysis. However, the real world registers' data are not so unequivocal. AIM: To evaluate the way acute STEMI is treated in West Pomerania province with emphasis on comparison of two reperfusion strategies, primary PCI vs thrombolytic therapy, in early and long-term perspective. METHODS: Medical records of 961 STEMI patients treated between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2003 were analysed. Data were collected from 3 centres with emergency cath lab availability and 15 regional sites. Long-term mortality was assessed based on regional provincial office database data. RESULTS: 69.9% of the study group received reperfusion (44.6% primary PCI, 25.3% thrombolysis). Mean age of patients was 62 (21 to 91) years. Patients referred for PCI were younger compared to the thrombolysis group. The percentage of females was similar in both groups. The majority of patients treated with PCI or thrombolysis were admitted to the hospital between 2 and 6 hours after symptoms--268 patients (46.4%). Seventy-nine patients (8.3%) died in the early (30-day) period. Mean age at time of death was 73 +/-8 years, whereas survivors' age was 61.5 (+/-12) years (p <0.001). Significantly higher mortality was observed in the conservative treatment group (12.7%) compared to patients treated with reperfusion. Forty-two out of 662 patients treated with PCI and thrombolysis died. The group of thrombolytic therapy tended to have higher mortality (7.9%) than PCI patients (5.5%); the difference however was not significant. Early mortality was influenced by older age (73.4 vs 59.5), female gender, low ejection fraction, and previous myocardial infarction. Current smoking has a positive effect on survival (mortality rate in smokers was 2.6%, in non-smokers 8.2%; p=0.0001). In long-term follow-up overall mortality in the entire group of 961 patients was 15.7% (12.1% in the reperfusion group). Long-term prognosis was worsened by older age, low ejection fraction, diabetes mellitus and non-smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of STEMI in West Pomerania province is similar to that used in Europe and the USA. No significant difference in 30-day and long-term mortality between the two types of reperfusion were seen.     

Gender differences in acute myocardial infarction in the era of reperfusion (the MITRA registry)

There is conflicting information about gender differences in presentation, treatment, and outcome after acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the era of thrombolytic therapy and primary percutaneous coronary intervention. From June 1994 to January 1997, we enrolled 6,067 consecutive patients with STEMI admitted to 54 hospitals in southwest Germany in the Maximal Individual TheRapy of Acute myocardial infarction (MITRA), a community-based registry. Women were 9 years older than men, more often had hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and congestive heart failure, and had a history of previous myocardial infarction less often. Women had a longer prehospital delay (45 minutes), had anterior wall infarction more often (odds ratio [OR] 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08 to 1.36), and received reperfusion therapy less often (OR 0.83; 95% CI 0.74 to 0.94). The percentage of patients who were eligible for thrombolysis and received no reperfusion was higher in women (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.56 to 1.89). Women had recurrent angina (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.23 to 1.71) and congestive heart failure (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.56) more often. There was a trend toward a higher hospital mortality in women (age-adjusted OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.35; multivariate OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.51), but there was no gender difference in long-term mortality after multivariate analysis (age-adjusted OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.15; multivariate OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.19). Thus, women with STEMI receive reperfusion therapy less often than men. They experience recurrent angina and congestive heart failure more often during their hospital stay. The age-adjusted long-term mortality is not different between men and women, but there is a trend for a higher short-term mortality in women.     

Electrocardiographic Predictors of Mortality in Acute Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction With Right Bundle Branch Block and Right Precordial Q-Waves (qRBBB)

BackgroundPublished data on the clinical, electrocardiographic, and angiographic profile of acute anterior-wall ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with right bundle branch block with q in leads V1, V2 (qRBBB) are scarce. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of short-term mortality and in-hospital complications in acute qRBBB STEMI and identify the electrocardiographic (ECG) predictors of a poor outcome.MethodsWe conducted a single-centre retrospective study among the patients with acute anterior-wall STEMI and qRBBB pattern on ECG. All relevant clinical and treatment data were collected from the electronic medical records. All the ECGs taken during the index hospitalization were subjected to detailed analysis.ResultsAmong the 272 qRBBB patients included in the study, 64% had thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) risk score of ≥6, and 41% were in Killip class III or IV at the time of presentation. The in-hospital mortality rate was 42.6%. There was a high incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (12%), complete heart block (13%), heart failure (69%), and cardiogenic shock (52%). Extreme deviation of mean QRS axis to the right (180 to 269 degrees) in the baseline ECG was associated with high in-hospital mortality (odds ratio: 13.43; 95% confidence interval: 1.48-122.03; P = 0.021).ConclusionsAcute qRBBB myocardial infarction is a sinister form of acute coronary syndrome that entails high in-hospital mortality and morbidity, necessitating early recognition and prompt institution of reperfusion therapy. Extreme deviation of QRS axis to the right (180 to 269 degrees) is a significant electrocardiographic predictor of in-hospital mortality.     

