18例脑动静脉畸形栓塞术后出血分析

脑动静脉畸形(AVM)血管内栓塞术后继发颅内出血因其病死率、致残率高而被认为是脑AVM栓塞术后最严重的并发症.本研究回顾性分析18例血管内栓塞治疗后继发颅内出血的脑AVM患者的临床资料,分析其危险因素并总结相应的处理措施,为今后预防栓塞术后颅内出血的发生提供经验性指导.     

Onyx胶栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形29例临床分析

目的总结探讨Onyx胶栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的方法、临床效果和安全性。方法 2006年7月至2009年12月,对29例经过DSA确诊的脑AVM患者采用Onyx胶栓塞治疗,根据栓塞程度选择分期再次栓塞、显微手术切除或伽玛刀治疗并随访。结果 1次栓塞手术后完全栓塞9例(31.0%),2次栓塞手术后完全栓塞8例(27.6%),次全栓塞7例(24.1%),部分栓塞5例(17.2%),2例残余畸形血管团行伽玛刀治疗,1例栓塞术后出现脑内血肿,显微手术清除血肿及残余畸形血管团,手术后无明显神经功能障碍,2例观察随访,无死亡病例。所有患者栓塞术后均未出现原有神经功能障碍加重的情况。结论 Onyx胶作为新型的液态栓塞剂,具有良好的弥散性和可控性,是目前较理想的治疗脑AVM的栓塞材料,能够有效地栓塞脑AVM,但要求术者具有熟练的操作技巧。     

脑动静脉畸形手术治疗与血管内栓塞治疗

目的通过对81例脑动静脉畸形(AVM)患者分别进行直接手术切除和血管内栓塞治疗的总结,探讨AVM治疗手段的可行性和有效性。方法(1)直接手术23例,均为AVM合并脑内血肿而行急诊开颅血肿清除术 AVM切除术。(2)58例行血管内超选择栓塞术(NBCA胶),栓塞前行二维或三维DSA检查。结果直接手术组,术后复查头部MRI或DSA示病灶全切除12例,部分切除6例并在术后联合血管内栓塞达到痊愈,治愈率52.2%,病残率26.1%,死亡率21.7%。血管内栓塞组,以最后一期栓塞后的DSA资料统计栓塞程度,有49例达到完全栓塞,8例畸形血管团减少50%以上,1例减少50%以下。结论对脑AVM破裂出血且危及生命的应行急诊开颅血肿清除术并尽可能切除畸形血管团。小型AVM、单支供血AVM或Spetzler-Martin分级Ⅲ级以下的病例,追求一期完全栓塞是有可能的;Ⅲ级以上的脑AVM,采用分次、分期血管内栓塞可减少并发症和明显改善症状。因此,治疗脑AVM手段的选择应根据患者的具体情况而定。     

显微外科手术联合术前栓塞术治疗颅内动静脉畸形临床研究

目的评估显微外科手术联合术前栓塞术治疗颅内动静脉畸形的疗效。方法回顾性分析48例颅内AVM患者的临床资料,其中28例采用显微外科手术联合术前血管栓塞治疗(研究组),20例单纯采用手术治疗(对照组),比较2组手术疗效。结果研究组术中出血量、术后GOS评分、神经功能缺失情况与对照组相比均有显著性差异(P<0.05);Ⅲ～Ⅳ级颅内AVM研究组全切率89.3%,对照组为58.8%,2组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);V级颅内AVM 2组全切率比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论显微外科手术联合术前栓塞术治疗颅内动静脉畸形疗效较好。     

儿童脑动静脉畸形的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨儿童脑动静脉畸形(AVM)显微手术的方法、效果与注意事项;以及DSA复合手术室在手术治疗中的应用。方法 回顾性分析郑州大学第一附属医院神经外科2010年10月—2018年3月期间,行显微手术治疗的77例儿童(≤18岁)脑AVM患者的临床资料。其中,颅内出血者65例; 10例患者为局限性或全面性癫痫发作; 20例患者为肢体无力或感觉异常; 3例患者为单纯性头痛,无颅内出血; 3例患者为偶然发现。按照影像学Spetzler-Martin分级,Ⅰ级者20例,Ⅱ级33例,Ⅲ级18例,Ⅳ级5例,Ⅴ级1例。71例患者行单纯手术治疗,6例患者栓塞后手术。在DSA复合手术室手术的患者46例,在普通手术室手术患者31例。结果 本组患者均行显微手术切除AVM,术后65例患者预后良好; 12例患者预后不良,其中3例患者为术后新发神经功能障碍,其余患者在术后6个月早期随访时均较术前好转。复合手术室组患者的AVM切除率明显高于普通手术室组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 显微手术切除是儿童脑AVM相对安全有效的治疗方法。DSA复合手术室可为脑AVM合并颅内出血患者提供术前、术中血管造影及手术切除的一站式治疗,从而提高畸形血管团的切除率,减少术后复发率。     

