异钩藤碱对脂多糖诱导的星形胶质细胞炎性介质释放的抑制作用

目的:观察异钩藤碱对LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞炎性介质释放的影响.方法:分离并鉴定新生大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞,用1μg·mL<'-1>LPS激活原代星形胶质细胞,刺激其分泌IL-1β、TNF-α和NO,并大量表达iNOS mRNA.用不同浓度的异钩藤碱和LPS与星形胶质细胞共孵育.检测异钩藤碱处理后细胞培养液中这些炎性因子释放的含量.结果:异钩藤碱有效地抑制了LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞炎性介质释放,并降低了iNOS mRNA的表达水平.结论:异钩藤碱具有较好的中枢炎症抑制作用,为传统中药钩藤作为治疗缺血性脑病药物提供了科学依据.     

金钗石斛多糖对脂多糖作用大鼠皮层胶质细胞-神经元体系的保护作用

目的观察金钗石斛多糖(NDP)对脂多糖(LPS)作用的新生大鼠大脑皮层胶质细胞-神经元混合培养体系的保护作用。方法原代制备新生大鼠大脑皮层胶质细胞-神经元混合培养体系,NDP作用于LPS刺激的胶质细胞-神经元混合培养体系,观察细胞生长情况,并采用Real time PCR法检测体系中炎症相关因子IL-1β、TNF-α、COX-2的基因表达。结果 NDP作用于LPS刺激的大鼠皮层胶质细胞-神经元混合培养体系后,胶质细胞激活减少、神经元损伤减轻,较单用LPS作用的模型组相比,炎症相关因子IL-1β、TNF-α、COX-2的基因表达明显降低。结论 NDP能抑制LPS对小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的激活,减少炎性因子的生成。     

吡格列酮对脂多糖诱导的星形胶质细胞炎性细胞因子释放的影响

目的研究吡格列酮对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症介质释放的抑制作用及其信号传导通路。方法神经胶质酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acid protein,GFAP)免疫荧光染色法鉴定星形胶质细胞纯度。ELISA方法检测IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α蛋白表达量的变化。Griess法测定培养细胞上清液中一氧化氮(NO)含量。结果星形胶质细胞经GFAP免疫荧光鉴定,其阳性率可达95%以上。LPS组能明显增加星形胶质细胞分泌IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α及NO。吡格列酮能明显抑制LPS引起的这些作用,并呈一定浓度依赖性。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)的特异性阻断剂GW9662能明显对抗吡格列酮对LPS引起的IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α及NO增加的抑制作用。与LPS组相比,JNK特异性阻断剂SP600125(5μmol·L-1)亦能有效对抗LPS诱导星形胶质细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α及NO分泌的增加;特异性iNOS抑制剂SMT可明显抑制LPS引起的NO分泌增加。结论吡格列酮能明显改善LPS诱导的大鼠皮层星形胶质细胞的损伤,这种作用可能与激活PPARγ、抑制JNK信号传导通路有关。     

丹皮酚对脂多糖诱导的星形胶质细胞炎性因子分泌的影响

目的观察丹皮酚对体外培养的星形胶质细胞炎性因子分泌的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法采用神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫荧光染色法鉴定星形胶质细胞;实验分为对照组,模型组和2.5、5、10μmol·L-1丹皮酚组,0.5 mg·L-1脂多糖(LPS)诱导炎症反应。采用ELISA法测定培养液中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平;采用Western blot检测细胞IκBα蛋白表达和磷酸化水平及胞核NF-κB(p65)蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组相比,模型组星形胶质细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平显著增加(P<0.01),胞浆IκBα蛋白表达受抑(P<0.01),IκBα蛋白磷酸化和胞核NF-κB(p65)蛋白表达水平上调(P<0.01);5、10μmol·L-1丹皮酚能减少LPS活化的星形胶质细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),增加胞浆IκBα蛋白表达(P<0.05或P<0.01),抑制LPS上调的IκBα蛋白磷酸化和胞核NF-κB(p65)蛋白表达水平(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论丹皮酚能抑制LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的分泌,IκBα/NF-κB信号通路可能参与了丹皮酚对星形胶质细胞炎症反应的抑制作用。     