Cardiac Outcomes Through Digital Evaluation (CODE) STEMI project: prehospital digitally-assisted reperfusion strategies

Background

Guidelines for reperfusion in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) were recently adopted by the Canadian Cardiovascular Society. We have developed a blended model of prehospital thrombolytic (PHL) therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) activation, in order to achieve guideline times.

Methods

In our urban centre of 658,700 people, emergency medical services (EMS) were trained to perform and screen electrocardiograms (ECGs) for suspected STEMI. Suspected ECGs were transmitted to a physician's hand-held device. If the physician confirmed the diagnosis they coordinated initiation of either PHL or PPCI. In cases where physicians found the prehospital ECG negative for STEMI (PHENST), patients were transported to the closest emergency room.

Results

From July 21, 2008 to July 21, 2010, the Cardiac Outcomes Through Digital Evaluation (CODE) STEMI project received 380 transmitted calls. There were 226 confirmed STEMI by the on-call physician, 158 (70%) received PPCI, 48 (21%) received PHL, and 20 (9%) had angiography but no revascularization. The PPCI, median time from first medical contact to reperfusion was 76 minutes (interquartile range [IQR], 64-93). For PHL, median time from first medical contact to needle was 32 minutes (IQR, 29-39). The overall mortality rate for the STEMI patients was 8% (PHL = 4 [8.3%], PPCI = 8 [5%], medical therapy = 7 [35%]). There were 154 PHENST patients, 44% later diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome. The mortality rate for PHENST was 14%.

Conclusions

Through a model of EMS prehospital ECG interpretation, digital transmission, direct communication with a physician, and rapid coordinated service, we demonstrate that benchmark reperfusion times in STEMI can be achieved.     

Prehospital ticagrelor in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

The direct-acting platelet P2Y12 receptor antagonist ticagrelor can reduce the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events when administered at hospital admission to patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI). Whether prehospital administration of ticagrelor can improve coronary reperfusion and the clinical outcome is unknown. Methods We conducted an international, multicenter, randomized, doubleblind study involving 1862 patients with ongoing STEMI of less than 6 hours' duration, comparing prehospital(in the ambulance) versus in-hospital(in the catheterization laboratory) treatment with ticagrelor. The coprimary end points were the proportion of patients who did not have a 70% or greater resolution of ST-segment elevation before percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) and the proportion of patients who did not have Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow grade 3 in the infarct-related artery at initial angiography.Secondary end points included the rates of major adverse cardiovascular events and definite stent thrombosis at30 days. Results The median time from randomization to angiography was 48 minutes, and the median time difference between the two treatment strategies was 31 minutes. The two coprimary end points did not differsignificantly between the prehospital and in-hospital groups. The absence of ST-segment elevation resolution of 70% or greater after PCI(a secondary end point) was reported for 42.5% and 47.5% of the patients, respectively. The rates of major adverse cardiovascular events did not differ significantly between the two study groups. The rates of definite stent thrombosis were lower in the prehospital group than in the in-hospital group(0% vs. 0.8% in the first 24 hours; 0.2% vs. 1.2% at 30 days). Rates of major bleeding events were low and virtually identical in the two groups, regardless of the bleeding definition used. Conclusions Prehospital administration of ticagrelor in patients with acute STEMI appeared to be safe but did not improve pre-PCI coronary reperfusion.     