Onyx液态栓塞剂在脑动静脉畸形治疗中的应用及栓塞后处理的探讨

目的 总结探讨Onyx胶在脑动静脉畸形(AVM)栓塞治疗中的应用及栓寨后治疗.方法 共21例DSA确诊的脑AVM患者,采用Onyx胶治疗;根据栓塞程度行栓塞后处理(随访、立体定向放射治疗、显微手术等).结果 影像学完全栓塞8例(38%),其中术后少最蛛网膜下腔出血1例;次全栓塞4例(19%),1例术后重度脑水肿去骨瓣后因颅内感染自动出院失访,随访观察1例,伽玛刀治疗2例;部分栓塞9例(43%),其中5例手术完全切除,2例伽玛刀治疗,另2例随访观察,其中1例术后3个月出现脑室内出血.结论 Onyx液态栓塞剂有较好的弥散性和可控性,能有效改善脑AVM的栓塞效果,对次全栓塞者可选择随访观察或伽玛刀治疗,部分栓塞者应首先考虑手术切除.     

Onyx栓塞脑动静脉畸形并发出血的诊治体会

血管内栓塞是治疗脑动静脉畸形(arteriovenous malformations,AVM)的重要措施之一[1].Onyx 液体栓塞剂的出现使单独应用血管内栓塞治愈AVM的可能性增加[2],而术中或术后早期颅内出血则是Onyx栓塞治疗AVM最严重的并发症[3].     

复合手术平台治疗脑动静脉畸形

目的探讨复合手术平台在治疗脑动静脉畸形(AVM)中的应用价值。方法 2014年3月至2015年5月收治脑AVM21例,均在复合手术室完成手术治疗,其中5例根据术前评估仅接受开颅切除术及术中脑血管造影,16例接受栓塞加开颅切除术。结果 21例手术时间为3.2~7.8 h,平均(5.8±1.3)h。16例栓塞后畸形血管团体积缩小46.7%~64.6%。无手术死亡病例,未发生与造影相关并发症。术后发生偏瘫1例,失语1例;手术致残率为9.5%(2/21)。术后发生脑梗死(直径2.5 cm)1例,无术后颅内出血、手术相关切口感染或颅内感染。18例术后随访6个月,发生迟发性癫痫1例;术后6个月复查DSA或CTA均证实畸形血管团完整切除;16例改良Rankin量表评分1分。结论利用复合手术平台治疗脑AVM可明显增加手术全切率,并降低手术相关并发症。     

Glubran Ⅱ胶在脑动静脉畸形栓塞治疗中的应用

目的 探讨GlubranⅡ胶栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形（AVM）的适应症、方法、技巧及注意事项。方法 回顾性分析27例使用GlubranⅡ胶进行栓塞治疗的脑AVM患者的临床资料。结果 畸形血管团栓塞达70%以上21例,其中10例完全栓塞,70%~99%栓塞11例;70%以下栓塞6例。全部患者随访3~6个月无再出血,复发2例。结论 GlubranⅡ胶是比较安全有效的栓塞材料,特别对中小AVM及后循环AVM,但须注意手术技巧及如何减少手术并发症的发生。     

颅内巨大动静脉畸形的治疗及其并发症防治

目的探讨颅内巨大动静脉畸形(arteriovenous malforation,AVM)的治疗及其防治并发症的有效方法。方法回顾性分析2011.4~2014.4以手术切除为主,联合栓塞及伽玛刀治疗的18例巨大AVM患者的临床资料。结果无死亡病例,有2例术前昏迷的患者,术后昏迷程度减轻。格拉斯哥预后(GOS),5分12例,4分3例,3分1例,2分2例。结论根据患者的临床资料,制定个体化的治疗方案,重视细节,采用手术切除联合术前栓塞或/和术后放疗可以有效地降低颅内巨大AVM的手术并发症。     