石菖蒲抑制脂多糖诱导的神经胶质细胞炎性反应及其机制

目的 观察石菖蒲对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的大鼠原代神经胶质细胞炎性反应的抑制作用并探讨其可能机制.方法 分离提取大鼠原代神经胶质细胞,用LPS刺激2h后分别加入不同浓度的石菖蒲含药血清,采用硝酸还原酶法检测石菖蒲对一氧化氮的影响,运用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定培养上清液中IL-1 β、IL-8、TNF-α水平,通过实时逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)测定细胞中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS) mRNA表达.结果 LPS能够激活神经胶质细胞,不同浓度的石菖蒲含药大鼠血清在不影响细胞存活率的情况下,可以显著降低细胞培养上清液中NO、IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α水平,抑制细胞内iNOS mRNA表达(P＜0.05).结论 石菖蒲的神经保护机制可能与抑制胶质细胞炎症反应有关.     

京尼平苷对LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞活化及炎性反应的抑制作用

目的明确京尼平苷对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的星形胶质细胞活化及炎性反应的抑制作用。方法以LPS诱导原代培养的星形胶质细胞为细胞模型,随机分为对照组、LPS组、LPS+白藜芦醇组和LPS+不同浓度京尼平苷组,采用Western Blot法检测星形胶质细胞活化标记物GFAP水平及NF-κB p65水平,ELISA法检测致炎细胞因子水平。结果京尼平苷可显著抑制LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞活化,降低TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的表达,同时NF-κB p65蛋白的表达也明显降低。结论京尼平苷能通过NF-κB途径抑制LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞活化,并抑制致炎细胞因子水平。     

油酰乙醇胺对脂多糖诱导的THP-1细胞炎症因子表达的影响

目的探讨油酰乙醇胺(OEA)对细菌脂多糖(LPS)诱导的人急性白血病单核细胞(THP-1)中前炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6表达的影响,并初步探讨OEA作为过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-α(PPAR-α)激动剂参与对炎症调节的作用机制。方法体外培养的THP-1细胞,分别加入不同浓度的OEA(10,20,40μmol/L)或非诺贝特(100μmol/L)共同孵育1 h后,用1μg/mL LPS分别诱导6或24 h。采用RT-PCR、实时定量PCR和酶联免疫吸附检测测定细胞中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA和蛋白的表达的变化,并使用实时定量PCR及Western blot方法检测PPAR-α及Toll样受体4(TLR4)的mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果相对于正常THP-1细胞,LPS诱导后细胞中炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6)表达明显增加。OEA对TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA和蛋白的表达有抑制作用,并呈现出一定的剂量依赖性。且OEA在激活PPAR-α表达的同时能够抑制TLR4的表达。结论 OEA对LPS诱导的炎症反应有抑制作用,其机制可能与激活PPAR-α,下调TLR4的表达有关。     

红花注射液通过抑制脊髓小胶质细胞激活及炎性因子的释放缓解大鼠炎性痛的研究

目的探讨红花注射液缓解完全弗氏佐剂所致大鼠炎性痛的药理作用机制。方法将24只大鼠随机分为假手术组、完全弗氏佐剂组、地塞米松阳性对照组和红花注射液治疗组,每组6只。通过测定大鼠热刺激缩足反应潜伏期和机械缩足反射阈值,观察红花注射液是否具有缓解大鼠炎性痛的作用。采用免疫荧光检测炎性痛大鼠脊髓小胶质细胞的激活;免疫印迹法检测炎性痛大鼠脊髓背角神经元细胞内p-ERK、p-CREB蛋白的表达;ELISA法检测炎性痛大鼠脊髓背角组织中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的表达;RT-PCR法检测炎性痛大鼠脊髓背角神经元细胞内c-fos基因的表达。结果红花能够延长炎性痛大鼠热刺激缩足反应潜伏期,提高炎性痛大鼠机械刺激缩足反射阈值;红花通过抑制脊髓小胶质细胞激活,减少炎性痛大鼠脊髓背角p-ERK和p-CREB蛋白,抑制TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的释放,降低c-fos基因的表达发挥镇痛作用。结论红花对炎性痛具有较好的缓解作用,其机制可能与抑制小胶质细胞激活,调节p-ERK信号通路和减少TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的释放有关。     