Racial disparity in clinical outcomes following primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST elevation myocardial infarction: influence of process of care

Previous studies have shown that compared with white patients, non-white patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have worse clinical outcomes. Differences in co-morbidities, extent and severity of coronary artery disease, health insurance, and socioeconomic status have been identified as possible reasons for this disparity. However, an alternative explanation for such observed disparities in outcomes could be differences in process of care. For example, in most of these studies, non-white patients were less likely to receive reperfusion therapy, and if treated, were more likely to receive thrombolysis than to undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We hypothesized that if all patients were treated similarly with primary PCI, there would be no difference in clinical outcomes. We analyzed the demographic, angiographic, in-hospital clinical outcomes, and long-term mortality rates of a racially diverse group of patients presenting to the same hospital with STEMI, all of whom were treated with primary PCI. Our data demonstrate that compared with white patients, non-white patients with STEMI who undergo primary PCI have similar in-hospital clinical outcomes and one-year mortality. This suggests that the previously observed differences in mortality rates may be, at least in part, attributable to differences in the process of care, and not solely to differences in patient factors or differential therapeutic effects.     

Usefulness of prehospital triage in patients with cardiogenic shock complicating ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention

We investigated the impact of ambulance-based prehospital triage on treatment delay and all-cause mortality (in hospital and long term) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock referred for primary percutaneous coronary intervention in a prospectively collected registry. During the study period (January 2003 to December 2005), a total of 121 patients was referred for primary percutaneous coronary intervention at our intervention laboratory through 2 main triage groups: (1) after prehospital, ambulance-telemedicine-based triage (42 patients) and (2) by more conventional routes (79 patients) represented by the institutional S. Orsola-Malpighi hospital emergency department triage (44 patients) and spoke hospital triage (35 patients). Total ischemic time was shorter in the prehospital triage (142 minutes, range 106 to 187, vs 212 minutes, range 150 to 366, p = 0.003). Patients with prehospital triage showed a lower rate (29% vs 54%, p = 0.01) of severely depressed (相似文献   

Prähospitale Versorgung von Patienten mit akutem ST-Strecken-Hebungsinfarkt

Symptomatic prehospital therapy of patients suffering from an ST elevation myocardial infarction basically does not differ from in-hospital care regarding pain relief, beta-blockers, antiplatelets, and thrombin antagonists as well as therapy of elevated blood pressure and acute heart failure. Precondition of a targeted and adequate treatment, however, is the twelve-lead ECG whose reliability does not differ from the ECG in the hospital. Biomarkers have no role in the prehospital setting. Out-of-hospital thrombolysis, which has been proven to be superior to later in-hospital initiation, can be used as a safe strategy for reperfusion. Only the prehospital phase offers a chance to treat the majority of patients within the first 2 h after symptom onset, a time window where thrombolysis results in equal or even better outcomes with respect to mortality, if compared to percutaneous intervention. Therefore, prehospital thrombolysis should be routinely applied in areas with a weak infrastructure and few and less experienced facilities for intervention but should also be considered a principal way for earliest start of reperfusion therapy. There is increasing evidence supporting the "rescue PCI" concept in patients in whom thrombolysis has failed. By contrast, the role of "facilitated PCI" still has to be defined.     

急诊介入治疗合并院前心脏骤停急性心肌梗死疗效观察

目的 评价急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)合并院前心脏骤停急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)的临床疗效.方法 入选2004年9月至2008年11月接受急诊PCI的STEMI患者1446例,其中合并院前心脏骤停患者(心脏骤停组)49例,无院前心脏骤停患者(无心脏骤停组)1397例.分析患者住院期间和出院后1年的临床情况,包括总病死率、心脏不良事件、卒中及出血事件等.结果 与无心脏骤停组比较,心脏骤停组急诊PCI成功率差异无统计学意义(88.8%比85.7%,P=0.497),住院期间心原性休克(3.0%比22.4%,P＜0.001)和心脏骤停(5.9%比44.9%,P＜0.001)的发生率较高,住院期间总病死率较高(2.0%比36.7%,P＜0.001).发病至院外抢救时间、心脏骤停时心律为心室停顿、入院时Glasgow昏迷评分≤7分和人院时心原性休克是心脏骤停组患者住院期间死亡的独立危险因素.随访1年显示,无心脏骤停组与心脏骤停组总病死率(6.5%比6.9%)、再次心肌梗死(1.4%比3.4%)、再次血运重建(3.4%比6.9%)和卒中发生率(6.4%比6.9%)差异均无统计学意义.结论 与无院前心脏骤停STEMI患者比较,合并院前心脏骤停STEMI患者住院期间病死率较高,但是急诊PCI后1年的疗效相似.     

