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With respect to monitoring of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), synonym focused ultrasound (FUS) treatment, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is characterized by several advantageous properties: the precise definition and morphological characterization of the target area (before and after the intervention), the real-time visualization of the treatment effect by thermal imaging (during the intervention) and in the sense of a stereotactic system, the 3-dimensional localization of the target lesion, planning of the target volume and assessment of the achieved ablation volume (before and during the intervention). Non-enhanced T2-weighted multislice MR images are acquired for planning of the intervention. For temperature monitoring (comprising thermometry and thermodosimetry), the temperature-dependent shift of proton resonance frequency (PRFS) is most frequently employed. This method is independent of the treated tissue type or thermally induced tissue changes and facilitates a relative measurement of the temperature change based on a reference value. Future MRI applications include diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI-MRI; for the intrainterventional estimation of treatment efficacy), dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI, for the prediction of the potential and assessment of the treatment effect achieved) and motion-corrected temperature monitoring (referenceless and multibaseline thermometry).  相似文献   

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《Sport》2003,19(2):93-95
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PURPOSE: The MRI techniques which have contributed to increasing utilization of MRI for abdominal imaging are described and recent advances addressed. METHODS: For breath-hold examinations of the abdomen, two basic techniques are required: array coil technology and fast and ultrafast pulse sequences providing T1 and T2 contrast. RESULTS: Circular polarized array coils render high signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) within large imaging volumes. With fast gradient-echo sequences the liver can be scanned with or without fat saturation within one breath-hold. When adequate parameters are selected, T2-weighted fast (turbo) spin-echo sequences allow high contrast between normal liver tissue and focal liver lesions, even if breath-hold acquisition is applied. Moreover, good soft tissue contrast can also be achieved with ultrafast single-shot sequences. Based on this sequence type, MRCP with a 512 matrix could be performed. The "TRUE FISP" allows for high resolution visualisation of vessels without contrast media. Three-dimensional T1-weighted sequences allow for scanning the upper abdomen with a slice thickness of 3 mm within one breath-hold. Diffusion-weighted sequences contribute to the characterisation of focal liver lesions. DISCUSSION: Modern MRI technology including phase-array coils and high-performance gradient systems made it possible to perform all examinations in breath-hold techniques, reducing motion artifacts.  相似文献   

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In Germany a sharp increase in forensic age estimations of living individuals has been observed in recent years. With regard to the relevant age group, radiological assessment of the mineralization stage of the third molars is of particular importance. However, the influence of ethnicity on the rate of mineralization has been insufficiently analyzed. A total of 1,437 orthopantomograms from 860 female and 577 male Germans aged between 12 and 26 years were examined. The mineralization stage of the third molars was evaluated based on the classification of stages proposed by Demirjian. For the individual mineralization stages, the study presents the means and standard deviations for the genders separately. Statistically significant differences in the chronology of third molar mineralization between maxilla and mandible or between the two sides could not be observed. A comparison between genders did not reveal significant differences either.  相似文献   

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VG Koblenz 《MedR Medizinrecht》2007,77(11):613-614
1. Wird dem Insolvenzsschuldner von den Gl?ubigern die Fortführung seiner Arztpraxis gestattet (sog. Betriebsfortführung), stellen die Pflichtbeitr?ge zur Altersversorgung sonstige Massenverbindlichkeiten dar, die gem. § 53 InsO vorweg durch den Insolvenzverwalter zu berichtigen sind. 2. Der Umstand, dass die Gl?ubigerversammlung im Rahmen der Betriebsfortführung für den fortführenden Arzt einen bestimmten monatlichen Unterhalt festgesetzt hat, bedingt keine Umqualifizierung der T?tigkeit als niedergelassener Arzt in eine Angestelltent?tigkeit. Die Pflichtbeitr?ge zur Altersversorgung sind daher nach den für Niedergelassene geltenden Satzungsbestimmungen zu berechnen, so dass nach wie vor allein der in der Praxis erzielte Gesamtumsatz und nicht der dem Arzt gew?hrte Unterhaltsbetrag als Berechnungsgrundlage für den Beitragssatz heranzuziehen ist.  相似文献   

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The significant legal and ecomonic ramifications of a positive drug test produce an incentive among users of illicit drugs to escape detection. Therefore, being the easiest body fluid to handle for drug screening urine is very often manipulated to test clean. Methods available to cause a negative result range from substitution of urine, adulteration of the collected specimen by various chemical agents and in-vivo manipulations. Among these, the preferred strategy is to increase fluid intake and urine flow so as to dilute the concentration of drugs below the threshold of detection. To determine the extent of possible specimen dilution the urinary creatinine concentration is generally determined. Based on data from uncontrolled and controlled fluid intake studies in the literature and physiological conditions of urinary excretion, the meaningfulness of creatinine concentration in randomly obtained urine samples is discussed. A low creatinine concentration not clearly proving an intentional dilution of the sample, the application of GC/MS analysis or the concentration of the urine prior to drug screening is recommended for specimens exhibiting a “suspect” urinary creatinine concentration.  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung Es werden erweiterte Sektionsverfahren des Schädels vorgestellt. Damit lassen sich ohne erheblichen zusätzlichen Zeitaufwand pathomorphologische Veränderungen in der Nasen-Rachenregion darstellen und histologisch untersuchen. Bei 25 von 30 plötzlichen Kindstodesfällen waren dadurch Entzündungsprozesse unterschiedlicher Ausprägung bis zur nekrotisierenden Rhinitis nachzuweisen. Die morphologischen Befunde sowie die jeweils zugehörigen anamnestischen Angaben und bakteriologischen Untersuchungsergebnisse werden erörtert. Wir halten diese ergänzenden Untersuchungsmethoden für zweckmäßig.Herrn Univ. Prof. Dr. L. Breitenecker zum 75. Geburtstag  相似文献   

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