青蒿素抑制星形胶质细胞炎症通路的分子机制研究

目的 分别以P2X7、外泌体以及瞬时受体电位香草酸亚型1(TRPV1)为作用靶点,研究青蒿素(ART)抑制星形胶质细胞炎症通路的分子机制。方法 培养小鼠原代星形胶质细胞,利用胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫荧光鉴定原代星形胶质细胞的纯度;MTT法检测ART对细胞活性的影响;脂多糖(LPS)处理原代星形胶质细胞,构建细胞炎症模型;分为空白对照组,ART组,外泌体抑制剂组,P2X7受体抑制剂组,TRPV1受体抑制剂组,TRPV1受体激动剂组,通过ELISA法和吸光光度法检测细胞上清液中炎症因子的含量(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6及NO)。结果 GFAP阳性细胞数达95%表明成功分离培养小鼠原代星形胶质细胞;300 ng/mL的LPS处理12 h是刺激星形胶质细胞构建炎症模型的最佳浓度和时间;10μmol/mL的ART处理12 h可以达到最佳的抗炎效果,并且当浓度小于20μmol/mL时,对细胞活性基本无影响;抑制P2X7受体的表达和外泌体的释放均能降低细胞中炎症因子TNF-α的含量,但不能与ART产生协同降低的效果;抑制TRPV1受体增加了细胞中的TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6以及N...     

丙泊酚对BV-2小胶质细胞活化的影响

目的探讨丙泊酚对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的BV-2小胶质细胞活化的影响及其可能机制。方法体外培养小鼠BV-2小胶质细胞,随机分为LPS 1μg/ml组(A组)、丙泊酚30μM组(B组)、LPS 1μg/ml+丙泊酚30μM组(C组)和空白对照组(D组)。采用RT-PCR检测各组细胞中IL-1β和TNF-αmRNA表达量,Western blot检测总糖原合成酶激酶-3β(GSK-3β)和磷酸化GSK-3β(p-GSK-3β)的蛋白表达水平。结果 A、C组IL-1β、TNF-α及p-GSK-3表达量均较D组明显增加(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与A组相比,C组IL-1β和TNF-αmRNA表达量降低,而p-GSK-3β蛋白表达量增加(P<0.05)。结论丙泊酚30μM能在体外减轻LPS诱导的BV-2小胶质细胞释放IL-1β和TNF-α的水平,此作用可能与抑制GSK-3β活性有关。     

Zaprinast activates MAPKs, NFκB, and Akt and induces the expressions of inflammatory genes in microglia

Previously, the authors reported that zaprinast, an inhibitor of cGMP-selective phosphodiesterases, induced the secretions of TNF-α and IL-1β by microglia and enhanced the induction of iNOS by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, the signaling mechanism responsible for microglial activation by zaprinast was investigated and the effects of zaprinast and LPS on microglial activation were compared. Zaprinast was found to activate ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, JNK, NFκB, and PI3K/Akt, and subsequently, induce the mRNA expressions of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL4, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CD14. Associations between signaling pathways and gene expressions were examined by treating microglia with signal inhibitors. PDTC inhibited the induction of all the above genes by zaprinast, and SB203580 inhibited all genes except CXCL1. SP600125, PD98059, and LY294002 inhibited the induction of at least CCL2. Microglial activation by zaprinast was then compared with full-blown activation by LPS. The zaprinast-induced phosphorylations of MAPKs and IκB were less prompt than LPS-induced phosphorylations. IκB degradation by LPS was significant at 10min and did not return to normal, whereas zaprinast induced a later, transient degradation. LPS induced the mRNA expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, CCL2, iNOS, and COX-2, and although zaprinast significantly induced the expressions of all except IL-6 and iNOS, these inductions were far less than those induced by LPS. Collectively, zaprinast was found to upregulate microglial activity mainly via NFκB and p38 MAPK signaling and the subsequent expressions of inflammatory genes. Although, zaprinast was found to have obvious effects on microglia, these were weaker than the effects of LPS.     

