绝经后妇女子宫内膜厚度、子宫大小相关因素分析

目的　探讨绝经后妇女子宫内膜厚度和子宫大小的可能相关因素。方法　 32 7例绝经后妇女记录年龄、绝经年限、身高、体重、血压、妊娠情况 ,计算体重指数 (BMI) ,有无糖尿病、高血压及是否应用激素替代治疗 (HRT)等情况 ,并进行相应分组。由专门妇科B超医生进行阴道超声检查 ,测量子宫内膜厚度和长、宽、厚度。结果　目前应用HRT的子宫内膜厚度明显高于未应用HRT者 (P <0 0 1) ,且子宫大小也明显大于未应用HRT者 ;绝经年限超过 5年者子宫小于绝经年限短于5年者 (P <0 0 5 ) ;年龄在 5 5岁以上子宫的宽、厚度参数也较小。结论　应用HRT与子宫内膜厚度、子宫大小各参数关系密切 ,应引起重视。     

更年期激素替代治疗须知——《绝经过渡期和绝经后期激素补充治疗临床应用指南(2009版)》(节选)

<正>一、HRT(激素替代疗法)的适应证、禁忌证和慎用情况(一)适应证HRT是针对绝经相关健康问题而采取的一种医疗措施,可有效缓解绝经相关症状,从而改善生活质量。在卵巢功能开始衰退并出现相关症状时即可开始应用HRT,适应证如下:绝经相关症状(A级推荐):潮热、盗汗、睡眠障碍、     

绝经后长期低剂量激素替代治疗的临床观察

目的　观察绝经后长期低剂量激素替代治疗 (HRT)的有效性与安全性。方法　HRT48例 ,自然绝经组 2 2例 ,手术绝经组 2 6例。年龄 39～ 6 1岁 ,用药 2～ 6年。自然绝经组用倍美力 (CEE) 0 3mg/d× 2 2天 ,后 7天加安宫黄体酮 (MPA) 4mg/d。无子宫者不加MPA。服药前后抽血测E2 、FSH、血脂、骨密度检查 ,治疗前后自我对照 ,骨密度设正常对照组。结果　绝经症状均在用药3周内缓解。无子宫内膜增生过长、乳房病变发生 ;HRT后E2 明显上升 (P <0 0 1) ;FSH明显下降(P <0 0 0 1)。总胆固醇 (TC)、载脂蛋白B(APOB)HRT前后无明显变化 (P >0 0 5 ) ;甘油三酯 (TG)、高密度胆固醇 (HDL C)、载脂蛋白A1(APOA1) ,HRT后均上升 (P分别 <0 0 5 ,<0 0 1)。骨密度(BMD)L2～ 4 及股骨颈HRT后与对照组比 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论　长期服用低剂量HRT对绝经后妇女能改善临床症状 ,保护心血管及保持骨健康。     

激素替代疗法治疗绝经期症状临床探讨分析

目的探讨激素替代治疗(HRT)的安全性。方法采用HRT治疗绝经期妇女51例,有子宫者应用尼尔雌醇2mg口服,每月2次,每3个月加用安宫黄体酮6mg口服,每天1次,连用10d;子宫切除术后者单用尼尔雌醇,每半年进行妇科、乳腺B型超声检查,每年进行血生化系列检查。结果用药后高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平上升(P<0.05),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平下降(P<0.05)。子宫出血例数以绝经初期为多,绝经时间越短子宫出血率越高。用药后子宫内膜厚度和乳腺增生程度无明显增加。结论定期对接受HRT的妇女进行检查和评价,使HRT的应用更为安全有效。     

地屈孕酮用于激素替代疗法的安全性

激素替代疗法（hormone replacement therapy,HRT）可以调节月经周期,显著改善围绝经期症状,对绝经后的骨质疏松等有保护作用。然而,HRT也与乳腺癌、子宫内膜增生和子宫内膜癌风险增高有关。因此,如何合理应用HRT已成为当前临床面临的一个重要问题。HRT现约有五类方案可供选择：单用雌激素,一般是17β一雌二醇（17β-E2）或结合雌激素（CEE）;     

绝经后骨质疏松症的发生机制与治疗

许多因素都可以影响骨代谢,雌激素与绝经后骨质疏松症的关系更为重要.目前性激素替代疗法 (HRT)仍是绝经后骨质疏松症的主要治疗方法,但应全面、深刻地认识 HRT的受益与风险.     

妇复春联合更年安治疗围绝经期综合征效果分析

半世纪以来,绝经期妇女性采用激素补充治疗(HRT)以维持和改善绝经过渡期及绝经后的健康状况和生活质量,在全世界许多国家和地区得到越来越广泛的应用,是围绝经期     

广东某高校中老年妇女对激素替代治疗的认知调查

目的 了解广东某高校中老年妇女对女性绝经后生理变化及绝经后激素替代治疗(Hormone replacement therapy,HRT)的认知和接受度,为围绝经期及绝经期女性预防保健工作开展提供指导.方法 2016年4月18日至22日选择广东某高校40～60岁女性,进行有关绝经相关问题及绝经后激素替代治疗的认知及接受度的问卷调查,根据结果进行问卷结果分析.结果 调查对象对HRT方案和益处存在认知不足,对于卵巢功能衰减、激素水平降低造成神经精神症状、心脑血管疾病,特别是低骨量、骨质疏松、泌尿生殖道萎缩症状影响了解不够.73.13％妇女愿意了解HRT治疗,表明对HRT的健康教育有需求,55.22％妇女不能接受规范的HRT治疗.结论 需要提高围绝经期及绝经期女性自我保健意识,加强医学指导,有重点地开展科学、有效的健康教育和心理咨询,注重绝经后激素替代治疗效果的宣传,防范绝经综合征,使妇女顺利渡过绝经期.     

百万妇女研究:卵巢癌与HRT

绝经后卵巢激素替代治疗的应用正在减少,主要原因是由于有几项较为可信的研究报告指出,绝经后激素治疗与乳腺癌有关。在4月19日在线发表的Lancet杂志中,Valerie Beral和其同事报告了来自百万妇女研究(MWS)的最新结果。使用激素替代治疗(HRT)的妇女还将面临卵巢癌风险的增高,至少是在使用HRT期间如此。     

绝经后妇女小剂量性激素替代疗法的疗效观察

绝经后性激素补充治疗(HRT)用于治疗妇女经经后由于雌激素缺乏引起的围绝经期综合征、心血管不稳定症状、泌尿生殖道症状以及预防绝经后骨质疏松的效果已得到证实,但使用HRT给中老年妇女的身心健康带来好处的同时,也存在一些负面问题[1].     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.