急诊显微手术治疗脑动静脉畸形破裂出血

目的探讨急诊显微手术治疗脑动静脉畸形破裂出血的效果。方法回顾性分析破裂出血的24例脑动静脉畸形病人的急诊显微手术治疗。结果血肿清除+全部畸形血管切除17例,血肿清除+部分畸形血管电凝4例,单纯血肿清除3例。按GOS评分,病人恢复良好11例,轻残5例,重残4例,植物生存2例,死亡2例。结论脑动静脉畸形破裂出血急性期外科手术的正确选择是关键,争取在血肿清除同时切除畸形血管是首选方法。     

Postoperative hemodynamic management in patients undergoing resection of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: A retrospective study

Strict control of blood pressure (BP) has been recommended in patients after surgical resection of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) to prevent postoperative hyperemic complication. The aim of this study was to review the postoperative hemodynamic management in patients after surgical resection of cerebral AVM and the incidence of postoperative intracranial hemorrhage and/or cerebral edema. After the ethics approval, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 207 adult patients who underwent elective surgical resection of cerebral AVM from Jan 2005 to Oct 2016 in a single university hospital. We determined the incidence of postoperative symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and/or cerebral edema, and reviewed the quality of postoperative BP control during the first 72 h postoperatively. Two hundred and seven patients who underwent cerebral AVM resection were included. The median (IQR) of postoperative maximal systolic BP target was 110 (100–120) mmHg but the range was 90–150 mmHg. Failed hemodynamic control was consistently found in half of the patients during the first 72 h postoperatively. The incidence of postoperative intracranial hemorrhage and/or cerebral edema was 4.4% (9/207 patients). All 9 of these patients experienced a hypertensive event prior to their postoperative hyperemic complication. Two patients required induced hypertension to treat postoperative symptomatic cerebral edema. We concluded that postoperative intracranial hemorrhage and/or cerebral edema is not an uncommon complication after surgical resection of cerebral AVM. Further studies are required to develop a more effective strategy to implement strict BP control in the postoperative period.     

Incidence of adult brain arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage in a prospective population-based stroke survey.

BACKGROUND: Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) represent a potential source of intracranial hemorrhage, especially in young adults, but prospective population-based incidence data on AVM hemorrhage are lacking. We investigated the incidence of first-ever AVM hemorrhage in adults based on population data from the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study (NOMASS). METHODS: NOMASS is a prospective, population-based, stroke incidence survey collecting all hospitalized and nonhospitalized cases with first-ever (incident) stroke over the age of 20 in a ZIP code-defined area. All patients undergo CT and/or MR brain imaging and clinical data are systematically collected from the medical records. For this study, data on all cases with incident intracranial hemorrhage, i.e. any intracerebral, intraventricular and/or subarachnoid hemorrhage, occurring between July 1, 1993 and June 30, 1997 were used. Patients with intracranial hemorrhage due to trauma, tumor or intracranial vascular malformations other than a previously unknown AVM were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Of the 207 patients diagnosed with a first-ever intracranial hemorrhage, 3 cases (1.4%) with an underlying brain AVM were identified. The crude incidence rate for first-ever AVM hemorrhage in our adult population was 0.55 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval 0.11-1.61). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support prior findings from retrospective surveys. Population-based studies providing a prospective design for AVM detection and diagnosis are needed to confirm the data.     

脑动静脉畸形的显微手术体会

目的 探讨脑动静脉畸形(AVM)显微手术治疗的经验和技巧.方法 回顾性分析了近8年采用显微手术治疗的44例AVM患者的临床资料.结果 所有病人均进行了畸形血管团显微切除手术(合并有血肿的同时行血肿清除术),其中42例为全切除,2例为次全切除.术后病人都良好生存,其中1例病人术后早期出现阻塞性脑充血.结论 采用显微手术切除畸形血管团是根治AVM、预防出血的可靠方法,详尽的影像放射学资料是术前设计手术方案所必备的,熟练的显微手术操作技巧是手术成功的关键.     