Long-term follow-up of patients treated with intracoronary thrombolysis or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction]

Long-term follow-up data concerning coronary patients treated for acute myocardial infarction with intracoronary thrombolysis (ICT) or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) are sparse. In this study, the early and long-term outcomes in 95 patients undergoing only ICT (group I) and 190 patients undergoing only PTCA (group II) were retrospectively evaluated. Cardiogenic shock cases in group II were excluded from this study because of the absence of comparable shock cases in group I. The overall in-hospital mortality was 3.5% (10 patients). Treatment by reperfusion therapy during the acute phase was not a significant factor in predicting the in-hospital mortality (5.4% in group I vs 2.6% in group II), but a Forrester subset (p < 0.001) and the extent of coronary artery disease (p < 0.05) were reliable predictors. In a discrimination analysis, a Forrester subset (3, 4) was the most reliable predictor followed by age (> 70 years). Follow-up was completed for 263 of 273 (96%) hospital survivors (88 patients in group I and 185 in group II). Mean follow-up periods of groups I and II (+/- SD) were 57 +/- 35 and 23 +/- 15 months, respectively. Five-year cardiac death-free survival for hospital survivors after ICT was 87% compared with 96% after PTCA (p was not significant). In a univariate analysis, a Forrester subset (p < 0.001) and the extent of residual coronary disease on discharge from the hospital (p < 0.01) were reliable predictors of subsequent cardiovascular deaths. Multivariate analysis also identified these 2 factors as independent predictors. We concluded that the most significant determinant factor of in-hospital and long-term mortality after intervention might be a Forrester subset; namely, left ventricular function at the time of emergency admission, and that long-term survival seemed to relate to the extent of coronary artery disease on discharge from the hospital. This suggested that interventional reperfusion therapy did not necessarily improve left ventricular function at the time of hospital discharge.     

Transfer for urgent percutaneous coronary intervention early after thrombolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the TRANSFER-AMI pilot feasibility study

BACKGROUND: Most hospitals in Canada do not have percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) facilities and use thrombolysis as reperfusion therapy for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Urgent PCI after thrombolysis may optimize reperfusion and prevent reinfarction and recurrent ischemia. OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of transferring high-risk STEMI patients from community hospitals in Ontario to PCI centres for urgent PCI within 6 h of thrombolysis. METHODS: Patients with anterior or high-risk inferior STEMI received tenecteplase and were urgently transferred to PCI centres. PCI was performed if at least 70% stenosis was present in the infarct-related artery, regardless of flow, using coronary stents. Transfer of stable patients back to community hospitals was encouraged 24 h to 48 h after PCI. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were transferred and underwent PCI a median of 3.9 h (range 2.7 h to 6.4 h) after thrombolysis. No complications occurred during transfer. One death occurred that was related to failed reperfusion and cardiogenic shock. Minor access-site bleeding occurred in five patients. Fifteen patients were transferred back to their community hospitals within 24 h of PCI. There were no further deaths or reinfarctions at one-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Transfer of high-risk STEMI patients for urgent PCI within 6 h after thrombolysis appears feasible. The randomized trial phase of the Trial of Routine ANgioplasty and Stenting after Fibrinolysis to Enhance Reperfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (TRANSFER-AMI) will compare this strategy with standard treatment after thrombolysis.     