知母皂苷对脂多糖引起星形胶质细胞炎症因子释放的影响及机制

目的研究知母皂苷(SAaB)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的星形胶质细胞(AC)炎症因子释放的抑制作用及JNK信号传导通路对其的影响。方法实验设对照组、LPS组、SAaB组和阻断剂组。ELISA法和Griess法分别测定各组AC培养液中TNF-α和NO的含量;Western blot检测AC磷酸化JNK和磷酸化c-Jun蛋白表达水平的改变;免疫荧光染色法观察AC的磷酸化ATF-2蛋白表达水平。结果 AC在LPS(10mg.L-1)刺激下TNF-α和NO的分泌、磷酸化JNK1、磷酸化c-Jun和磷酸化ATF-2蛋白表达水平与正常对照组比较均明显增高。特异性JNK特异性阻断剂SP600125(10μmol.L-1)可明显抑制LPS引起的TNF-α和NO产生增加以及磷酸化ATF-2蛋白表达水平;SAaB(1、10、100μmol.L-1)则可明显降低TNF-α和NO产生,下调磷酸化JNK、磷酸化c-Jun和磷酸化ATF-2的蛋白表达水平。结论 SAaB能明显抑制LPS诱导的大鼠皮层AC炎症因子的释放,这种作用可能与其下调JNK信号转导通路有关。     

HJB-1, a 17-hydroxy-jolkinolide B derivative,inhibits LPS-induced inflammation in mouse peritoneal macrophages

Jolkinolide B (JB) and 17-hydroxy-JB (HJB) are diterpenoids from plants and it has been reported that the presence of a C-17 hydroxy group in JB significantly enhances the anti-inflammatory potency of JB. In this study, two HJB derivatives HJB-1 and HJB-2 were generated by the chemical modification of a 17-hydroxy group of HJB. HJB-1 more effectively inhibited TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 release in LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. In addition, HJB-1 reduced LPS-induced mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2 and iNOS in a concentration-dependent manner, but did not alter IL-10 mRNA expression. LPS-induced NF-κB activation and MAPK phosphorylation were also effectively inhibited by HJB-1. These results demonstrate that HJB-1 exerts anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages by inhibiting NF-κB activation and MAPK phosphorylation and modification of a 17-hydroxy group of HJB may enhance the anti-inflammatory potency of HJB derivatives.     

益母草碱抑制NLRP3炎症小体过度激活调控巨噬细胞M1/M2表型分化

目的研究益母草碱对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫应答影响及相关机制。方法分离小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,用脂多糖和益母草碱预处理24 h,MMT法检测巨噬细胞活性;Griess法检测NO释放量;ELISA法检测IL-1β、IL-18、IL-6、TNF-α的释放量;RT-PCR法检测NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1、TNF-α、iNOS、Arg-1和CD206的mRNA表达量;Western blot检测NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1蛋白表达量。结果益母草碱能显著抑制脂多糖引起的巨噬细胞上清液中NO、IL-1β、IL-18、IL-6、TNF-α的释放。RT-PCR及Western blot实验结果显示,益母草碱可以抑制脂多糖引起的巨噬细胞中NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1的mRNA及蛋白表达;益母草碱还能明显抑制脂多糖所诱导的巨噬细胞向M1型分化,并促进巨噬细胞向M2型分化。结论益母草碱能通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体,促进脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞由M1表型向M2表型分化。     

Isosteroid alkaloids with different chemical structures from Fritillariae cirrhosae bulbus alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells by MAPK signaling pathway

Isosteroid alkaloids, natural products from Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus, are well known for its antitussive, expectorant, anti-asthmatic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the anti-inflammatory effect and its mechanism have not been fully explored. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activitives and the potential mechanisms of five isosteroid alkaloids from F. Cirrhosae Bulbus were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines were measured by Griess reagent, ELISA and qRT-PCR. The expression of MAPKs was investigated by western blotting. Treatment with the five isosteroid alkaloids in appropriate concentrations could reduce the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in supernatant, and suppressed the mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-6. Meanwhile, the five isosteroid alkaloids significantly inhibited the phosphorylated activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK). These results demonstrated that isosteroid alkaloids from F. Cirrhosae Bulbus exert anti-inflammatory effects by down-regulating the level of inflammatory mediators via mediation of MAPK phosphorylation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages, thus could be candidates for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.     