Surgical strategy for cerebral arteriovenous malformation with acute hemorrhage

BACKGROUND: Presently, there have been craniocerebral operation, interventional embolization, stereotactic radiotherapy and other methods in treating cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM). However, the standard of different therapeutic regimens of cerebral AVM at the acute stage of hemorrhage has not been completely identified. OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical characteristics and therapeutic effects of AVM at the acute stage of hemorrhage in patients, and to analyze corresponding therapeutic strategies. DESIGN: Non-randomized clinical observation. SETTING: Department of Neurosurgery, Foshan First People's Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-six patients with cerebral AVM complicated by hemorrhage admitted to Department of Neurosurgery, Foshan First People's Hospital between January 1999 and December 2006, were involved in this study. All the patients were confirmed as cerebral AVM complicated by hemorrhage by brain angiography or/and postoperational pathology. The involved patients, 32 males and 14 females, averaged 25 years old, ranging from 6 to 62 years. Informed consents of therapeutic items were obtained from the relatives of all the patients. METHODS: ①On admission, skull CT and brain angiography were conducted in the involved subjects. ②The therapeutic method was confirmed according to the consciousness, hematoma region, hematoma volume, imageological results following comprehensive analysis. DSA examination was permitted to identify the size and position of abnormal vessel mass, and the distribution of feeding artery and draining vein. Craniocerebral operation was carried out as early as possible in patients with severe or progressive conscious disturbance, in which most of hematoma with obvious occupied effect or cerebral hernia was located in lobe of brain. The primary thing was to clean intracerebral hematoma for in time decompression. According to different situations, corresponding therapeutic measures were used for resecting abnormal vessel mass, and the treatments of patients were observed. ③The therapeutic effects were assessed following Glasgow outcome scale(GOS) at 3 months after hemorrhage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① The examination results of skull CT and brain angiography of patients on admission. ② Treatment of patients. ③ GOS results at 3 months after hemorrhage. RESULTS: Forty-six patients were involved, and all of them participated in the final analysis. ① Examination results of skull CT and brain angiography: Bleeding part: frontal lobe in 7 cases, parietal lobe 15, temporal lobe 19, occipital lobe 3, cerebellar hemisphere 2, and hemorrhage rupturing into ventricle 10. Haematoma volume: small volume of hematoma （< 20 mL）in 4 cases, moderate volume of hematoma （20–50 mL）14 , large volume of hematoma （50–80 mL）21, great volume of hematoma (> 80 mL) 7; Abnormal vessel mass: Among 17 patients undergoing aortocranial angiography, abnormal vessel mass was found in 16 patients, including cortex 13 patients, basal ganglia and thalamencephalon(deep part) 2 patients , and posterior cranial fossa 1 patient. The size of abnormal vessel mass: small (< 3 cm) 4 patients, moderate (3–6 cm) 9 patients, and large (> 6 cm) 3 patients. The type of feeding artery: perforating branch blood-supply 1 patient, cortical branch blood supply 13 patients, mixed branch blood supply 2 patients. The type of draining vein: cortical draining (superficial part) 10 patients, deep part draining 2 patients, and mixed draining 4 patients. ② Treatment condition: Among 17 patients undergoing brain angiography followed by craniocerebral operation, hematoma was removed and AVM was completely resected in 12 patients, hematoma was removed and AVM was partially resected in 3 patients, and only hematoma was resected in 2 patients; Among 24 patients undergoing emergent craniocerebral operation, hematoma was removed and AVM was completely resected in 5 patients, hematoma was removed and AVM was partially resected in 9 patients, and only hematoma was resected in 10 patients; Expectant treatment was carried out in the early stage in 5 patients. When disease condition was stable, AVM resection was separately or complicatedly conducted in 13 patients, embolization in 4 patients, and γ- radiotherapy in 5 patients. ③GOS: 5 patients died in postoperative complications, and among the other patients, 19 had moderate or had not functional impairment, 13 had moderate disability, 6 had severe disability, 2 were vegetative state, and 2 died. ④ Post-operative re-examination of brain angiography: Among 16 patients undergoing AVM, vessel mass disappeared in 9 patients. CONCLUSION: Good therapeutic effects can be obtained by choosing proper therapeutic regimen according to clinical and imageological characteristics of patients with arteriovenous malformation complicated by hemorrhage at the acute stage.     