Percutaneous coronary intervention and 1 year survival in patients treated with fibrinolytic therapy for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

AIMS: To assess the predictors of 1 year mortality in patients treated with fibrinolytic therapy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and to determine whether a strategy of early percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) improves outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive patients (n = 474) admitted to our unit (1998-2001) with STEMI were treated with fibrinolytic therapy. For each patient, age, gender, admission via mobile coronary care unit (MCCU), infarct location, initial systolic blood pressure and Killip class, prior history of ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking status, family history, hyperlipidaemia, and in-hospital PCI (n = 154) were recorded. Mortality at 1 year was obtained from medical records (n = 473). Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of 1 year mortality. Mortality in the non-PCI group was 21 vs. 7% in the PCI group. Independent predictors of 1 year mortality were age (risk ratio 1.12, 95% CI 1.08-1.15, P < 0.0001), initial SBP < or = 80 mmHg (risk ratio 4.34, 95% CI 1.68-11.2, P = 0.002), initial Killip class > or = 3 (risk ratio 2.97, 95% CI 1.42-6.2, P = 0.004), and lack of in-hospital PCI (risk ratio 0.39, 95% CI 0.19-0.81, P = 0.012). Although the PCI group were younger (P = 0.007), more likely to be admitted via the MCCU (P = 0.008), with a shorter pain to needle time (P = 0.04), multivariable analysis adjusted for these differences. CONCLUSION: In-hospital PCI in patients treated with fibrinolytic therapy for STEMI is associated with a substantial reduction in 1 year mortality.     

Frühzeitiger kombinierter Einsatz von Revaskularisation und intraaortaler Ballon-Gegenpulsation bei kardiogenem Schock im Rahmen eines akuten Myokardinfarkts

Objectives

Cardiogenic shock (CS) remains the leading cause of death in patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Historically, conventional therapy has been associated with a 90% mortality rate. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of early revascularization strategies for lowering mortality. The additional use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) provides incremental benefit to reperfusion therapy. Therefore, this study reviews our experience of infarct-related CS treatment with early aggressive combined use of revascularization and IABP.

Methods

Retrospectively, 50 consecutive patients (36 male) with CS complicating AMI, admitted to our department during 2005 and 2006, were analyzed. Mean age was 68.9 years. All patients underwent early coronary angiography with an option of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and IABP was implanted immediately after the procedure.

Results

In-hospital mortality, as the primary outcome measure of the study, was 42%. CS presented with ST elevation MI (STEMI) in 50%, as non-STEMI (NSTEMI) in 50%. Upon admission, 30% of CS had required cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 72% were on mechanical ventilation, and 10% acquired prehospital thrombolysis. Single coronary vessel disease (CVD) presented in 18%, dual CVD in 18%, and triple CVD in 64% of CS. Average left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was 27.9%. There were no significant differences concerning the EF in the CS subgroups STEMI vs. NSTEMI and non-survivors vs. survivors. PCI was successfully performed in 88% of CS, one patient underwent IABP and then was submitted to emergency CABG. Clinically significant signs of sepsis were present in 32%, the more in the non-survivor group (48% vs. 21%, p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that a treatment strategy with early aggressive combined use of revascularization and IABP can also improve survival in high-risk patients with CS complicating AMI.     

Current characteristics and management of ST elevation and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction in the Tokyo metropolitan area: from the Tokyo CCU network registered cohort

Limited data exists on ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI) managed by a well-organized cardiac care network in a metropolitan area. We analyzed the Tokyo CCU network database in 2009–2010. Of 4329 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients including STEMI (n = 3202) and NSTEMI (n = 1127), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed in 88.8 % of STEMI and 70.4 % of NSTEMI patients. Mean onset-to-door and door-to-balloon times in STEMI patients were shorter than those in NSTEMI patients (167 vs 233 and 60 vs 145 min, respectively, p < 0.001). Coronary artery bypass graft surgery was performed in 4.2 % of STEMI and 11.4 % of NSTEMI patients. In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in STEMI patients than NSTEMI patients (7.7 vs 5.1 %, p < 0.007). Independent correlates of in-hospital mortality were advanced age, low blood pressure, and high Killip classification, statin-treated dyslipidemia and PCI within 24 h were favorable predictors for STEMI. High Killip classification, high heart rate, and hemodialysis were significant predictors of in-hospital mortality, whereas statin-treated dyslipidemia was the only favorable predictor for NSTEMI. In conclusion, patients with MI received PCI frequently (83.5 %) and promptly (door-to-balloon time; 66 min), and had favorable in-hospital prognosis (in-hospital mortality; 7.0 %). In addition to traditional predictors of in-hospital death, statin-treated dyslipidemia was a favorable predictor of in-hospital mortality for STEMI and NSTEMI patients, whereas hemodialysis was the strongest predictor for NSTEMI patients.