Modulation of Inflammatory Cytokines and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases by Acetate in Primary Astrocytes

Acetate supplementation attenuates neuroglia activation in a rat model of neuroinflammation by a mechanism associated with an increase in brain acetyl-CoA, an alteration in histone acetylation, and reduction of interleukin (IL)-1β expression. We propose that reduced astroglial activation occurs by disrupting astrocyte-derived inflammatory signaling and cytokine release. Using primary astroglial cultures, we found that LPS (0–25 ng/ml, 4 h) increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and IL-1β in a concentration-dependent manner, which was reduced by treatment with sodium acetate (12 mM). LPS did not alter H3K9 acetylation or IL-6 levels, whereas acetate treatment increased H3K9 acetylation by 2-fold and decreased basal levels of IL-6 by 2-fold. Acetate treatment attenuated the LPS-induced increase in TNF-α mRNA, but did not reverse the mRNA levels of other pro-inflammatory cytokines. By contrast, LPS decreased TGF-β1 and IL-4 protein and TGF-β1 mRNA, all of which was reversed with acetate treatment. Further, we found that acetate treatment completely reversed LPS-induced phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and decreased basal levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases1/2 (ERK1/2) by 2-fold. Acetate treatment also reversed LPS-elevated NF-κB p65, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta protein levels, and reduced basal levels of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 at serine 536. These results suggest that acetate treatment has a net anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-stimulated astrocytes that is largely associated with a disruption in MAPK and NF-κB signaling.     

Morin alleviates LPS-induced mastitis by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT,MAPK, NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathway and protecting the integrity of blood-milk barrier

Mastitis is a common veterinary clinical disease that restricts the development of dairy farming around the world. Morin, extracted from Mulberry Tree and other herbs, has been reported to possess the function of anti-bacteria, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory. However, whether morin could protect lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse mastitis in vivo has not well known. This study firstly aims to evaluate the effects of morin on LPS-induced mouse mastitis in vivo, and then try to illustrate the mechanism involved in the process. Before injected with LPS, mice were intraperitoneally pre-injected with different concentrations of morin, and mice of the control and LPS group were injected with the same amount of saline. Pathologic changes of mammary gland were determined by histopathological examination. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities of mammary gland were determined by the MPO kits. The mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and those of chemokine factors CCL2 and CXCL2, and those of tight junctions occludin claudin-3 were examined by qRT-PCR analysis. The activities of IκB, p65, ERK, P38, AKT, PI3K, NLPR3, claudin-1, claudin-3 and occludin were determined by western blotting. The results showed that morin alleviated LPS-induced edema, destructed structures and infiltrated inflammatory cells of mammary gland. Morin administration significantly decreased LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CCL2 and CXCL2 mRNA expressions. Furthermore, western blot analysis also showed that morin significantly reduced LPS-induced phosphorylation of p65, IκB, p38 and ERK, and enhanced LPS-induced phosphorylation of AKT and PI3K. It was also found that LPS-decreased claudin-3 and occludin expressions were also inhibited by morin treatment. In summary, above results suggest that morin indeed protect LPS-induced mouse mastitis in vivo, and the mechanism was through inhibiting the PI3K/AKT, MAPK, NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways and protecting the integrity of blood-milk barrier by regulating the tight junction proteins expressions.     

紫草素通过TLR4/NF-κB信号通路抑制由脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞炎症研究

目的 研究紫草素抑制由脂多糖(LPS)诱导的巨噬细胞炎症的机制.方法 以淀粉培养基注射BALB/c小鼠腹腔,诱导并分离巨噬细胞,以APC标记F4/80染色,并用流式细胞仪检测分离巨噬细胞情况;用1 mg·L-1的LPS刺激上述分离的巨噬细胞,分组如下:DMSO溶剂对照组,LPS对照组,LPS+低剂量紫草素组(0.1 μmol·L-1);LPS+中剂量紫草素组(1 μmol·L-1);LPS+高剂量紫草素组(10 μmol·L-1);通过ELISA和实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法分别测定各处理组培养上清液以及细胞中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的表达情况;Western blot分别测定Toll样受体4(TLR4)和核因子-κB(NF-κB)的p65亚基磷酸化表达情况.结果 流式细胞检测可知,APC标记的F4/80染色巨噬细胞的纯度可达97.8%;ELISA和实时定量PCR结果显示,紫草素处理后可以抑制由LPS刺激细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的表达(P<0.05),并增加IL-10的表达(P<0.05),且呈现出一定的浓度依赖性;Western blot结果显示,紫草素能下调由LPS刺激的TLR4的表达水平和NF-κB的p65亚基磷酸化表达.结论 紫草素的抗炎机制可能是通过TLR4介导的信号通路活化NF-κB,抑制IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的分泌,并促进IL-10的分泌.