脑动静脉畸形破裂出血的急诊显微手术治疗

目的探讨急诊显微外科手术治疗脑动静脉畸形(AVM)破裂出血的效果。方法对26例破裂出血的脑AVM病人实施急诊显微手术治疗,清除血肿,同时切除畸形。结果手术完全切除病灶22例,占85%;次全切除4例,占15%。按GOS评分,病人恢复良好16例,轻残5例,重残3例,植物生存1例,死亡1例。结论急诊显微外科手术能够提高脑AVM破裂出血的治愈率,降低伤残率和手术风险。     

脑内小病灶立体定向直视手术—82例临床分析

目的：应用立体定向直视手术，摘取颅内小病灶。方法：ＣＴ导向立体定向技术开颅治疗脑内小病灶８２例。其中额叶４２例，顶叶３４例，顶枕部４例，侧脑室１例，丘脑１例。临床表现以癫痫为主７５例，偏瘫２７例，偏身感觉障碍２１例，语言障碍１６例。采用ＣＴ导向立体定向显微直视手术切除病灶。结果：７９例术后神经损害症状消失，３例明显减轻，无新的神经损害症状，无手术并发症及手术死亡。结论：该方法是一种微侵袭手段     

CTA在脑动静脉畸形出血急诊显微外科手术治疗中的指导意义

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT血管造影(CTA)存脑动静脉畸形(AVM)出血急诊显微外科手术治疗中的指导意义. 方法 同顾性分析四川省人民医院神经外科自2004年8月至2007年10月应用CTA指导急诊显微外科手术治疗脑AVM出血的21例患者的临床资料. 结果 本组21例脑AVM患者均行血肿清除及脑AVM的显微外科手术治疗,畸形血管伞切15例.部分切除5例,1例延髓血管畸形未能切除.痊愈6例(皮层下非功能区血肿5例,小脑血管畸形1例),好转14例(皮层下功能区血肿7例,小脑血肿4例,基底节区血管畸形3例),死亡1例(延髓血管畸形).结论 CTA可完成脑AVM的诊断,指导脑AVM出血的急诊显微外科手术治疗.     

Fundus hemorrhage in patients with intracranial hemorrhage caused by cerebrovascular disease--its clinical significance]

To clarify the significance of fundus hemorrhage in the acute stage of intracranial hemorrhage due to cerebrovascular disease (HCVD), the incidence of such hemorrhage (retinal, preretinal, and subhyaloid hemorrhage) was examined and its correlations with the severity of the disturbance of consciousness and the prognosis were investigated. Two hundred sixteen HCVD patients with intracranial hemorrhage were the subjects of this study, including 87 cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 60 cases of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH), 54 cases of arteriovenous malformation (AVM), and 15 cases of Moyamoya disease. Fundus hemorrhage was recognized in 41 cases of SAH (47%), 5 cases of HICH (8%), 3 cases of AVM (6%), and 2 cases of Moyamoya disease (13%). The incidence of fundus hemorrhage was significantly higher in SAH than in the other type of HCVD associated with intracranial hemorrhage. Among patients with severe disturbance of consciousness (JCS 100-300), fundus hemorrhage was recognized in 69% with SAH, 13% with HICH, 17% with AVM, and none with Moyamoya disease. Therefore, patients with both fundus hemorrhage and severe disturbance of consciousness in the acute stage are most likely to have SAH, but HICH and AVM should be also taken into consideration. In patients with slight disturbance of consciousness (JCS 0-30), fundus hemorrhage was only noted in SAH (27%) and not in other types of HCVD associated with intracranial hemorrhage. Thus, SAH is highly likely to be the primary HCVD associated with intracranial hemorrhage, if we recognize fundus hemorrhage in patients with slight disturbance of consciousness in the acute stage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

脑动静脉畸形破裂出血急诊手术治疗

目的探讨脑动静脉畸形（AVM）破裂出血的术前诊断、急诊手术治疗及疗效。方法回顾性分析2008～2011年急诊开颅手术治疗17例NAVM出血患者临床资料。结果手术中判断病灶Spetzler分级：I级2例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级6例,IVY3例,V级2例。14例清除血肿同时切除病灶;术后新发癫痫4例,药物控制良好。术后随访6月～3年,10例预后良好,4例中残,3例重残。结论掌握脑AVM破裂出血的手术策略和显微外科技巧,若手术中条件允许,清除血肿同时切除病灶预后较好。